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Hybrids
Kinds of Hybrids Terms modified by Hybrids Selected AbstractsTOWARD THE EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF GAMETOPHYTIC DIVERGENCE: PATTERNS OF TRANSMISSION RATIO DISTORTION IN MONKEYFLOWER (MIMULUS) HYBRIDS REVEAL A COMPLEX GENETIC BASIS FOR CONSPECIFIC POLLEN PRECEDENCEEVOLUTION, Issue 12 2008Lila Fishman Conspecific pollen precedence (CPP) is a major component of reproductive isolation between many flowering plant taxa and may reveal mechanisms of gametophytic evolution within species, but little is known about the genetic basis and evolutionary history of CPP. We systematically investigated the genetic architecture of CPP using patterns of transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in F2 and backcross hybrids between closely related species of Mimulus (Phrymaceae) with divergent mating systems. We found that CPP in Mimulus hybrids was polygenic and was the majority source of interspecific TRD genome-wide, with at least eight genomic regions contributing to the transmission advantage of M. guttatus pollen grains on M. guttatus styles. In aggregate, these male-specific transmission ratio distorting loci (TRDLs) were more than sufficient to account for the 100% precedence of pure M. guttatus pollen over M. nasutus pollen in mixed pollinations of M. guttatus. All but one of these pollen TRDLs were style-dependent; that is, we observed pollen TRD in F1 and/or M. guttatus styles, but not in M. nasutus styles. These findings suggest that species-specific differences in pollen tube performance accumulate gradually and may have been driven by coevolution between pollen and style in the predominantly outcrossing M. guttatus. [source] THE EVOLUTION OF PREMATING ISOLATION: LOCAL ADAPTATION AND NATURAL AND SEXUAL SELECTION AGAINST HYBRIDSEVOLUTION, Issue 5 2004Maria R. Servedio Abstract Although reinforcement is ostensibly driven by selection against hybrids, there are often other components in empirical cases and theoretical models of reinforcement that may contribute to premating isolation. One of these components is local adaptation of a trait used in mate choice. I use several different comparisons to assess the roles that local adaptation and selection against hybrids may play in reinforcement models. Both numerical simulations of exact recursion equations and analytical weak selection approximations are employed. I find that selection against hybrids may play a small role in driving preference evolution in a reinforcement model where the mating cue is separate from loci causing hybrid incompatibilities. When females have preferences directly for purebreds of their own population, however, selection against hybrids can play a large role in premating isolation evolution. I present some situations in which this type of selection is likely to exist. This work also illustrates shortfalls of using a weak selection approach to address questions about reinforcement. [source] Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterisation of a Novel Chiral Mixed-Valence Vanadium Oxide Hybrid, [V5O11(dien)3]EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2005Ming-Lai Fu Abstract The novel chiral mixed-valence vanadium oxide hybrid [V5O11(dien)3] (1) (dien = NH2C2H4NHC2H4NH2) has been synthesised by a hydrothermal reaction of V2O5 and dien in aqueous solution and characterised by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TG-DSC analysis, magnetism, EPR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and powder XRD. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the structure of 1 can be regarded as being constructed from two [VVO4]3, groups bicapping three [VIVO(dien)]2+ units to form a discrete asymmetric pentanuclear vanadium complex with the dien ligands coordinating directly to the vanadium(IV) centres. Compound 1 exhibits an interesting tube-like 3D supramolecular structure due to abundant hydrogen-bonding interactions between the oxygen atoms of the inorganic backbone and the hydrogen atoms of the dien ligands from adjacent molecules. The variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data of 1 suggest a weak ferromagnetic interaction among V4+ ions in the cluster. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] Mechanics of Aluminum Foam-Polymer HybridADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 9 2008K. Stöbener Aluminium foam , polymer hybrids set-up from small volume spherical aluminium foam elements joined by adhesive bonding were subjected to uniaxial compressive loads. Deformation patterns are displayed and discussed. The influence of foam element volume and density as well as strength of polymer joints on the hybrid's mechanical properties are outlined. A simplifying model for prediction of the hybrid's deformation properties is developed and discussed. [source] Multifunctional Triphenylamine/Oxadiazole Hybrid as Host and Exciton-Blocking Material: High Efficiency Green Phosphorescent OLEDs Using Easily Available and Common MaterialsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 17 2010Youtian Tao Abstract A new triphenylamine/oxadiazole hybrid, namely m -TPA- o -OXD, formed by connecting the meta -position of a phenyl ring in triphenylamine with the ortho -position of 2,5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole, is designed and synthesized. The new bipolar compound is applicable in the phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) as both host and exciton-blocking material. By using the new material and the optimization of the device structures, very high efficiency green and yellow electrophosphorescence are achieved. For example, by introducing 1,3,5-tris(N -phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBI) to replace 2, 9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (BCP)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminium (Alq3) as hole blocking/electron transporting layer, followed by tuning the thicknesses of hole-transport 1, 4-bis[(1-naphthylphenyl)amino]biphenyl (NPB) layer to manipulate the charge balance, a maximum external quantum efficiency (,EQE,max) of 23.0% and a maximum power efficiency (,p,max) of 94.3 lm W,1 are attained for (ppy)2Ir(acac) based green electrophosphorescence. Subsequently, by inserting a thin layer of m -TPA- o -OXD as self triplet exciton block layer between hole-transport and emissive layer to confine triplet excitons, a ,EQE,max of 23.7% and ,p,max of 105 lm W,1 are achieved. This is the highest efficiency ever reported for (ppy)2Ir(acac) based green PHOLEDs. Furthermore, the new host m -TPA- o -OXD is also applicable for other phosphorescent emitters, such as green-emissive Ir(ppy)3 and yellow-emissive (fbi)2Ir(acac). A yellow electrophosphorescent device with ,EQE,max of 20.6%, ,c,max of 62.1 cd A,1, and ,p,max of 61.7 lm W,1, is fabricated. To the author's knowledge, this is also the highest efficiency ever reported for yellow PHOLEDs. [source] Control of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Performance by Block-Copolymer-Directed TiO2 SynthesisADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 11 2010Pablo Docampo Abstract Hybrid dye-sensitized solar cells are typically composed of mesoporous titania (TiO2), light-harvesting dyes, and organic molecular hole-transporters. Correctly matching the electronic properties of the materials is critical to ensure efficient device operation. In this study, TiO2 is synthesized in a well-defined morphological confinement that arises from the self-assembly of a diblock copolymer,poly(isoprene- b -ethylene oxide) (PI- b -PEO). The crystallization environment, tuned by the inorganic (TiO2 mass) to organic (polymer) ratio, is shown to be a decisive factor in determining the distribution of sub-bandgap electronic states and the associated electronic function in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Interestingly, the tuning of the sub-bandgap states does not appear to strongly influence the charge transport and recombination in the devices. However, increasing the depth and breadth of the density of sub-bandgap states correlates well with an increase in photocurrent generation, suggesting that a high density of these sub-bandgap states is critical for efficient photo-induced electron transfer and charge separation. [source] Preparation and Characterization of a pH- and Thermally Responsive Poly(N -isopropylacrylamide- co -acrylic acid)/Porous SiO2 HybridADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 5 2010Loren A. Perelman Abstract A multifunctional nanohybrid composed of a pH- and thermoresponsive hydrogel, poly(N -isopropylacrylamide- co -acrylic acid) [poly(NIPAM- co -AAc)], is synthesized in situ within the mesopores of an oxidized porous Si template. The hybrid is characterized by electron microscopy and by thin film optical interference spectroscopy. The optical reflectivity spectrum of the hybrid displays Fabry,Pérot fringes characteristic of thin film optical interference, enabling direct, real-time observation of the pH-induced swelling, and volume phase transitions associated with the confined poly(NIPAM- co -AAc) hydrogel. The optical response correlates to the percentage of AAc contained within the hydrogel, with a maximum change observed for samples containing 20% AAc. The swelling kinetics of the hydrogel are significantly altered due to the nanoscale confinement, displaying a more rapid response to pH or heating stimuli relative to bulk polymer films. The inclusion of AAc dramatically alters the thermoresponsiveness of the hybrid at pH 7, effectively eliminating the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The observed changes in the optical reflectivity spectrum are interpreted in terms of changes in the dielectric composition and morphology of the hybrids. [source] Banishing Bureaucracy or Hatching a Hybrid?GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2000The CanadianFood Inspection Agency, the Politics of Reinventing Government The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is a means to overcoming long-standing bureaucratic politics while attaining some major policy ends.Contrary to some of the new public management bravado of transforming the public sector, the CFIA is not a bureaucratic revolution in reshaping the Canadian State. Changes in scientific staffing, funding, and inspection have been more incremental than fundamental. Moreover, the CFIA is something less than the special and separate operating agency models discussed in the alternative service delivery literature in terms of autonomy and market orientation, but something more autonomous and entrepreneurial than traditional government departments. These organizational and managerial reforms are modest extensions providing a means for achieving economies and enhanced effectiveness in carrying out the mandate of safety, consumer protection, and market access for Canadian food, animal, plant, and forestry products. [source] Forage and biomass feedstock production from hybrid forage sorghum and sorghum,sudangrass hybridsGRASSLAND SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Brad Venuto Abstract As the bioenergy industry expands, producers choosing to shift current forage crop production to dedicated biomass crops can benefit from growing lower risk multipurpose crops that maximize management options. Hybrid forage sorghums (HFS) and sorghum,sudangrass hybrids (SSG) are capable of impressive biomass yields and tolerance to environmental stress. Multiple vegetative harvests (ratoon harvests) of sorghum are possible and there are photoperiod-sensitive sorghums that remain vegetative. However, the response of newer HFS and SSG cultivars to harvest management practices designed for forage or cellulosic feedstock production has not been fully investigated in all environments. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine biomass production and quality characteristics of a genetically diverse range of HFS, SSG and sudangrass cultivars and evaluate their interaction with harvest system; and (ii) provide data to aid selection of sorghum cultivars for both forage and biofuel uses. Mean yield across all entries and years for a single late season harvest was 27.1 Mg ha,1 of dry matter per year. Mean total yield for a first harvest plus a ratoon crop was 25.5 Mg ha,1 of dry matter per year. However, entries varied for yield and interacted with harvest system. Mean caloric value was 16.5 Gj Mg,1 and modest differences were observed among cultivars evaluated. The best performing entry (cv. Tentaka) yielded 40.3 Mg ha,1 of dry matter for a single late season harvest, demonstrating the biomass potential of existing sorghum cultivars, specifically those possessing photoperiod- and/or thermosensitive genotypes. [source] Bioinspired Materials: Oligothiophene Versus , -Sheet Peptide: Synthesis and Self-Assembly of an Organic Semiconductor-Peptide Hybrid (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 16 200916/2009) A first representative of a novel class of bioinspired materials, a fully symmetric hybrid between an oligothiophene and a , -sheet peptide, is introduced in work by Peter Bäuerle and co-workers on p. 1562. The conjugate can be synthesized via click-chemistry and employs a switch-peptide segment to gain control over the self-assembly motif of the peptide part. [source] Oligothiophene Versus , -Sheet Peptide: Synthesis and Self-Assembly of an Organic Semiconductor-Peptide HybridADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 16 2009Eva-Kathrin Schillinger A first representative of a novel class of bioinspired materials is introduced, a fully symmetric hybrid between an oligothiophene and a , -sheet peptide. The conjugate is synthesized via "click chemistry", and employs a switch-peptide segment to gain control over the self-assembly motif of the peptide part. The self-organization properties of the hybrid are investigated. [source] Hybrid and enhanced finite element methods for problems of soil consolidationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2007X. X. Zhou Abstract Hybrid and enhanced finite element methods with bi-linear interpolations for both the solid displacements and the pore fluid pressures are derived based on mixed variational principles for problems of elastic soil consolidation. Both plane strain and axisymmetric problems are studied. It is found that by choosing appropriate interpolation of enhanced strains in the enhanced method, and by choosing appropriate interpolations of strains, effective stresses and enhanced strains in the hybrid method, the oscillations of nodal pore pressures can be eliminated. Several numerical examples demonstrating the capability and performance of the enhanced and hybrid finite element methods are presented. It is also shown that for some situations, such as problems involving high Poisson's ratio and in other related problems where bending effects are evident, the performance of the enhanced and hybrid methods are superior to that of the conventional displacement-based method. The results from the hybrid method are better than those from the enhanced method for some situations, such as problems in which soil permeability is variable or discontinuous within elements. Since all the element parameters except the nodal displacements and nodal pore pressures are assumed in the element level and can be eliminated by static condensation, the implementations of the enhanced method and the hybrid method are basically the same as the conventional displacement-based finite element method. The present enhanced method and hybrid method can be easily extended to non-linear consolidation problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hybrid prioritized multiple access protocols for bank LANsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 7 2004M. Sklira Abstract Bank communication networks support four classes of traffic: Alarm, BSC, SNA and IP traffic, with each class of traffic having different priority requirements. In this paper, a framework for the design of multiple access protocols which are capable of handling the above priority classes is introduced. Furthermore, a hybrid multiple access protocol that has been designed according to the proposed framework is presented and evaluated by means of extensive simulation results. The proposed protocol, is applicable to a broad range of prioritized LANs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cover Picture: Synthesis of a Self-Assembled Hybrid of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond and Carbon Nanotubes (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 12 200512/2005) Abstract The cover shows self-assembled hybrids of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These hybrids were successfully prepared by their simultaneous growth within an argon-rich Ar/CH4 plasma, in work reported on p.,1496 by Carlisle and co-workers. Various methods demonstrated the coexistence of UNCD and CNTs, and the capability of controlling the relative fraction and configuration of UNCD and CNTs in the hybrid material. This new synthesis pathway enables the development of new nanocarbons with unique mechanical, tribological, and electrochemical properties. [source] Cooperative Activation in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epoxides by a Bis-Cobalt(III)salen-Calix[4]arene HybridADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 1 2010Sander Abstract A chiral, bimetallic cobalt(III)salen-calix[4]arene hybrid structure was prepared and tested in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of racemic epoxides. Kinetic studies have revealed that the two catalytic units on the upper rim of the calixarene scaffold are able to activate the reactants in a cooperative and primarily intramolecular mode. High enantioselective behaviour was observed and besides, a higher stability was found for the bimetallic catalyst as compared to a monometallic reference complex. [source] Studies on Insulin/IGF-1 Hybrid and IGF-1 Growth-Promoting Functional RegionIUBMB LIFE, Issue 4 2000Ping Wang Abstract Single-chain insulin/IGF-1 hybrid-[Ins/IGF-1(C)], single-chain porcine insulin precursor-(PIP), and B10Asp PIP were prepared by protein engineering. Their growth-promoting activities in mouse breast cancer cell line GR2H6 are 10, 0.2, and 2 times that of insulin, respectively, and 29%, 0.6%, and 6% of that of IGF-1, indicating that the C domain and 9Glu of IGF-1 are important for its growth-promoting activity. Given these results and previous reports, we propose that the C domain, 9Glu, and 23Phe-26Asn beta bend are involved in the growth-promoting functional region of IGF-1. [source] Service quality in hospital wards with different nursing organization: nurses' ratingsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 2 2009Ingeborg S. Sjetne Abstract Title.,Service quality in hospital wards with different nursing organization: nurses' ratings. Aim., This paper is a report of a study to assess: (1) the relations between nursing organization models in hospital wards and nurses' perception of the quality of patient care and dimensions of the practice environment, and (2) if these relations were modified by variations in local conditions at the ward level. Background., Previous literature is inconclusive concerning what model of nursing organization maximizes the quality of nursing services. Method., A cross-sectional survey was carried out in a representative sample of Norwegian hospital wards in 2005. Intra-ward organization models were classified as: (1) Team leader (n = 30), characterized by extensive responsibilities for team leaders, (2) Primary nurse (n = 18), with extensive responsibilities for named nurses, and (3) Hybrid (n = 37), (1) and (2) combined. We prepared multilevel regression models using scales describing quality of patient care, learning climate, job satisfaction, and relationships with physicians as dependent variables. As independent variables, we used variables representing local ward conditions. Results., Eighty-seven wards and 1137 nurses (55% response rate) provided complete data. The ward level proportion of variance ranged from 0·10 (job satisfaction) to 0·22 (relationships with physicians). The univariate effect of organization models on quality ratings was not statistically significant. Introducing local ward conditions led to a statistically significant effect of primary nurse organization on relationships with physicians, and to a substantial proportional reduction in ward level variance, ranging from 32% (quality of patient care) to 24% (learning climate). Conclusion., Caution is needed about using service quality arguments when considering the possible benefits and drawbacks of different organizational models. [source] Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield, Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum,Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three-Cutting SystemJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2003S. Iptas Abstract In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha,1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum,sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three-cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha,1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha,1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha,1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings. [source] Hybrid ,/,3 -peptides with proteinogenic side chains. monosubstituted analogues of the chemotactic tripeptide For-Met-Leu-Phe-OMeJOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 8 2004Cesare Giordano Abstract The ,/,3 -mixed tripeptides R-CO-,3 -HMet-Leu-Phe-OMe (1a,b), R-CO-Met-,3 -HLeu-Phe-OMe (2a,b) and R-CO-Met-Leu-,3 -HPhe-OMe (3a,b) (a, R = tert -butyloxy-; b, R = H,), analogues of the potent chemoattractant For-Met-Leu-Phe-OMe, have been synthesized by classical solution methods and fully characterized. The activities of the new analogues as chemoattractants, superoxide anion producers and lysozyme releasers have been determined on human neutrophils. Whereas all of the three N -formyl derivatives are significantly less active than the parent tripeptide as chemoattractants, compound 1b has been found to be highly active as a superoxide anion producer and 3b as a lysozyme releaser. The results show that the replacement of the native Leu residue at the central position is, in each of the examined cases, the least favourable modification. The three N -Boc derivatives are, as expected, devoid of activity as agonists, but they are all good inhibitors of chemotaxis. Information on the solution conformation has been obtained by examining the involvement of the NH groups in intramolecular H-bonds using 1H NMR. The conformation of the N -Boc analogue 1a has also been determined in the crystal state by x-ray diffraction analysis. The molecule is extended at the ,3 -HMet residue (,1 = ,87°;,1 = 172°;,1 = 126° ) and no intramolecular H-bond is present. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hybrid mode-locked, diode-pumped Nd:Gd0.7Y0.3VO4 laserLASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Issue 9 2007A.A. Sirotkin Abstract A Nd:Gd0.7Y0.3VO4 crystal is grown in laser quality. The crystal is diode-pumped at 808 nm. When operated in a Z-shaped resonator with an acousto-optical modulator in combination with a Kerr lens, it produces pulses of 1.7 ps at 140 MHz repetition rate. (© 2007 by Astro Ltd., Published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) [source] Hybrid of monopole and dipole antennas for concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN access pointMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 5 2009Jui-Hung Chou Abstract A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access-point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below ,20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1206,1209, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24281 [source] Hybrid, numerical solutions, for three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes layerPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2009A. NastaseArticle first published online: 5 MAR 2010 The author proposes new hybrid solutions for the three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes layer (NSL) over a flying configuration (FC), which use the analytical potential solutions, of the same FC, two times, namely: to reinforce the numerical solutions by multiplying them with these analytical solutions and as outer flow (instead of the parallel flow, used by Prandtl in his boundary layer theory). These hybrid solutions fulfill the last behavior, have correct jumps along the singular lines (like subsonic leading edges, junction lines wing-fuselage, etc.), are split, accurate and rapid convergent. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Quantitative assessment of the structural bias in protein,protein interaction assaysPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 22 2008Åsa K. Björklund Abstract With recent publications of several large-scale protein,protein interaction (PPI) studies, the realization of the full yeast interaction network is getting closer. Here, we have analysed several yeast protein interaction datasets to understand their strengths and weaknesses. In particular, we investigate the effect of experimental biases on some of the protein properties suggested to be enriched in highly connected proteins. Finally, we use support vector machines (SVM) to assess the contribution of these properties to protein interactivity. We find that protein abundance is the most important factor for detecting interactions in tandem affinity purifications (TAP), while it is of less importance for Yeast Two Hybrid (Y2H) screens. Consequently, sequence conservation and/or essentiality of hubs may be related to their high abundance. Further, proteins with disordered structure are over-represented in Y2H screens and in one, but not the other, large-scale TAP assay. Hence, disordered regions may be important both in transient interactions and interactions in complexes. Finally, a few domain families seem to be responsible for a large part of all interactions. Most importantly, we show that there are method-specific biases in PPI experiments. Thus, care should be taken before drawing strong conclusions based on a single dataset. [source] A Genetic Algorithm Hybrid for Constructing Optimal Response Surface DesignsQUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, Issue 7 2004David Drain Abstract Hybrid heuristic optimization methods can discover efficient experiment designs in situations where traditional designs cannot be applied, exchange methods are ineffective, and simple heuristics like simulated annealing fail to find good solutions. One such heuristic hybrid is GASA (genetic algorithm,simulated annealing), developed to take advantage of the exploratory power of the genetic algorithm, while utilizing the local optimum exploitive properties of simulated annealing. The successful application of this method is demonstrated in a difficult design problem with multiple optimization criteria in an irregularly shaped design region. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mikrofluidik in der anorganischen ChemieANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 36 2010Ali Abou-Hassan Dr. Abstract In den letzten Jahren hat die Mikrofluidik in der Chemie stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Miniaturisierte chemische Vorrichtungen ermöglichen einen kontrollierten Flüssigkeitstransport und schnelle chemische Reaktionen und sind darüber hinaus Kosten sparend, wenn man sie mit konventionellen Reaktoren vergleicht. Sowohl in der (Bio-)Analytik als auch in der organischen Synthese werden diese Vorteile bereits ausgiebig genutzt, weniger hingegen in der anorganische Chemie und den Materialwissenschaften. Dennoch wird diese Thematik auch in der Anorganik bei der Entwicklung von Mikroreaktoren für die Trennung und selektive Extraktion von Metallionen gestreift. Bei Funktionsmaterialien wird die Mikrofluidik hauptsächlich für Verbesserungen in der Synthese von Nanopartikeln (besonders von Metall-, Metalloxid- und Halbleiternanopartikeln) eingesetzt. Mikrofluidiktechniken können auch für die Entwicklung von komplizierteren anorganischen (Hybrid-)Materialien genutzt werden. [source] Kolloidale Hybridnanostrukturen: ein neuer Typ von FunktionsmaterialienANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 29 2010Ronny Costi Dr. Abstract Die Forschung über Nanokristalle hat unter anderem die Entwicklung experimenteller Verfahren zum Ziel, mit denen Zusammensetzung und Form von Nanokristallen über vielfältige Materialkombinationen hinweg gesteuert werden können. Wenn nanometergroße Domänen metallischer, halbleitender und magnetischer Materialien zu einzelnen "Hybrid"-Nanopartikeln kombiniert werden können, eröffnen sich faszinierende Möglichkeiten für die Herstellung von Nanomaterialien mit mehreren Funktionalitäten oder verbesserten Eigenschaften einer einzelnen Domäne. In unserem Aufsatz diskutieren wir aktuelle Strategien für die Herstellung von Halbleiter/Metall-Hybridnanopartikeln, neue Eigenschaften dieser Mehrkomponentenmaterialien sowie ihre möglichen Anwendungen. [source] Al12K8[OC(CH3)3]18: A Wade, Zintl, or Metalloid Cluster, or a Hybrid of All Three?,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 18 2010Patrick Henke Dr. Eine molekulare Zintl-Phase? Strukturanalysen und DFT-Rechnungen zu den spektroskopischen und thermodynamischen Eigenschaften einer Al12K8(OtBu)18 -Verbindung (siehe Bild: Al,blau, K,gelb, O,grün) sprechen für eine ungewöhnliche Bindungssituation des Al12 -Clusters und stellen seine Bedeutung für ein vereinheitlichtes Clustermodell heraus. [source] Titanosilsesquioxanes Embedded in Synthetic Clay as a Hybrid Material for Polymer Science,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 33 2009Fabio Carniato Dr. Zwischen den Schichten: Ein neuartiges Hybridmaterial (siehe Bild) wurde durch die Interkalation eines difunktionellen Titanosilsesquioxans in synthetisches Natriumsaponit erhalten. Ein Nanokomposit aus einer Polystyrolmatrix und dem Hybrid als Additiv weist verbesserte thermooxidative Eigenschaften auf. [source] Comparison of PERV genomic locations between Asian and European pigsANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 1 2010W. Y. Jung Summary Xenotransplantation from pigs provides a possible solution to the shortage of human organs for allotransplantation. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are a possible obstacle to using porcine organs in addition to the immunological barriers. Three main types of PERVs (A, B and C) have been previously investigated in diverse pig breeds. To examine the copy numbers of PERVs and their genomic locations in the Korean native pig genome, we screened a BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) library with PERV-specific protease primers for initial recognition of PERV-positive clones and three sets of envelope-specific primers for the identification of PERV types. A total of 45 PERV-positive clones, nine PERV-A and 36 PERV-B, have been identified from the library screening and the BAC contigs were constructed using the primers designed from BAC end sequences (BESs). These primers were also used for SCH (Somatic Cell Hybrid) and RH (Radiation Hybrid) mapping of the PERV-positive clones. The results indicate that 45 PERV-positive BAC clones belong to nine contigs and a singleton. SCH and IMpRH (INRA-Minnesota Porcine Radiation Hybrid) mapping results indicated that there are at least eight separate PERV genomic locations, consisting of three PERV-A and five PERV-B. One contig could not be mapped, and two contigs are closely located on SSC7. Southern blotting indicates there may be up to 15 additional sites. Further investigation of these clones will contribute to a general strategy to generate PERV-free lines of pigs suitable for xenotransplantation. [source] Special issue on "Networked Embedded Hybrid Control Systems"ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL, Issue 1 2008Prof. T. John Koo [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||