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Human Responses (human + response)
Selected AbstractsAdaptive Logarithmic Mapping For Displaying High Contrast ScenesCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2003F. Drago We propose a fast, high quality tone mapping technique to display high contrast images on devices with limited dynamicrange of luminance values. The method is based on logarithmic compression of luminance values, imitatingthe human response to light. A bias power function is introduced to adaptively vary logarithmic bases, resultingin good preservation of details and contrast. To improve contrast in dark areas, changes to the gamma correctionprocedure are proposed. Our adaptive logarithmic mapping technique is capable of producing perceptually tunedimages with high dynamic content and works at interactive speed. We demonstrate a successful application of ourtone mapping technique with a high dynamic range video player enabling to adjust optimal viewing conditions forany kind of display while taking into account user preference concerning brightness, contrast compression, anddetail reproduction. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.3 [Image Processing and Computer Vision]: Image Representation [source] Cultural Site Formation Processes in Maritime Archaeology: Disaster Response, Salvage and Muckelroy 30 Years onINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Martin Gibbs Thirty years after Muckelroy's seminal 1976 paper on shipwreck site formation, research on the cultural processes which contribute to the creation and modification of shipwrecks remains limited. It is proposed that by adopting a process-oriented framework, we can integrate and synthesize the documentary, oral and archaeological evidence of human response to shipwreck into a structure which parallels the physical progress of the disaster. Possible cultural responses to shipwreck are considered, from pre-voyage planning through to post-impact salvage, including physical correlations potentially visible in the archaeological record. © 2006 The Author [source] Stress Overload: A New DiagnosisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 4 2006Margaret Lunney PhD PURPOSE.,To describe the phenomenon of stress overload as a nursing diagnosis. METHODS.,A qualitative study using case study method was conducted with nine adults experiencing stress overload to fully describe the experience and identify possible defining characteristics. Current literature sources on stress and its related factors were examined to support stress overload as a nursing diagnosis for inclusion in the NANDA International classification. FINDINGS.,Stress overload, defined as excessive amounts and types of demands that require action, is a human response that is experienced as a problem and contributes to the development of other problems. The proposed defining characteristics are perceives situational stress as excessive, expresses a feeling of tension or pressure, expresses difficulty in functioning as usual, expresses problems with decision-making, demonstrates increased feelings of anger and impatience, and reports negative effects from stress such as physical symptoms or psychological distress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.,Nursing interventions such as active listening and decision-making support are needed to help people reduce stress levels. Studies are needed to further validate the defining characteristics and related factors of this new diagnosis. [source] The prediction of human response to ONO-4641, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, from preclinical data based on pharmacokinetic,pharmacodynamic modelingBIOPHARMACEUTICS AND DRUG DISPOSITION, Issue 7 2010Tomoya Ohno Abstract The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of ONO-4641 in humans were estimated using preclinical data in order to provide essential information to better design future clinical studies. The characterization of PK/PD was measured in terms of decreased lymphocyte counts in blood after administration of ONO-4641, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator. Using a two-compartment model, human PK parameters were estimated from preclinical PK data of cynomolgus monkey and in vitro human metabolism data. To estimate human PD parameters, the relationship between lymphocyte counts and plasma concentrations of ONO-4641 in cynomolgus monkeys was determined. The relationship between lymphocyte counts and plasma concentrations of ONO-4641 was described by an indirect-response model. The indirect-response model had an Imax value of 0.828 and an IC50 value of 1.29,ng/ml based on the cynomolgus monkey data. These parameters were used to represent human PD parameters for the simulation of lymphocyte counts. Other human PD parameters such as input and output rate constants for lymphocytes were obtained from the literature. Based on these estimated human PK and PD parameters, human lymphocyte counts after administration of ONO-4641 were simulated. In conclusion, the simulation of human lymphocyte counts based on preclinical data led to the acquisition of useful information for designing future clinical studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) in the pigACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 4 2007Maria Voss Kyhn Abstract. Purpose:, To establish a method allowing multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) recording with simultaneous fundus monitoring on anaesthetized pigs. In addition we characterize the peaks of the porcine mfERG trace, and compare the visual streak area with the optic nerve head, a known non-response area. Finally we illustrate the feasibility of the method by performing mfERG after an induced laser burn in the visual streak. Methods:, Fifteen pigs underwent mfERG recordings at baseline, and after 1 and 6 weeks of observation. One pig was evaluated before and after retinal diode laser treatment in the visual streak. Results:, The porcine mfERG trace appears similar to the human mfERG trace, and can be described by three peaks named N1, P1 and N2. Significantly faster implicit time was found in the visual streak regarding N1 (P < 0.001) than in areas outside the visual streak. Amplitudes of all three peaks were increased in the visual streak (P < 0.005). The laser-treated area was characterized by a response similar to what is found at the location of the optic nerve head. Conclusion:, Porcine mfERG is similar in appearance to the human response and can be described by the same three peaks. Significantly higher amplitudes of all three peaks are found in the visual streak when compared to the optic nerve head and inferior retina. We have detected the functional deficit caused by a laser burn at the size of 3 × 3 mm. [source] The recombinant major allergen of Parietaria judaica and its hypoallergenic variant: in vivo evaluation in a murine model of allergic sensitizationCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 3 2004A. Orlandi Summary Background Par j 1 represents the major allergenic component of Parietaria judaica pollen. Its three-dimensional structure is stabilized by four disulphide bridges. A family of three-dimensional mutants of the recombinant Par j 1 (rPar j 1) allergen, showing reduced allergenicity and retained T cell recognition has been recently developed by site-directed mutagenesis. Objective To develop and characterize a murine model of IgE sensitization to rPar j 1. To evaluate similarities between the murine model and the human IgE response. To investigate in this model the recognition of a hypoallergenic mutant of Par j 1, and to study the immune responses elicited in mice by the mutant itself. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitized by two intraperitoneal immunizations with rPar j 1 in alum on days 0 and 21. Allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG responses were studied by direct ELISA and immunoblotting, ELISA inhibition and competitive ELISA. Cell proliferation was evaluated in splenocyte cultures. Results Sensitization with rPar j 1 induced high levels of IgE and IgG1 vs. low levels of IgG2a. Mouse antibodies specific to rPar j 1 were able to compete with human IgE for recognition of rPar j 1. IgE from mice immunized with rPar j 1 showed a significantly reduced binding activity towards the hypoallergenic variant rPjC, which lacks three disulphide bridges. On the contrary, rPjC was recognized by IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies as well as rPar j 1. The proliferative response to rPjC by splenocytes from mice immunized with rPar j 1 was comparable to that stimulated by rPar j 1. Immunization with rPjC induced low levels of IgE antibodies to the rPjC itself, while IgG and proliferative responses were similar to those induced by rPar j 1. Conclusion Conformational variants of allergens, displaying reduced allergenicity accompanied by retained IgG and T cell recognition, offer a safe, specific and flexible approach to immunotherapy of type I allergy. Our mouse model of IgE sensitization to a recombinant allergen, mimicking the human response to its native counterpart, could provide valuable information for pre-clinical testing of such hypoallergenic molecules. [source] Inverted clast stratigraphy in an eolian archaeological environmentGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002Brenda J. Buck Understanding the geomorphic history of eolian basins is important in interpreting the archaeological record and human responses to past environments. One hundred forty soil profiles were excavated and described in southern New Mexico and West Texas. Seven major late Quaternary stratigraphic units were found: La Mesa, eolian Jornada (I, II), eolian Isaacks' Ranch, eolian Organ (I, II, and III), Historical Blowsand, and the playa deposits of Petts Tank and Lake Tank. Each unit represents a period of landscape instability, eolian erosion, and concurrent deposition, followed by landscape stability and soil formation. Eolian erosion can form local surficial lag deposits if materials larger than the competence of the wind are present. However, erosional processes alone cannot explain the presence of older clasts at the surface with intact, younger deposits underneath. We propose a combination of processes: deflation in eolian windows, followed by lateral movement of clasts over areas that have not been deflated. The effects of these processes on artifact stratigraphy and archaeological interpretations could be significant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Summary of human responses to ventilationINDOOR AIR, Issue 2004O. A. Seppänen First page of article [source] Contamination: Nursing Diagnoses with Outcome and Intervention LinkagesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2 2007Laura V. Polk DNSc PURPOSE.,To relate the collaborative processes involved in the evolution of environmental nursing diagnoses and the linkages between two new nursing diagnoses and their associated interventions and outcomes; to describe the environmental health implications of contamination. DATA SOURCES.,Published research articles, official reports, textbooks, and collaborative discussion with experts in community and global health. DATA SYNTHESIS.,Reflection following review of the literature and collaboration with experts led to the development of a new schema for environmental diagnoses and development of two new diagnoses, allowing for greater clarity and distinction between the contamination diagnoses and risk for poisoning diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS.,An environmental nursing diagnosis schema, with its emphasis on contamination, infection, and violence, provides nurses with a holistic framework for making judgments about environmental influences related to individual, family, community, and global health. The diagnoses of Contamination and Risk for Contamination provide necessary language to describe human responses and risk states that may arise following exposure to environmental contaminants. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.,Development of environmental diagnostic labels and delineation of the linkages to nursing outcomes and interventions will allow nurses to take active roles in identifying environmental components that affect health and planning care that responds to environmental health needs. Greater clarity in the use of language will allow nurses to incorporate environmental concepts appropriately in nursing assessments and improve the accuracy of the diagnostic process and selection of distinct interventions and outcomes. This will result in better outcomes for patients and communities and permit greater accountability of nursing's contribution to environmental health. [source] Victims of Domestic Violence: A Proposal for a Community Diagnosis Based on One of Two Domains of NANDA Taxonomy IIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2003Patricia Serpa de Souza Batista PURPOSE To explore and identify diagnostic components to amplify NANDA nursing diagnoses by modifying the root violence. Whereas violence is nondebatable as a diagnostic concept in nursing, other alternatives have not been identified in the two existing diagnoses. METHODS Using the case study method, this qualitative study sought to identify commonalties in a population of women who were "donnas da casa" (homemakers) in a small rural community of approximately 100 families, typical of the Brazilian northeast. The sample of 7 women was identified through a larger study that had been based on health needs of the community. Data were obtained through observation during a home visit and a semistructured interview based on NANDA Taxonomy II. Observations were focused on hygiene, manner of dress, home environment, and physical and emotional state. Data were analyzed by content and clustered into major categories. From these a profile of the women and another of the partners emerged. FINDINGS Subjects ranged in age from 33 to 43 years, and number of children between 3 and 7. One of the 7 women was literate; 5 were underweight; all were slovenly attired. They appeared sad and older than their age. The majority seemed relieved to unburden themselves to the interviewers as they went through a gamut of emotions such as sadness, anguish, and irritability expressed through crying, restlessness, changes in body language, and tone of voice. The shortage of beds was supplemented by hammocks and mats or cardboard. The women spoke of being confined to their home and of male partners who drank on weekends, thus leaving them with little money for necessities of life. There were accounts of beatings when the partner returned home after drinking, overt nonacceptance of children from previous marriages, and general destruction of the family environment. New children were regarded as just another mouth to feed. DISCUSSION The profiles pointed to the necessity of identifying a new nursing diagnosis that would be linked, only tangentially, by the root violence to the two diagnoses in NANDA Taxonomies I and II. This insight led us to consider that a new method of listing NANDA diagnoses, by root only, is imperative in the evolution of Taxonomy II. Proposed descriptors, Victims of (Axis 3) and Domestic (Axis 6) would be identified by Axes, thereby facilitating the process of classifying in the Domains and Classes. The two existing NANDA diagnoses, risk for other-directed violence and risk for self-directed violence, are proposed for classification in Class 3, Violence, in Domain 11 of Taxonomy II. Safety/Protection could, by virtue of their modification power, find anchor in another domain such as Domain 6, Self-Perception. CONCLUSIONS Although Safety/Protection seems the most logical domain for classification by root, the axes, dimensions of human responses, could pull the diagnosis in another direction, thereby dictating other nursing interventions and nursing outcomes [source] Environmental Nursing Diagnoses: A Proposal for Further Development of Taxonomy IIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 1 2003Pauline M. Green PhD PURPOSE. To propose further development of environmental diagnoses and to offer recommendations for expanding Taxonomy II to include more diagnostic labels that encompass the environmental domain. SOURCES. Literature in the disciplines of nursing, biology, toxicology, public health, sociology, and anthropology. DATA SYNTHESIS. Nurses need language to describe the human responses of individuals, families, communities, and global society to environmental health threats. CONCLUSIONS. New environmental diagnoses will lead to refinement of language that describes the contribution of nursing to an emerging international and community health priority. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Environmental diagnostic labels will allow nurses to name responses and plan interventions that respond to instances or risks of exposure to threats from the physical and sociocultural environment. Search terms: Environmental contamination, environmental health threats, exposure, nursing diagnoses [source] Recognizing Opportunities for Spiritual Enhancement in Young AdultsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 3 2001Roberta Cavendish PhD Purpose. To describe opportunities in the lives of young adults that strengthen or enhance spirituality. Methods. Descriptive, qualitative. Tape-recorded, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 well adults the ages 18 to 24. Interview transcripts, field notes, vignettes, and research committee minutes were analyzed to reduce coded data into conceptual categories and themes. Findings. Seven themes emerged from the participant's responses to probes: Beliefs, Connectedness, Inner Motivating Factors, Life Events, Divine Providence, Understanding the Mystery, and Walking Through. Conclusions. The accurate assessment of spiritual needs of young adults may be contingent on the assessment of their developmental needs. Knowing the opportunities that present in the lives of young adults to foster spiritual growth is important for nurses, who often are present when these opportunities occur. Practice Implications. Standardized language is limited for accurate nursing diagnosis of human responses in the spiritual domain. The findings support a new wellness nursing diagnosis, "Readiness for Enhanced Spirituality," to conceptualize a spirituality continuum and support wellness diagnoses. Search Terms: Nursing diagnosis, psychosocial development, religiosity, spirituality, transitions stage [source] SENSORY APPROACH TO MEASURE FRAGRANCE INTENSITY ON THE SKINJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 6 2009CLAUDIA SILVA CORTEZ-PEREIRA ABSTRACT Sensory analysis is a precise and descriptive measuring technique to quantify human responses to stimuli. Odor, one of these stimuli, is basically the result of the interaction between a chemical stimulus and the olfactory receptor system, which can be described using a number of different dimensions and measures through different sensory tests: threshold, intensity and quality. To measure fragrance performance on the skin, these parameters are very important, but the main attribute to be evaluated is substantivity, thus the importance of the sensory scale chosen to measure perception, discriminate different intensities and determine the substantivity of the fragrance. Some studies comparing the labeled magnitude scale (LMS) with other magnitude scales and their derivations showed that the use of the LMS scale to measure fragrance intensity could semantically understand the intensity of the stimulus. Tests using this scale confirmed the applicability and efficiency of the LMS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The objective of this article is to review the techniques used to measure odor and fragrance intensities applied on the skin. The review shows general sensory techniques and their goals, the newest olfactory mechanism and its contribution to sensory evaluation and which attributes should be considered to measure odor. Substantivity/retentivity or longevity can be regarded as the most important attributes if you want to measure fragrance performance on the skin. Past studies showed different scales tested to measure odor, and some of them demonstrated that the labeled magnitude scale is very suitable to measure fragrance on the skin. [source] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Part III: Health Effects of Interpersonal Violence Among WomenPERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 3 2006K. M. Hegadoren RN TOPIC.,The aim of this three-part series is to examine the sufficiency of the posttraumatic stress (PTSD) diagnostic construct to capture the full spectrum of human responses to psychological trauma. Part I (Lasiuk & Hegadoren, 2006a) reviewed the conceptual history of PTSD from the nineteenth century to its inclusion in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1980), while Part II (Lasiuk & Hegadoren, 2006b) described subsequent refinements to the original PTSD diagnostic criteria and highlighted subsequent controversies. PURPOSE.,This paper focuses on interpersonal violence (sexual, physical, and emotional abuse/assault) and its sequelae in women. We argue in support of Judith Herman's (1992) conceptualization of the human trauma response as a spectrum, anchored at one end by an acute stress reaction that resolves on its own without treatment, and on the other by "complex" PTSD, with "classic" or "simple" PTSD somewhere between the two. SOURCES OF INFORMATION.,The existing theoretical, clinical and research literatures related to humans responses to trauma. CONCLUSION.,The paper concludes with a call for the need to increase a gendered perspective in all aspects of trauma research and clinical service delivery. [source] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Part II: Development of the Construct Within the North American Psychiatric TaxonomyPERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 2 2006CMHPN (C), G. C. Lasiuk RN TOPIC.,The impairment associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) carries with it staggering costs to the individual, to the family, and to society as a whole. Although there is strong evidence that gender plays a significant role in responses to stress and trauma, gender specificity is still not well incorporated into clinical or research work in the area of PTSD. PURPOSE.,This is the second of three articles examining the sufficiency of the current PTSD construct to articulate the full spectrum of human responses to trauma. This article chronicles ongoing refinements to the original PTSD criteria and the subsequent controversies. SOURCE OF INFORMATION.,Existing bodies of theoretical and research literature related to the effects of trauma. CONCLUSION.,In a third article we will review evidence supporting the existence of a more complex posttraumatic stress reaction associated with interpersonal trauma (physical/sexual abuse/assault). [source] Ecological Restoration and Global Climate ChangeRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2006James A. Harris Abstract There is an increasing consensus that global climate change occurs and that potential changes in climate are likely to have important regional consequences for biota and ecosystems. Ecological restoration, including (re)afforestation and rehabilitation of degraded land, is included in the array of potential human responses to climate change. However, the implications of climate change for the broader practice of ecological restoration must be considered. In particular, the usefulness of historical ecosystem conditions as targets and references must be set against the likelihood that restoring these historic ecosystems is unlikely to be easy, or even possible, in the changed biophysical conditions of the future. We suggest that more consideration and debate needs to be directed at the implications of climate change for restoration practice. [source] DIGITAL CEMENTUM LUMINANCE ANALYSIS AND THE HAUA FTEAH HOMININS: HOW SEASONALITY AND SEASON OF USE CHANGED THROUGH TIME,ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 4 2007C. M. WALL-SCHEFFLER The importance of environmental seasonality and the seasonal cycling of resources to human populations make studies of human responses to seasonality useful to test hypotheses about short- and long-term changes in human behaviour. This paper utilizes digital dental cementum luminance analysis in order to better understand patterns of the seasons of death of Ammotragus lervia at Haua Fteah, Cyrenaica, and to test whether long-term climatic changes can be detected in dental cement. The overall pattern of the season of death of A. lervia at Haua Fteah is that of year-round utilization, with a slight increase over time in A. lervia use during the growth period/summer time. The use of digital cementum luminance analysis (DCLA) to detect changes in the seasonal differences between temperatures indicates a trend for increased seasonality in temperature over the past 40 000 years at Haua Fteah. Furthermore, DCLA patterns in the more recent assemblages indicate a shift to a warmer climate from Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 to MIS 1. [source] Effects of Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin on Human Immune System: Evaluation in Immunodeficient Mice Reconstituted With Human Cord Blood Stem CellsARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 2 2009Akira T. Kawaguchi Abstract As preclinical evaluation in animals does not necessarily portray human responses, liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH), an artificial oxygen carrier, was tested in immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (cord blood-transfused NOD/SCID/IL-2R,null[CB-NOG] mice). Changes in immunocompetent T-cell and B-cell composition in peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow were examined 2 and 7 days after 10 mL/kg of intravenous administration of LEH, empty liposome (EL), or saline using immunohistochemical and flow cytometrical techniques in wild-type mice and CB-NOG mice. Responses to intraperitoneal administration of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) under the absence or presence of LEH (10 mL/kg) were also determined 4 h and 3 days later in terms of lymphocyte composition and IL-2 plasma level in wild-type as well as CB-NOG mice. When liposome (LEH or EL) was administered to wild-type or CB-NOG mice, the composition of B-cells and T-cells in the spleen or peripheral blood failed to show any consistent or significant changes. The responses to a bacterial antigen (TSST-1) measured by IL-2 production were comparable regardless of the presence or absence of LEH in wild-type as well as in CB-NOG mice. Cellularity, distribution, and maturation of these human cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow were comparable among the groups. The results suggest that simple LEH administration may not change immune cellularity, and LEH presence may not largely affect the early T-cell response to bacterial enterotoxins in murine as well as in reconstituted human immune systems. [source] THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIA SETTINGS: A PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE INTERACTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETYBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 2 2005R.D. HinshelwoodArticle first published online: 17 NOV 200 ABSTRACT Psychoanalysis cannot explain social phenomena directly, but the human responses to social, economic and historical forces can be described. In this paper I want to look at the interaction between the underlying psychology of the unconscious of individuals in groups, and to theorize how that provides a basis upon which social forces may act. Certain aspects of racism and national identity serve as useful illustrations of how the social phenomena interact with the psychology of individuals. [source] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Part III: Health Effects of Interpersonal Violence Among WomenPERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 3 2006K. M. Hegadoren RN TOPIC.,The aim of this three-part series is to examine the sufficiency of the posttraumatic stress (PTSD) diagnostic construct to capture the full spectrum of human responses to psychological trauma. Part I (Lasiuk & Hegadoren, 2006a) reviewed the conceptual history of PTSD from the nineteenth century to its inclusion in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1980), while Part II (Lasiuk & Hegadoren, 2006b) described subsequent refinements to the original PTSD diagnostic criteria and highlighted subsequent controversies. PURPOSE.,This paper focuses on interpersonal violence (sexual, physical, and emotional abuse/assault) and its sequelae in women. We argue in support of Judith Herman's (1992) conceptualization of the human trauma response as a spectrum, anchored at one end by an acute stress reaction that resolves on its own without treatment, and on the other by "complex" PTSD, with "classic" or "simple" PTSD somewhere between the two. SOURCES OF INFORMATION.,The existing theoretical, clinical and research literatures related to humans responses to trauma. CONCLUSION.,The paper concludes with a call for the need to increase a gendered perspective in all aspects of trauma research and clinical service delivery. [source] | ||||||||||||||||