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Human Papillomavirus (human + papillomavirus)
Kinds of Human Papillomavirus Terms modified by Human Papillomavirus Selected AbstractsTrials update in walesCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2007A. Fiander Three ongoing studies will be presented and discussed. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in a South Wales Screening population Methods: A total of 10 000 consecutive, anonymous liquid based cytology screening samples were collected over a five month period in 2004. Age, cytology result and social deprivation score was provided for each specimen. The methodology was chosen to ensure inclusion of all women attending routine cervical screening, avoiding potential constraints associated with obtaining individual informed consent. The liquid based cytology samples were processed and reported by the receiving cytology laboratory and the residual specimens sent to the HPV Research Laboratory, Wales College of Medicine, where they were processed and stored at -80°C until analysis. High risk and low risk HPV Typing was undertaken using PCR , EIA (Jacobs et al 1997). Full high risk typing was performed on HPV positive specimens. Results: The study population had a mean age of 38 years with 92% negative, 5% borderline and 3% dyskaryotic cytology. The average social deprivation score was 17.4 (based upon the Welsh Index of multiple deprivation). The following results will be presented: HPV prevalence by age. HPV prevalence by cytology result. Type specific HPV prevalence in single and multiple infection. Conclusion: This study represents the largest type specific HPV Prevalence Study in the UK to date. As such it will form a useful base line against which to access performance of marketed HPV tests and evaluating the impact following implementation of HPV vaccination. [Funded by Welsh Office for Research and Development] CRISP , 1 Study (Cervical Randomized Intervention Study Protocol -1) Background: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DIM) are found in cruciferous vegetables and have been identified as compounds that could potentially prevent or halt carcinogenesis. I3C spontaneously forms DIM in vivo during acid digestion. I3C has been shown to prevent the development of cervical cancer in HPV 16 transgenic mice and both I3C and DIM have been shown to promote cell death in cervical cancer cell models. DIM is the major active bi-product of I3C and preliminary data indicate that DIM is active in cervical dysplasia and may be better tolerated than I3C. Aim: To investigate chemoprevention of high grade cervical neoplasia using Diindolylmethane (DIM) supplementation in women with low grade cytological abnormalities on cervical cytology. Objectives: To observe any reduction in the prevalence of histological proven high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) after 6 months of supplementation. ,,To observe any reduction in the prevalence of cytological abnormalities. ,,To observe any changes in the clinical appearance of the cervix. To assess acceptability and monitor any side effects of DIM supplementation. ,,To assess whether any benefit is seen in relation to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) status including HPV Type, Viral load and integration. Methods: This is a double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial involving 600,700 women with low grade cytological abnormalities on a cervical smear. Randomization is in the ratio of 2 : 1 in favour of active medication. Women with first mildly dyskaryotic smear or second borderline smear are eligible. They are asked to take two capsules daily for 6 months. At the end of 6 months they undergo repeat cervical cytology, HPV testing and colposcopy. Results: A progress report will be given for this ongoing study. [Funded: - Cancer Research UK] Type Specific HPV Infection in Welsh Cervical Cancers Background: Whilst there have been numerous studies of HPV infection associated with cervical cancer and on prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in diverse populations there have been no studies of these variables in the same population. Against a background of prophylactic HPV vaccination it is important to assess potential protection against cervical cancer within a given population. The most comprehensive analysis of HPV type specific cervical cancer is a meta-analysis published by the IARC in 2003. This however included only three UK based studies, totalling 118 cases, 75 of which were only investigated by HPV type PCR for four high risk types. None of this data was presented with associated population based prevalence data. Therefore, the research objectives for this study in combination with the first study above, are as follows: To determine the frequency of specific HPV types in cervical cancers in Wales. To compare the distribution of specific HPV types amongst cervical cancers with their prevalence in the general population. This will allow accurate delineation of the relationship between prevalence of specific HPV types in the general population and their association with clinically relevant disease. This information is a pre-requisite to assess the potential impact of prophylactic vaccination against HPV infection in Wales. Methods: Welsh Cervical Cancer specimens from 2000,2005 will be identified from pathology departments within Wales. The pathology of each tumour will be reviewed by a single Gynaecological Pathologist. The age of the patient and pathological features of the tumour will be noted. DNA will be extracted from the paraffin sections and HPV typed by PCR-EIA. Results: A progress report will be given for this ongoing study. [Funded by Welsh Office for Research and Development] [source] Human Papillomavirus and Overexpression of P16INK4a in Nonmelanoma Skin CancerDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 3 2004Ingo Nindl PhD Background. P16INK4a overexpression has been identified as a specific biomarker in high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV),infected cervical (pre)cancer lesions. Objective. To evaluate the overexpression of this cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in skin tumors depending on HPV infections, we analyzed normal skin, benign skin disease, and skin cancer specimens. Methods. Biopsies of 23 patients with normal histology (3), psoriasis (2), verrucae vulgaris (2), actinic keratoses (5), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (3), Bowen's carcinoma (1), and SCC (7) were analyzed. Specimens of 23 patients were immunostained using the monoclonal antibody E6H4 specific for p16INK4a. HPV status was assessed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system to detect all currently known HPV types. MY (MY09/MY11 and MYN9/MYN10)-, CP (CP65/CP70 and CP66/CP69)-nested PCR, and three single PCR methods CN1, CN3, and CN4 were used in a first step, and HPV typing was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Only ,-globin,positive patients were included in this study. Results. HPV DNA was detected in all actinic keratoses, SCC in situ, Bowen's carcinoma, and SCC, in 50% (one of two) of verrucae vulgaris, in 66% (two of three) of normal skin, and in none of two psoriasis. P16INK4a expression was not detected in normal skin, psoriasis, and verrucae vulgares. Overexpression of p16INK4a was detected in a subset of dysplastic cells (10% to 80%) of all skin (pre)cancer lesions such as actinic keratoses, SCC in situ, Bowen's carcinoma, and SCC infected with HPV independent of sun exposure. Conclusion. P16INK4a appears to be overexpressed in a portion of dysplastic cells from actinic keratoses and SCC. Further studies to examine the association of HPV infection and the overexpression of p16INK4a are warranted. [source] Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Southern Africa: Prevalence, Immunity, and Vaccine ProspectsIUBMB LIFE, Issue 4-5 2002Anna-Lise Williamson Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers are more prevalent in developing countries compared to developed countries. The major cancer caused by HPV is cervical cancer. The humoral immune response to HPV can be a marker of past infection but may also reflect persistent infection and cervical disease. IgA antibodies to HPV in oral fluid were also found to be markers of cervical disease. Cell mediated immunity is important in clearing HPV infection and for regression of the associated lesions: this means that women infected with HIV have a high prevalence of co-infection with HPV. Good cervical screening programmes can control HPV associated cervical neoplasia. However, in countries such as South Africa, where these programmes are inadequate, there is a need for an HPV vaccine. The development of HPV vaccines is reviewed. There is a call for an inexpensive vaccine that will be accessible to the women that do not have access to adequate screening programmes and are therefore at the greatest risk of cervical cancer. [source] Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer Knowledge, Health Beliefs, and Preventative Practices in Older WomenJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 3 2010Kymberlee Montgomery ABSTRACT Objective: To explore knowledge of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, health beliefs, and preventative practices in women 40 to 70 years. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive. Setting: Three urban ambulatory Obstetrics and Gynecology offices connected with a teaching hospital's Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Mid-Atlantic section of the United States. Participants: A convenience sample of 149 women age 40 to 70. Methods: To assess HPV and cervical cancer knowledge, health beliefs, and preventative practices a self-administered survey, the Awareness of HPV and Cervical Cancer Questionnaire was distributed to women as they waited for their well-woman gynecologic exam. Results: The mean knowledge score was 7.39 (SD=3.42) out of 15. One third of the questions about the relationship of HPV and risks for cervical cancer were answered incorrectly by more than 75% of these women. Although most appreciate the seriousness of cervical cancer, they believed themselves not particularly susceptible. Conclusion: There is a need for HPV and cervical cancer awareness and education for women older than age 40. Women's health care professionals are well positioned to act as a catalyst to improve HPV and cervical cancer knowledge, health beliefs, and preventative practice to ensure optimum health promotion for all women. [source] Comparison of human papillomavirus genotyping using commercial assays based on PCR and reverse hybridization methodsAPMIS, Issue 10 2009FATIMA GALAN-SANCHEZ Different tests for human papillomavirus (HPV) screening are commercially available, detecting high-risk oncogenic HPV types with a pool of genotype-specific probes. However, it is necessary to establish reliable methods for the identification of individual genotypes. The purpose of this study was to compare three different commercial methods for HPV genotyping: INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping v2 (LiPA), Linear Arrays HPV Genotyping Test (LA) and Clinical Arrays Human Papillomavirus (CA). A total of 83 HPV DNA-positive samples by hybrid capture method were genotyped (82, 78 and 81 by LiPA, LA and CA, respectively). Comparison analysis was limited to the HPV genotypes common to the three assays. There were concordant results (absolute agreement between assays) in 31 samples (39.7%) and compatible results (correspondence for some but not all genotypes) were found in 44 samples (56.4%). Only three samples (3.8%) were considered as discordant (did not show any similarity between the tests). Analyzing kappa values we have a very good agreement (>0.8) for HPV16 and HPV31 and good agreement (0.6,0.8) for HPV types 6, 18, 53 and 66 when all methods are compared. We conclude that all genotyping methods tested are highly comparable and suitable for clinical and epidemiological studies. [source] HPV-positive/p16-positive/EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma in white North Americans,HEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 5 2010Jessica H. Maxwell MD Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been detected in keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs); however, the relationship between HPV and Epstein,Barr virus (EBV) among whites with nonkeratinizing NPCs remains unclear. The HPV, p16, and EBV status was examined in current University of Michigan patients with NPC. Methods From 2003 to 2007, 89 patients, 84 with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and 5 with NPC, were enrolled in an organ-sparing trial. Biopsy tissues from all 89 patients were evaluated for HPV and p16 expression. A separate HPV analysis of the 84 OPC patients is in progress. Among the patients with NPC, tumor tissue was also analyzed for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER). Results Five of 89 patients (5.6%) had NPC, all with nonkeratinizing histology. The 4 white patients with NPC were HPV(+) (subtype-16, subtype-18 [2 patients], and subtype-59)/p16(+)/EBER(-). One Asian patient with NPC had an HPV(-)/p16(-)/EBER(+) NPC tumor that developed distant metastases. Conclusion We postulate that HPV may be the etiologic factor in some EBV-negative, nonkeratinizing NPCs among whites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010 [source] Deletion of the PDZ motif of HPV16 E6 preventing immortalization and anchorage-independent growth in human tonsil epithelial cellsHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 2 2008William C. Spanos MD Abstract Background Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) has been associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in up to 60% of sampled specimens. Methods To understand better the viral genes required to transform human tonsil epithelial cells (HTEC), we isolated HTEC's and transduced them with retroviral vectors containing HPV16 E6 and E7. Results Immortalization and anchorage-independent growth of HTEC's only occurred with expression of E6 and E7 with resultant degradation of p53. However, cells expressing E6 lacking the PSD-95/disc-large/Zo-1 (PDZ) motif did not immortalize or grow anchorage independent. Telomerase activity and degradation of p53 were similar for wild-type and mutant E6. Conclusion The mechanism of oncogenic transformation by E6 in HTEC's is dependent on the PDZ binding motif. Identification of pathways affected by the interaction of E6 and PDZ domain containing proteins will further our understanding of how HPV causes HNSCC and will provide potential therapeutic targets. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008 [source] The expression of key cell cycle markers and presence of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsilHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 1 2004Wei Li MMed Abstract Background. Chemical carcinogens induce squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck by targeting the p53 and the retinoblastoma (pRb) pathways. Human papillomavirus (HPV) might have an etiologic role in these cancers at particular sites. Few studies have compared cell cycle protein expression in HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors in this region. Methods. Fifty tonsil SCCs were analyzed for HPV by PCR and for expression of cell cycle proteins (p53, pRb, p16INK4A, p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and cyclinD1) by immunohistochemistry. Results. HPV was present in 42%; almost all were type 16. There were statistical associations between HPV positivity and reduced expression of pRb and cyclinD1, overexpression of p16, and younger patient age. Tumor with down-regulated p27 tended to have down-regulated pRb and p21. Conclusions. HPV-positive tonsil SCCs have distinct molecular pathways. Their association with younger patient age suggests that they are biologically distinct from HPV-negative tumors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head and Neck 26: 1,9, 2004 [source] Human papillomavirus infection and cyclin D1 gene amplification in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Biologic function and clinical significance,HEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 6 2002Giovanni Almadori MD Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is suspected to be a risk factor for head and neck, and in particular for laryngeal, carcinogenesis. Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) overexpression and amplification have been shown to play a role as prognostic factors in many human cancers, among which are head and neck cancers. Methods A literature review of the role in head and neck cancers of HPV infection and CCND1 overexpression and amplification was undertaken. We have evaluated the extent of the current knowledge in this field under the light of recent acquisitions, in particular, about a correlation between HPV infection, a suspected risk factor, and CCND1 amplification, a frequent mutation (about 20% of laryngeal cancers) and a prognostic factor in laryngeal SCC. Results and Discussion The significant correlation between HPV infection and CCND1 amplification supports the hypothesis of the involvement of HPV infection in laryngeal carcinogenesis and suggests that HPV positive laryngeal cancers may constitute a different subset of tumors with a peculiar molecular pattern and thus with a different clinical behavior. HPV infection may be considered a synergistic risk factor with smoking and/or alcohol consumption to be investigated in heavy smokers and drinkers, thus contributing to the identification of patient at high-risk for the development of laryngeal cancer who should undergo strict follow-up and primary and secondary prevention. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 597,604, 2002 [source] Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection by penile site in uncircumcised Kenyan menINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2010Jennifer S. Smith Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence was estimated from 2,705 sexually active, uncircumcised, human immunodeficiency virus seronegative men aged 17,28 years in Kisumu, Kenya. HPV prevalence was 51.1% (95% confidence interval: 49.2,53.0%) in penile cells from the glans/coronal sulcus and/or shaft. HPV prevalence varied by anatomical site, with 46.5% positivity in the glans/coronal sulcus compared with 19.1% in the shaft (p < 0.0001). High-risk HPV was detected in 31.2% of glans and 12.3% of shaft samples (p < 0.0001). HPV16 was the most common type and 29.2% of men were infected with more than one HPV type. Risk factors for HPV infection included presence of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhea, self-reported sexually transmitted infections, and less frequent bathing. Lifetime number of sexual partners and herpes simplex virus type-2 seropositivity were also marginally associated with HPV infection. [source] Identification of novel DNA methylation markers in cervical cancer,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2008Hung-Cheng Lai Abstract Testing for DNA methylation has potential in cancer screening. Most previous studies of DNA methylation in cervical cancer used a candidate gene approach. The aim our study was to identify novel genes that are methylated in cervical cancers and to test their potential in clinical applications. We did a differential methylation hybridization using a CpG island (CGI) microarray containing 8640 CGI tags to uncover methylated genes in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the uterine cervix. Pooled DNA from cancer tissues and normal cervical swabs were used for comparison. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, bisulfite sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm the methylation status in cell lines, normal cervices (n = 45), low-grade lesions (n = 45), high-grade lesions (HSIL; n = 58) and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCC; n = 22 from swabs and n = 109 from tissues). Human papillomavirus (HPV) was detected using reverse line blots. We reported 6 genes (SOX1, PAX1, LMX1A, NKX6-1, WT1 and ONECUT1) more frequently methylated in SCC tissues (81.5, 94.4, 89.9, 80.4, 77.8 and 20.4%, respectively) than in their normal controls (2.2, 0, 6.7, 11.9, 11.1 and 0%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Parallel testing of HPV and PAX1 methylation in cervical swabs confers an improved sensitivity than HPV testing alone (80% vs. 66%) without compromising specificity (63% vs. 64%) for HSIL/SCC. Testing PAX1 methylation marker alone, the specificity for HSIL/SCC is 99%. The analysis of these novel DNA methylations may be a promising approach for the screening of cervical cancers. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in invasive cervical cancers in France: EDITH study ,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2008Jean-Luc Prétet Abstract Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in France. Since human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of ICC, the aim of this study was to assess the type-specific prevalence of HPV in ICC in France in order to locally evaluate the potential benefit of an HPV 16/18 L1 virus-like particles (VLP) vaccination. A total of 516 histological specimens collected in 15 centers were analyzed. Among them, 86% had a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) whereas 14% were adenocarcinomas (ADC). HPV genotyping was performed using the INNO-LiPA assay allowing the specific detection of 24 HPV genotypes both high risk (HR) and low risk (LR). The overall HPV prevalence in ICC was 97%. The most prevalent genotypes were HPV 16 (73%) and HPV 18 (19%) followed by HPV 31 (7%), 33, 68, 45, 52 and 58 (4.1,2.3%). HPV 16 and/or 18 were associated with 82% of ICC, 10% being HPV 16 and 18 coinfections. While HPV 16 was the most prevalent type in both SCC (74%) and ADC (64%), HPV 18 was by far more prevalent in ADC (37%) compared to SCC (16%; p < 0.001). Multiple infections with at least two different HR HPV genotypes were observed in 22% of ICC. Given the high HPV 16/18 prevalence and taking into account possible production of crossneutralizing antibodies against other HPV types, HPV 16/18 L1 VLP vaccination would be expected to significantly reduce the burden of ICC in France. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Immunocytochemistry in liquid-based cervical cytology: Analysis of clinical use following a cross-sectional studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2006Shaira Sahebali Abstract Cytological screening for cervical cancer is hampered by imperfect sensitivity and low inter-observer reproducibility. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing lacks specificity as a primary screening method. Studies indicate that immunocytochemical detection of alterations caused by HPV in the host cells can optimise screening. Here, the potential of p16INK4a (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16) and MIB-1 (Ki-67 proliferation marker) as adjunct molecular markers for cervical lesions was investigated in a prospective, cross-sectional study of 500 samples in the framework of opportunistic screening in Flanders, Belgium. A consecutive series of 200 samples and 100 samples from the cytological categories ASC, LSIL and HSIL were investigated. Surepath samples were interpreted according to the Bethesda 2001 reporting system. HPV testing was done with MY09/MY11 consensus PCR. Immunocytochemistry for p16INK4a and MIB-1 was performed with an automated staining protocol. The number of immunoreactive cells/1,000 cervical cells was assessed. There was a higher mean number of p16INK4A and MIB-1 immunoreactive cells/1,000 cells in HSIL (4.06 ± 1.93 and 11.13 ± 2.83, respectively) compared to other cytological categories. Both markers showed a large spread in counts, for all categories. In cases of HSIL without immunoreactive cells for either marker, low cellularity and long-term storage in water were often the cause of false negativity. This study confirms that positive staining for p16INK4a and MIB-1 is highly correlated with presence of high-grade lesions. These markers could be used as adjuncts to increase the sensitivity of cytological screening as well as the specificity of the HPV test. However, clear methodological standards are needed for optimal performance of immunocytochemistry in a clinical setting. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cervical carcinoma in Algiers, Algeria: Human papillomavirus and lifestyle risk factorsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2005Doudja Hammouda Abstract We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Algiers, Algeria. A total of 198 cervical carcinoma (CC) cases (including 15 adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas) and 202 age-matched control women were included. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in cervical cells was evaluated using a PCR assay. Odds ratios and corresponding confidence intervals were computed by means of unconditional multiple logistic regression models. HPV infection was detected in 97.7% of CC cases and 12.4% of control women (OR = 635). Nineteen different HPV types were found. HPV 16 was the most common type in both CC cases and control women, followed by HPV 18 and 45. Twelve types (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 66 and 73) were found as single infections in CC cases. Multiple HPV infections did not show a higher odds ratio for CC than single infections. In addition to HPV infection, husband's extramarital sexual relationships with other women (OR = 4.8) or prostitutes (OR = 3.2), residing in a rural environment for most of one's life (OR = 4.9) and indicators of poor sanitation or poor hygiene were the strongest risk factors for CC. Oral contraceptive use was unrelated to CC risk, while multiparity emerged as a significant risk factor after adjustment for sexual habits. Intrauterine device users showed a lower CC risk than nonusers. The role of major risk factors, except inside toilet, was confirmed in the analysis restricted to HPV-positive women. The distribution of HPV types in CC cases and control women in Algeria is more similar to the one found in Europe than the one in sub-Saharan Africa, where HPV 16 is less prevalent. A vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 may be effective in more than 3/4 of CCs in Algeria. [source] Human papillomavirus: clinical significance and malignant potentialINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Christy L. Nebesio MD First page of article [source] Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Southern Africa: Prevalence, Immunity, and Vaccine ProspectsIUBMB LIFE, Issue 4-5 2002Anna-Lise Williamson Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers are more prevalent in developing countries compared to developed countries. The major cancer caused by HPV is cervical cancer. The humoral immune response to HPV can be a marker of past infection but may also reflect persistent infection and cervical disease. IgA antibodies to HPV in oral fluid were also found to be markers of cervical disease. Cell mediated immunity is important in clearing HPV infection and for regression of the associated lesions: this means that women infected with HIV have a high prevalence of co-infection with HPV. Good cervical screening programmes can control HPV associated cervical neoplasia. However, in countries such as South Africa, where these programmes are inadequate, there is a need for an HPV vaccine. The development of HPV vaccines is reviewed. There is a call for an inexpensive vaccine that will be accessible to the women that do not have access to adequate screening programmes and are therefore at the greatest risk of cervical cancer. [source] ,HPV vulvitis' revisited: frequent and persistent detection of novel epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated HPV genotypesJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Ming-Tseh Lin Background:, ,Human papillomavirus (HPV) vulvitis' is a disputed entity where most studies examining for genital-mucosal (GM) HPV have been negative. Methods:, Using degenerate and type specific primers for cutaneous (CU), GM and epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) HPV types, the prevalence of specific HPV types was investigated in biopsy specimens from 19 women with ,HPV vulvitis', seven with asymptomatic vulvar squamous papillomatosis (ASxVSP), and controls of vulvar fibroepithelial polyps (FEP) (15), vulvar condyloma (10) and normal vulva (NV) (10). Results:, HPV DNA/EV HPV/GM HPV/CU HPV were detected in 84/74/47/5% of vulvitis patients, 78/71/0/28% of ASxVSP, 47/20/20/7% of FEP, 10/10%/0/0 of NV and 100/0/100/10% of condyloma. Fourteen putatively novel HPV genotypes were detected in vulvitis and ASxVSP patients, but not in controls. The two most frequent novel EV HPV, Alb-4 and DL285, were detected in 9/19 (47%) and 5/19 (26%) of vulvitis cases and were persistently identified in serial biopsies. HPV co-infection and Alb-4 infection occurred significantly more frequently in vulvitis patients, particularly those complaining of ,burning' (62/62% vs. 17/7%, p , 0.004). Koilocytosis was identified significantly more frequently in vulvitis compared with non-condyloma controls (81% vs. 40%, p = 0.0001), and its presence correlated with detection of HPV DNA (r = 0.3, p = 0.002). Conclusion:, The high frequency of novel EV HPV in HPV vulvitis and correlation of clinicopathologic findings with HPV DNA suggests that HPV vulvitis may indeed exist. [source] Prevalence of human papillomaviruses in urine samples of male patients infected with HIV-1 in Sao Paulo, Brazil,JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 12 2009Fernando A.M. Costa Abstract Human papillomavirus is a DNA virus that includes 118 genotypes. HPV16 is responsible for 80% of cervical cancer in women. Men are important reservoirs and major transmitters of HPV to their partners. The aim of this study was to detect HPV DNA and to determine the prevalence of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in urine samples of men infected with HIV-1. This study included 223 patients infected with HIV-1 from the Center of Reference on HIV/AIDS (CRT-SP) and an outpatient clinic of HIV. Urine samples were collected and after DNA extraction real-time PCR was performed for detection of HPV DNA. Positive samples were then tested by conventional PCR using type-specific primers for the four HPV types. A total of 223 men infected with HIV-1 were tested, 81% of whom were on HAART. Four (5.8%) were positive for HPV6, 18 (26.1%) were positive for HPV11, 22 (31.9%) were positive for HPV16 and five (7.2%) were positive for HPV18 by conventional PCR. Twenty (29%) patients had other HPV types and five patients (1.5%) had multiple types. The mean T CD4+cells count was 517 and 441,cells/mm3 (P,=,0.30), in HPV negative and positive men, respectively. The HIV viral load was higher in the HPV negative group than for in the men with HPV (P,=,0.0002). A 30.9% prevalence of HPV was found in asymptomatic urine samples of men infected with HIV-1. This study suggests that urine may be a useful specimen for HPV screening. J. Med. Virol. 81:2007,2011, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Human papillomavirus infection and cervical abnormalities in Nairobi, Kenya, an area with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infectionJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 5 2008Rika Yamada Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical abnormalities, and their association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were studied in 488 women who visited a health center in Nairobi. PCR-based HPV and cervical cytology tests were carried out on all participants, and peripheral CD4+ T cells and plasma HIV RNA were quantitated in HIV positive women. HIV were positive in 32% (155/488) of the women; 77% of these were untreated, and the others had been treated with anti-retroviral drugs within 6 months. Cervical HPV infection was detected in 17% of HIV negative and 49% of HIV positive women. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were observed in 6.9% of HIV negative and 21% of HIV positive women, while high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cancer were seen in 0.6% and 5.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that HIV and HPV infections were associated with each other. Cervical lesions were significantly associated with high-risk HPVs and with HIV infection, depending on HPV infection. HPV infection increased in accordance with lower CD4+ T cell counts and higher HIV RNA levels, and high-grade lesions were strongly associated with high-risk HPV infection and low CD4+ T cell counts. Immunosuppression as a result of HIV infection appears to be important for malignant progression in the cervix. Nationwide prevention of HIV infection and cervical cancer screening are necessary for the health of women in this area. High-risk HPV infection and low CD4+ T cell counts are the risk factors for cervical cancer. J. Med. Virol. 80:847,855, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-11 capsid-antigens in mothers and their childrenJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 9 2007Dianne J. Marais Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) types causing anogenital lesions and cancer are accepted as being sexually transmitted. The methods whereby children acquire these anogenital type HPV infections are unclear. The present study determined the prevalence of anti-HPV-16, HPV-11 and HPV-18 IgG antibodies in mothers and their children in an attempt to identify evidence of HPV transmission from mother to child. HPV virus-like particles (VLP) VLP-16, VLP-11 and VLP-18 were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify IgG antibodies in serum from 100 mothers and their 111 children. Antibodies to VLP-16, VLP-11 and VLP-18 were found in serum from 17%, 21% and 16% of mothers, respectively and seroprevalences were 9%, 11.7% and 9.9%, respectively amongst the children. Of the 111 children, 23 (20.7%) showed antibodies to one or more of the three HPV types tested. Seven of these (30.4%) HPV IgG positive children had the same antibodies to one or more HPV types as their mothers. The prevalence of HPV-11 was similar in children of seropositive compared with seronegative mothers (14% and 11%, respectively). The prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18 was higher in children of seropositive mothers compared with seronegative mothers (for HPV-16, 18% and 7%, respectively, P,=,0.1, for HPV-18, 19% and 8%, respectively, P,=,0.2). None of these differences were statistically significant indicating a lack of correlation between antibodies in mothers and children and no evidence to support vertical or horizontal mother to child transmission of HPV infection. Indications were of multiple sources of HPV infection in the children. J. Med. Virol. 79:1370,1374, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Human papillomavirus genotypes associated with cervical cytologic abnormalities and HIV infection in Ugandan womenJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 6 2007D.B. Blossom Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with almost all cases of cervical cancer, and cervical cancer is a common malignancy in women living in developing countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HPV infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and cervical cytologic abnormalities in women presenting to a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Kampala, Uganda. In June and July, 2002, 135 women underwent complete physical exams including Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. HIV status was evaluated by serology. Cervical and vaginal swabs were obtained by clinicians and tested for HPV genotypes by PCR/reverse blot strip assay. Of the 106 women with cervical swabs adequate for HPV testing, the HPV prevalence was 46.2% (49/106). HIV prevalence was 34.9% (37/106). High risk genotypes 52, 58, and 16 were the genotypes detected most commonly. Eighteen percent (9/49) of women infected with HPV were found to have genotypes 16 and/or 18. Seventy-three percent (27/37) of HIV-positive women versus 16% (10/63) of HIV-negative women had abnormal Pap smears (P,<,0.0001). Among HIV-positive women, abnormal Pap smears were associated with the presence of high risk HPV genotypes (P,<,0.001). The majority of women infected with HPV attending this sexually transmitted infections clinic in Uganda were infected with high risk HPV genotypes other than 16 and 18. Future studies should focus on whether current HPV vaccine formulations, that are limited to high risk genotypes 16 and 18, would be effective at decreasing the burden of cervical cancer in this population. J. Med. Virol. 79: 758,765, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Human papillomavirus genotypes and their association with cervical neoplasia in a cohort of Western Australian womenJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 1 2005Brian Brestovac Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be the cause of almost all cervical cancers. The genotypes have been classified into high and low risk types according to their oncogenic potential. However, data for many of the genotypes are limited and some (HPV-26, 53, and 66) have no agreed status. A study was undertaken to determine the HPV genotype distribution in women of Western Australia and the association with cervical neoplasia. Liquid based cervical samples from a cohort of 282 Western Australian women were tested for HPV DNA by PCR followed by DNA sequencing to determine HPV genotypes. HPV-53 and HPV-16 were the most common genotypes found in this population. In addition 86 archived liquid based cervical samples from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1,3 (CIN 1,3) were tested for HPV DNA. Also 32 archived paraffin biopsy samples from women with squamous cell carcinoma were also tested. HPV-16 was the most common genotype found in these samples. Of the cohort of Western Australian women tested, 27% were found to contain HPV and approximately half of these contained known high-risk HPV genotypes, but only 30% of these were types 16 or 18. The data from this study indicate that HPV-53 is not oncogenic based on an R value and odds ratio (OR) of zero. The data also suggest that HPV-73 may be oncogenic, while HPV-66 is unlikely to be. Two high-risk HPV genotypes that are associated with the Asian region (HPV-52 and HPV-58) were found in Western Australian women suggesting a possible epidemiological link between women in these countries. J. Med. Virol. 76:106,110, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Population-based type-specific prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in middle-aged Swedish WomenJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 4 2002Ola Forslund Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing can be used to identify women at risk of the development of cervical cancer. The cost-effectiveness of HPV screening is dependent on the type-specific HPV prevalence in the general population. The present study describes the prevalence and spectrum of high-risk HPV types found in a large real-life population-based HPV screening trial undertaken entirely within the cervical screening program offered to middle-aged Swedish women. Cervical brush samples from 6,123 women aged 32,38 years were analyzed using a general HPV primer (GP5+/6+) polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) combined with reverse dot-blot hybridization for confirmation and HPV typing by a single assay. In this study, 6.8% (95% CI 6.2,7.5) (417/6,123) were confirmed as high-risk HPV positive. Infections with 13 different high-risk HPV types were detected, of which HPV 16 was the most prevalent type (2.1%; 128/6,123), followed by HPV 31 (1.1%; 67/6,123). Any one of the HPV types 18, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, or 66 was detected in 3.6% (223/6,123) of the women. Infection with two, three, and five types simultaneously was identified in 32, 5, and 1 women, respectively. The combination of PCR-EIA as a screening test and reverse dot-blot hybridization as a confirmatory test, was found to be readily applicable to a real-life population-based cervical screening. The type-specific HPV prevalence found support in previous modeling studies suggesting that HPV screening may be a favorable cervical screening strategy. J. Med. Virol. 66:535,541, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Antibodies against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18 E2, E6 and E7 proteins in sera: Correlation with presence of papillomavirus DNAJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 4 2001Ricardo Rosales Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with cervical cancer. The E2 and E1 papillomavirus proteins are expressed at the early stage of infection and regulate DNA replication. The E2 protein activates and represses transcription from different HPVs promoters. At some stage when viral DNA gets integrated into the cellular genome, the E2 gene is disrupted or inactivated. This event leads to a derepression of the E6 and E7 viral oncogenes. These viral proteins are required normally for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype. Therefore, the E2, E6, and E7 proteins are present in all patients infected by papillomavirus. In this study, the association of antibody levels against E2, E6, and E7 proteins of HPV types 16, 18, and 6 was determined in relation to the presence of HPV DNA at the initial stages of HPV infection. Serum samples from 172 women with HPV infection, determined by Papanicolau (Pap) smears and colposcopy, were tested. Elevated antibody titers against E2 protein from the HPV 6 and HPV 16 were detected in 46.42 and 66.96% of the patients, respectively. Antibodies against the E7 and E6 proteins of HPV 16 were found in 51.78 and 36.60% of the patients, respectively. Antibodies against the E6 and E7 proteins of HPV 18 were 35 and 45%, respectively. A statistical difference was found for antibody titers against the E2, E6, and E7 proteins between patients with papillomavirus DNA and controls cases who had no cytological abnormalities and no HPV DNA. Sera titers were 1/500 for patients HPV positive and 1/50 for control individuals. Antibodies titers against E6 and E7 proteins were also examined in patients at 6 and 24 months after cryosurgery. In these patients, a slight decrease in the antibody level against the E2, E6, and E7 proteins was found. No correlation was found between age and number of sexual partners, with serum positivity to the E2, E6, and E7 papillomavirus proteins. These data suggest that antibodies against the E2, E6, and E7 proteins are good candidates for use as markers for monitoring cervical HPV infections. J. Med. Virol. 65:736,744, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparative study of HPV prevalence in Japanese and North-east Chinese oral carcinomaJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 7 2003Xiaofei Tang Abstract Background:, Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a role in the development of oral carcinoma. However, the reported prevalence of HPV in oral carcinoma has varied widely. Methods:, The prevalence of HPV 16, 18 and 33 was investigated in Japanese and North-east Chinese oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of p53 protein was examined immunohistochemically. Results:, HPV 16 and 18 were detected in 7 (23.3%) and 10 (33.3%) of 30 Japanese and 11 (36.7%) and 5 (16.7%) of 30 Chinese samples, respectively. HPV 16 and 18 coinfection was detected in 3/30 Japanese and 2/30 Chinese samples. HPV 33 was not detected. There was no significant correlation between HPV 16 and 18 and the sites, gender, age and histological grade. The prevalence of both HPV 16 and 18 was similar and higher in the Japanese and North-east Chinese samples (46.7% each). HPV 16 or/and 18 infection or/and p53 overexpression were in 22 (73.3%) of 30 Japanese samples and 24 (80.0%) of 30 North-east Chinese samples, respectively. Conclusions:, HPV 16/18 infection or/and p53 overexpression may play an important role in developing some OSCCs. and the presence of HPV sequences and mutant p53 are not necessarily mutually exclusive. [source] Stabilization of human papillomavirus virus-like particles by non-ionic surfactantsJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 7 2005Li Shi Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like-particles (VLPs) produced by recombinant expression systems are promising vaccine candidates for prevention of cervical cancers as well as genital warts. At high protein concentrations, HPV VLPs, comprised of the viral capsid protein L1 and expressed and purified from yeast, are protected against detectable aggregation during preparation and storage by high concentrations of NaCl. At low protein concentrations, however, high salt concentration alone does not fully protect HPV VLPs from aggregation. Moreover, the analytical analysis of HPV VLPs proved to be a challenge due to surface adsorption of HPV VLPs to storage containers and cuvettes. The introduction of non-ionic surfactants into HPV VLP aqueous solutions provides significantly enhanced stabilization of HPV VLPs against aggregation upon exposure to low salt and protein concentration, as well as protection against surface adsorption and aggregation due to heat stress and physical agitation. The mechanism of non-ionic surfactant stabilization of HPV VLPs was extensively studied using polysorbate 80 (PS80) as a representative non-ionic surfactant. The results suggest that PS80 stabilizes HPV VLPs mainly by competing with the VLPs for various container surfaces and air/water interfaces. No appreciable binding of PS80 to intact HPV VLPs was observed although PS80 does bind to the denatured HPV L1 protein. Even in the presence of stabilizing level of PS80, however, an ionic strength dependence of HPV VLP stabilization against aggregation is observed indicating optimization of both salt and non-ionic surfactant levels is required for effective stabilization of HPV VLPs in solution. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 94:1538,1551, 2005 [source] The HPV Vaccine: Framing the Arguments FOR and AGAINST Mandatory Vaccination of All Middle School GirlsJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 6 2008Cheryl A. Vamos MPH ABSTRACT Background:, Human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus responsible for cervical cancer, is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection in the United States. A vaccine was approved in 2006 that is effective in preventing the types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. Proposals for routine and mandatory HPV vaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school-aged youth, legislators, members of the medical community, and the public at large. Methods:, The purpose of this article was to articulate the arguments used by advocates who either oppose or endorse routine, mandatory administration of the vaccine to school-aged girls, thereby assisting school health personnel in being effective participants in framing the relevant issues. Results:, Controversy is grounded in moral, religious, political, economic, and sociocultural arguments including whether concerns that the vaccine increases sexual risk taking, sends mixed messages about abstaining from sexual intercourse, usurps parental authority, and increases the potential for development of new health disparities are offset by the value of administering a cost-effective, age-appropriate public health measure targeting a life-threatening problem. Conclusions:, Careful consideration of the medical evidence and public health implications is critical but understanding the context of the debate is no less important to the task of responding to public concerns. School health personnel have a role in the discussion about HPV immunization. Being able to articulate the arguments presented herein can help authorities' responsiveness to parents and community groups as the dialogue about this particular health issue evolves further. [source] Human papillomavirus as a risk factor in oral carcinogenesis: a study using in situ hybridization with signal amplificationMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2008R. Acay Introduction:, It is still controversial whether human papillomavirus (HPV) can be considered a risk factor in oral carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to detect HPV DNA in 50 cases diagnosed as oral leukoplakias, with different degrees of epithelial dysplasia, and as oral squamous cell carcinomas, using in situ hybridization with signal amplification (CSA-ISH). Methods:, HPV DNA was assessed in paraffin sections using CSA-ISH with a wide-spectrum biotinylated DNA probe. In HPV-positive cases, genotyping with specific probes to HPV types 6/11, 16/18 and 31/33 was performed. Results:, The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 24%, markedly higher than that found in the control group. Results showed a discrete proportional relationship in the indices found in leukoplakia with no dysplasia, leukoplakia with dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma, but this was not statistically significant. When separating the group of leukoplakia by degrees of dysplasia, this relation of proportion was not observed. In genotyping, HPV types 16/18 were the most prevalent, and types 6/11 were only found in groups of mild or no dysplasia. Conclusion:, The results suggest that HPV is not likely to play a role in the progression of malignant transformation in oral lesions. Nevertheless, the increased prevalence of HPV infection compared to normal oral mucosa and the fact that high-risk HPV types were the most frequently identified do not allow the exclusion of HPV as a risk factor in oral carcinogenesis. [source] Proteomic analysis of human papillomavirus-related oral squamous cell carcinoma: Identification of thioredoxin and epidermal-fatty acid binding protein as upregulated protein markers in microdissected tumor tissuePROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 8 2009Christian Melle Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been identified as an etiologic agent for a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with increasing incidence. HPV DNA-positivity may confer better prognosis but the related oncogenic mechanisms are unknown. For the identification of HPV relevant proteins, we analyzed microdissected cells from HPV DNA-positive (n,=,17) and HPV DNA-negative (n,=,7) OSCC tissue samples. We identified 18 proteins from tumor tissues by peptide fingerprint mapping and SELDI MS that were separated using 2-DE. Among a number of signals that were detected as significantly different in the protein profiling analysis, we identified thioredoxin (TRX) and epidermal-fatty acid binding protein as upregulated in HPV related tumor tissue. This study, investigating for the first time proteomic changes in microdissected HPV infected tumor tissue, provides an indication on the oncogenic potential of viruses. [source] Surface plasmon resonance imaging protein arrays for analysis of triple protein interactions of HPV, E6, E6AP, and p53PROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 7 2006Hyeon-Su Ro Abstract We have developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based protein microarray to study protein,protein interactions in a high-throughput mode. As a model system, triple protein interactions have been explored with human papillomaviral E6 protein, tumor suppressor p53, and ubiquitin ligase E6AP. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be a causative agent of cervical cancer. Upon infection, the viral E6 protein forms a heterotrimeric protein complex with p53 and E6AP. The formation of the complex eventually results in the degradation of p53. In the present study, a GST-fused E6AP protein was layered onto a glutathione (GSH)-modified gold chip surface. The specific binding of GST-E6AP protein onto the gold chip surface was facilitated through the affinity of GST to its specific ligand GSH. The interacting proteins (E6 and/or p53) were then spotted. Detection of the interaction was performed using a SPR imaging (SPRI) technique. The resulting SPRI intensity data showed that the protein,protein interactions of E6AP, E6, and p53 were detected in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that the SPRI-based microarray system can be an effective tool to study protein,protein interactions where multiple proteins are involved. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||