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Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes (human + osteoarthritic_chondrocyte)
Selected AbstractsSirT1 enhances survival of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes by repressing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and activating the insulin-like growth factor receptor pathwayARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 5 2010Viktoria Gagarina Objective The protein deacetylase SirT1 inhibits apoptosis in a variety of cell systems by distinct mechanisms, yet its role in chondrocyte death has not been explored. We undertook the present study to assess the role of SirT1 in the survival of osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes in humans. Methods SirT1, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and PTP1B mutant expression plasmids as well as SirT1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and PTP1B siRNA were transfected into primary human chondrocytes. Levels of apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry, and activation of components of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR)/Akt pathway was assessed using immunoblotting. OA and normal knee cartilage samples were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. Results Expression of SirT1 in chondrocytes led to increased chondrocyte survival in either the presence or the absence of tumor necrosis factor ,/actinomycin D, while a reduction of SirT1 by siRNA led to increased chondrocyte apoptosis. Expression of SirT1 in chondrocytes led to activation of IGFR and the downstream kinases phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phosphoinosite-dependent protein kinase 1, mTOR, and Akt, which in turn phosphorylated MDM2, inhibited p53, and blocked apoptosis. Activation of IGFR occurs at least in part via SirT1-mediated repression of PTP1B. Expression of PTP1B in chondrocytes increased apoptosis and reduced IGFR phosphorylation, while down-regulation of PTP1B by siRNA significantly decreased apoptosis. Examination of cartilage from normal donors and OA patients revealed that PTP1B levels are elevated in OA cartilage in which SirT1 levels are decreased. Conclusion For the first time, it has been demonstrated that SirT1 is a mediator of human chondrocyte survival via down-regulation of PTP1B, a potent proapoptotic protein that is elevated in OA cartilage. [source] ADAM-8 isolated from human osteoarthritic chondrocytes cleaves fibronectin at Ala271ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 9 2009Marc D. Zack Objective Fibronectin fragments are thought to play a critical role in the initiation and progression of cartilage degradation in arthritis. In a recent study, fibronectin neoepitopes resulting from cleavage of intact fibronectin at the Ala271/Val272 scissile bond, generating an ,30-kd fragment with the new C-terminus VRAA271 and an ,50,85-kd fragment with the new N-terminus 272VYQP, were identified in osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage. The present study was undertaken to isolate the enzymes responsible for this cleavage from human OA chondrocytes. Methods Fibronectin-degrading activity in human OA chondrocyte,conditioned medium (OACCM) was purified using conventional chromatography. A fluorescent peptide was developed based on the fibronectin scissile bond 269RAA,Val272, and this peptide was used to track fibronectinase activity during purification. Western blotting with antibodies that detect the fibronectin neoepitopes VRAA271 and 272VYQP was used to confirm cleavage of intact fibronectin by the enzymatically active fractions. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the proteins found in the fibronectinase-enriched fractions, with further confirmation by Western blotting. In addition, a recombinant enzyme identified by mass spectrometry was tested by Western blotting and dimethylmethylene blue assay for its ability to produce fibronectin neoepitopes in OA cartilage. Results Purification of OACCM by chromatography resulted in isolation of a fibronectin-degrading enzyme, and mass spectrometry identified ADAM-8 as the fibronectinase present in these preparations. Furthermore, treatment of OA cartilage with recombinant human ADAM-8 promoted cartilage catabolism. Conclusion The results of this study identify ADAM-8 as a fibronectinase in human OA chondrocytes. Because ADAM-8 is capable of producing the fibronectin neoepitopes VRAA271 and 272VYQP in human OA cartilage, this enzyme may be an important mediator of cartilage catabolism. [source] Regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes by fluid shear stress: Role of protein kinase C,ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 8 2009Chih-Chang Yeh Objective To test a fluid flow system for the investigation of the influence of shear stress on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in human osteoarthritic (OA) articular chondrocytes (from lesional and nonlesional sites) and human SW-1353 chondrocytes. Methods Human SW-1353 chondrocytes and OA and normal human articular chondrocytes were cultured on type II collagen,coated glass plates under static conditions or placed in a flow chamber to form a closed fluid-circulation system for exposure to different levels of shear stress (2,20 dyn/cm2). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze PAI-1 gene expression, and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and small interfering RNA were used to investigate the mechanism of shear stress,induced signal transduction in SW-1353 and OA (lesional and nonlesional) articular chondrocytes. Results There was a significant reduction in PAI-1 expression in OA chondrocytes obtained from lesional sites compared with those obtained from nonlesional sites. In SW-1353 chondrocytes subjected to 2 hours of shear flow, moderate shear stresses (5 and 10 dyn/cm2) generated significant PAI-1 expression, which was regulated through PKC, phosphorylation and Sp-1 activation. These levels of shear stress also increased PAI-1 expression in articular chondrocytes from nonlesional sites and from normal healthy cartilage through the activation of PKC, and Sp-1 signal transduction, but no effect of these levels of fluid shear stress was observed on OA chondrocytes from lesional sites. Conclusion OA chondrocytes from lesional sites and those from nonlesional sites of human cartilage have differential responses to shear stress with regard to PAI-1 gene expression, and therefore diverse functional consequences can be observed. [source] Inhibition of interleukin-1,,induced matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 13 production in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes by prostaglandin D2ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 11 2008Nadia Zayed Objective To investigate the effects of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on interleukin-1, (IL-1,),induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes and the signaling pathways involved in these effects. Methods Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 in the presence or absence of PGD2, and expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 proteins was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and promoter activity were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction and transient transfections, respectively. The role of the PGD2 receptors D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1) and chemoattractant receptor,like molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) was evaluated using specific agonists and antibody-blocking experiments. The contribution of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway was determined using cAMP-elevating agents and PKA inhibitors. Results PGD2 decreased in a dose-dependent manner IL-1,induced MMP-1 and MMP-13 protein and mRNA expression as well as their promoter activation. DP1 and CRTH2 were expressed and functional in chondrocytes. The effect of PGD2 was mimicked by BW245C, a selective agonist of DP1, but not by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2, a selective agonist of CRTH2. Furthermore, treatment with an anti-DP1 antibody reversed the effect of PGD2, indicating that the inhibitory effect of PGD2 is mediated by DP1. The cAMP-elevating agents 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin suppressed IL-1,induced MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression, and the PKA inhibitors KT5720 and H89 reversed the inhibitory effect of PGD2, suggesting that the effect of PGD2 is mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway. Conclusion PGD2 inhibits IL-1,induced production of MMP-1 and MMP-13 by chondrocytes through the DP1/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. These data also suggest that modulation of PGD2 levels in the joint may have therapeutic potential in the prevention of cartilage degradation. [source] Involvement of protein kinase C, in interleukin-1, induction of ADAMTS-4 and type 2 nitric oxide synthase via NF-,B signaling in primary human osteoarthritic chondrocytesARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 12 2007Priya S. Chockalingam Objective Protein kinase C, (PKC,), an atypical PKC, has been found to be transcriptionally up-regulated in human osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage. This study was undertaken to examine the role of PKC, in interleukin-1, (IL-1,),induced NF-,B signaling in human OA chondrocytes, and ultimately to better understand its function in the regulation of downstream mediators of cartilage matrix degradation. Methods Pharmacologic inhibitors or genetic knockdown techniques were used to investigate the role of PKC,. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate phosphorylation of PKC, and NF-,B. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and activity assays were used to evaluate ADAMTS-4 expression and aggrecanase activity, respectively. Quantitative PCR, biochemical identification, and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and NO production. Results Phosphorylation of PKC, and NF-,B was induced by IL-1, treatment in a time-dependent manner, and was specifically inhibited by inhibitors of atypical PKCs. Inhibition of PKC, suppressed IL-1,,induced up-regulation of ADAMTS-4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and aggrecanase activity. Inhibitors of atypical PKCs also inhibited IL-1,,induced NO production and NOS2 mRNA expression, demonstrating a novel link between PKC, and NO production. Furthermore, small interfering RNA, or short hairpin RNA,mediated knockdown of PKC, mRNA resulted in significant repression of both ADAMTS-4 and NOS2 mRNA expression. Conclusion Our results show that PKC, is involved in the regulation of IL-1,,induced NF-,B signaling in human OA chondrocytes, which in turn regulates downstream expression of ADAMTS-4 and NOS2. Therefore, inhibition of PKC, could potentially regulate the production of matrix-degrading enzymes as well as NO production and have a profound effect on disease progression in OA. [source] Effects of Cyclic Hydrostatic Pressure on the Metabolism of Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes Cultivated in a Collagen GelARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 2 2007Karsten Gavénis Abstract:, Among other parameters, the application of mechanical force may provide an important stimulus in modulating the structure and function of tissue-engineered articular cartilage. We developed a cultivation chamber in which six collagen type-I gel samples, seeded with human osteoarthritic chondrocytes, can be cultivated simultaneously. A cyclic hydrostatic pressure of up to 40 kPa with a frequency of 0.0125 Hz was applied, and cultivation was performed for 1, 4, 7, or 14 days. Histological examinations revealed a spheroidal cell morphology in the treatment group. In contrast, control samples of the same patients represented a more fibroblastic appearance. Collagen type-II (col-II) protein was found in the very pericellular region of all investigated samples; the col-II content did not obviously vary between the control and treatment groups. In the treatment group, col-II and aggrecan gene expression were elevated. A spectrophotometric quantification of proteoglycan concentrations in media supernatants revealed a statistically significant enhancement in the treatment group. [source] |