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Human Needs (human + need)
Kinds of Human Needs Selected AbstractsThe Career Cycle Approach To Defining The Interior Design Profession's Body Of KnowledgeJOURNAL OF INTERIOR DESIGN, Issue 1 2004Denise A. Guerin Ph.D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to define and document the interior design profession's body of knowledge at a single point in time. This was done using a career cycle approach and a health, safety, and welfare framework. The method and framework used to define the body of knowledge are presented in the article. The body of knowledge was defined from a career cycle approach using the four stages of a professional interior designer's career cycle: education, experience, examination, and legal regulation (NCIDQa, 2003). A content analysis was conducted of the written documents of the organizations that represent each stage in the cycle. Eighty-one knowledge areas were identified from this content analysis and placed into one of seven categories: Codes; Communication; Design; Furnishings, Fixtures, and Equipment; Human Needs; Interior Building Construction; and Professional Practice. These categories and knowledge areas are what defined the interior design profession's body of knowledge based on this approach. Next, each knowledge area was analyzed using a health, safety, and welfare framework to determine its benefit to the public. Finally, a review of literature was conducted to document that the knowledge areas comprise the specialized knowledge necessary for the professional interior designer to protect the public's health, safety, and welfare. The method used to define the interior design profession's body of knowledge assessed several limited bodies of knowledge that had been developed for a specific purpose, such as education or examination. While this comprehensive body of knowledge reflects a single point in time, it provides a venue for dialogue from which revision can occur and updating can continue, leading to further development of the profession. [source] Notes on Cultures of Violence, Cultures of Caring and Peace, and the Fulfillment of Basic Human NeedsPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Ervin Staub Some conditions in the lives of children, adults, and groups can be construed as fulfilling universal human psychological needs. The constructive fulfillment of these basic needs promotes caring and positive, helpful relations; their frustration creates an inclination toward hostility and aggression. The article describes diverse influences that can lead to violence between individuals, groups, and societies, as well as ways to halt and prevent genocide, mass killing, and other intergroup violence, including terrorism, in part by fostering culture changes that promote harmony and peace. Ideally such culture change would involve healing from past wounds, the creation of positive (rather than destructive) ideologies, supportive communities, reconciliation and the creation of a shared collective memory, education that promotes peace, and the development of inclusive caring in children. The article also refers to work in Rwanda that aims to foster healing and reconciliation, in part by helping people understand the roots of violence and its implication for prevention. Societies and families that help to fulfill basic needs promote goodness as well as optimal human functioning,the continued growth and development of individuals. [source] Implementation of the Zuluaga-Raysmith (Z-R) Model for Assessment of Perceived Basic Human Needs in Home Health Clients and CaregiversPUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 5 2000Beatrice Harrison Zuluaga R.N., FRCNA The Zuluaga-Raysmith (Z-R) model is a conceptual framework that incorporates accepted concepts of universal basic human needs developed by Maslow, yet removes the hierarchical nature of these. The Z-R model recognizes the existence of a health-illness continuum and accepts that an entity (individual, family, aggregate, or community) may move freely in the direction of greater health and self-actualization or towards illness and premature death. The Z-R model identifies 10 basic needs and recognizes that a perceived deficit in any one of these needs can adversely affect the level of wellness of the entity being considered. This exploratory and descriptive study used 11 nurses as interviewers. Subjects consisted of a convenience sample of homebound clients of a home health agency in a metropolitan city, and selected caregivers (n= 27). A modified functional wellness inventory (developed in 1993 by Louvenia Carter) was used with several open-ended questions, which together related to the 10 needs of the Z-R model. Reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.84. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, using means, percentages, and frequencies. Open-ended questions were grouped according to content and ranked in order of frequency. The five most pressing needs of this small sample were income; physical health; opportunity to make a contribution; mobility; and mental, emotional, social, and spiritual health (MESSH). Nurses unanimously reported that use of the instrument and the Z-R model helped them to focus on the total person, identify strengths in their clients, identify perceived needs deficits, and therefore, with the client, facilitate the preparation of a timely and cost-effective interdisciplinary plan of care to help the entity to move to a higher level of wellness despite the presence of chronic disease, disability, or impending death. These findings suggested that further research is warranted to explore the use of the Z-R model. A replication study is in progress. [source] Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging conceptsJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2003H. G. Boman Abstract., Boman HG (Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden). Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts (Review). J Intern Med 2003; 254: 197,215. Antibacterial peptides are the effector molecules of innate immunity. Generally they contain 15,45 amino acid residues and the net charge is positive. The cecropin type of linear peptides without cysteine were found first in insects, whilst the defensin type with three disulphide bridges were found in rabbit granulocytes. Now a database stores more than 800 sequences of antibacterial peptides and proteins from the animal and plant kingdoms. Generally, each species has 15,40 peptides made from genes, which code for only one precursor. The dominating targets are bacterial membranes and the killing reaction must be faster than the growth rate of the bacteria. Some antibacterial peptides are clearly multifunctional and an attempt to predict this property from the hydrophobicity of all amino acid side chains are given. Gene structures and biosynthesis are known both in the fruit fly Drosophila and several mammals. Humans need two classes of defensins and the cathelicidin-derived linear peptide LL-37. Clinical cases show that deficiencies in these peptides give severe symptoms. Examples given are morbus Kostmann and atopic allergy. Several antibacterial peptides are being developed as drugs. [source] Social rights and social resistance: opportunism, anarchism and the welfare stateINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 3 2000Hartley Dean This conceptually oriented paper adopts a critical perspective on the question of social rights and asks whether, in contemporary circumstances, claims to social welfare based on rights can provide a meaningful basis for social resistance to poverty or oppression. Past approaches to the question of rights as a means of resistance are characterised as either opportunistic or anarchistic. Opportunistic approaches give rise to ameliorative compromise, anarchistic approaches to nihilistic or inherently hopeless struggle. Nonetheless, it is argued, it is possible to conceptualise rights to social welfare in ways that do not obscure the basis of social exploitation and that do project human need as the basis for social resistance. [source] ,Care': Moral concept or merely an organisational suffix?JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2008J. Clapton Abstract Background Over recent decades, a couple of interesting trends have occurred in regard to human services practices in Australia. First, there has been a significant shift from practices that previously have intentionally responded to emerging and continuing human need within communities to practices that are now managed within a context of managerialism and influenced by market forces. Second, in such a changing context, increasingly, organisations have added the suffix ,care' to their organisational name. One is therefore left to consider why this latter change has occurred, and how is care being considered, particularly in organisations supporting people with intellectual disability (ID). Method A conceptual-theoretical analysis is undertaken to explore the characteristics of human services that embrace managerialism. The moral constructions of personhood in regard to people with ID within this service context are investigated; and the implications of how care is practised are considered. Results An immoral-amoral binary of personhood within an underpinning neo-liberal context is identified and analysed. Further analysis reveals a more insidious independent,dependent binary for people with an ID linked to a dominating Ethic of Normalcy. This latter binary suggests that care seemingly becomes neither ethically relevant nor legitimate for people with ID in managerialist service contexts. Conclusions Ethical transformation in regard to care is needed for contemporary human services practice for people with ID. The underpinning Ethic of Normalcy is challenged for an Ethic of Engagement; whereby a deep understanding of care as a moral concept needs to be at the core of practice, rather than merely attached in an organisational name. [source] Legitimizing the "War on Terror": Political Myth in Official-Level RhetoricPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Joanne Esch This paper argues that mythical discourse affects political practice by imbuing language with power, shaping what people consider to be legitimate, and driving the determination to act. Drawing on Bottici's (2007) philosophical understanding of political myth as a process of work on a common narrative that answers the human need to ground events in significance, it contributes to the study of legitimization in political discourse by examining the role of political myth in official-level U.S. war rhetoric. It explores how two ubiquitous yet largely invisible political myths, American Exceptionalism and Civilization vs. Barbarism, which have long defined America's ideal image of itself and its place in the world, have become staples in the language of the "War on Terror." Through a qualitative analysis of the content of over 50 official texts containing lexical triggers of the two myths, this paper shows that senior officials of the Bush Administration have rhetorically accessed these mythical representations of the world in ways that legitimize and normalize the practices of the "War on Terror." [source] Prescribing Flood Regimes to Sustain Riparian Ecosystems along Meandering RiversCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2000Brian D. Richter By managing river flows for water supplies and power generation, water management agencies have inadvertently caused considerable degradation of riverine ecosystems and associated biodiversity. New approaches for meeting human needs for water while conserving the ecological integrity of riverine ecosystems are greatly needed. We describe an approach for identifying the natural flooding characteristics that must be protected or restored to maintain riparian ( floodplain) ecosystems along meandering rivers. We developed a computer model to simulate flood-driven changes in the relative abundance of riparian patch types along the Yampa River in Colorado ( U.S.A.). The model is based on research suggesting that the duration of flooding at or above 209 m3 per second (125% of bankfull discharge) is particularly important in driving lateral channel migration, which is responsible for initiating ecological succession in the Yampa's riparian forest. Other hydrologic variables, such as the magnitude of annual peak flows, were not as strongly correlated with lateral channel migration rates. Model simulations enabled us to tentatively identify a threshold of alteration of flood duration that could lead to substantial changes in the abundance of forest patch types over time should river flows be regulated by future water projects. Based on this analysis, we suggest an ecologically compatible water management approach that avoids crossing flood alteration thresholds and provides opportunity to use a portion of flood waters for human purposes. Recommended improvements to the Yampa model include obtaining additional low-elevation aerial photographs of the river corridor to enable better estimation of channel migration rates and vegetation changes. These additional data should greatly improve the model's accuracy and predictive capabilities and therefore its management value. Resumen: La composición y estructura de ecosistemas ribereños están fuertemente ligadas a la variabilidad hidrológica natural. Al manejar el flujo de ríos para abastecer agua y generar energía, las agencias de manejo de agua han causado inadvertidamente una degradación considerable de los ecosistemas ribereños y la biodiversidad asociada a ellos. Se necesitan nuevas estrategias para satisfacer las necesidades humanas de agua al mismo tiempo que se conserva la integridad de los ecosistemas ribereños. Describimos una estrategia para identificar las características de inundaciones naturales que deben ser protegidas o restauradas para mantener ecosistemas riparios ( planicies de inundación) a lo largo de ríos sinuosos. Desarrollamos un modelo de computadora para simular los cambios causados por inundaciones en la abundancia relativa de tipos de parche ripario a lo largo del río Yampa, en Colorado ( Estados Unidos de Norteamérica). Este modelo se basa en investigación que sugiere que la duración de la inundación a, o mayor a, 209 m3 por segundo (125% de descarga del banco lleno a su capacidad) es particularmente importante en la conducción de la migración de canales laterales, lo cual es responsable de la iniciación de la sucesión ecológica en el bosque ripario del río Yampa. Otras variables hidrológicas, como lo es la magnitud del pico de los flujos anuales no estuvieron tan fuertemente correlacionadas con las tasas de migración lateral de canales. Las simulaciones del modelo nos permitieron identificar límites tentativos de alteración de la duración de la inundación que podrían conducir a cambios sustanciales en la abundancia de tipos de parches forestales en el tiempo si los flujos de los ríos son regulados en proyectos de agua futuros. En base a este análisis, sugerimos una estrategia de manejo de agua ecológicamente compatible que evita sobrepasar los límites de alteración de las inundaciones y provee la oportunidad de usar una porción del agua de las inundaciones para fines humanos. Las recomendaciones de mejoras al modelo del río Yampa incluyen la necesidad de obtener fotografías aéreas de baja elevación adicionales del corredor del río, que permitan una mejor estimación de las tasas de migración de los canales y los cambios en la vegetación. Estos datos adicionales deberán mejorar en gran medida la precisión del modelo y sus capacidades predictivas y, por lo tanto, su valor de manejo. [source] Toward Adaptive Community Forest Management: Integrating Local Forest Knowledge with Scientific Forestry,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2002Daniel James Klooster Abstract: This case study of indigenous communities in highland Michoacán, Mexico, examines data on forest change, woodcutting practices, social history, and a recent forest inventory and management plan prepared by a professional forester. It assesses the social and environmental fit of both local knowledge and scientific forestry and considers their abilities to contribute to sustainable forest management. Both bodies of knowledge are limited in their ability to inform the social practice of environmental management. The local forest knowledge system is particularly hampered by a limited ability to monitor the forest's response to woodcutting, while scientific forestry lacks the institutional flexibility to ensure the just and effective implementation of restrictions and prescriptions. This article recommends cross-learning between scientific resource managers and woodcutters, participatory environmental monitoring to assess the results of different cutting techniques, and explicit management experiments to facilitate institutional learning at the community level. This kind of adaptive management approach permits the flexible integration of local knowledge, scientific forestry, and appropriate institutional parameters to modulate human needs and goals with the discordant harmonies of inhabited and heavily used forests in a constant state of flux under processes of succession, disturbance, and spatial variation. Several barriers to this kind of institutional innovation exist, but outside intervention has the potential to change the dynamics of institutional evolution. [source] Christa Wolf's Kassandra and Medea: Continuity and ChangeGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 1 2004Helen Bridge When Christa Wolf's Medea: Stimmen appeared in 1996, some critics accused the work of being little more than a pale repetition of the earlier Kassandra project. This paper argues that, while broad continuities in Wolf's concerns are obvious, the shift from monologue in Kassandra to a polyphony of voices in Medea is symptomatic of subtle, yet important shifts in her approach to myth and her understanding of history. Although Wolf's archaeological understanding of myth and the problems this raises remain unchanged, the focus has shifted from the effects myth has on the individual to the human needs which give rise to it. The more psychological exploration of myth in Medea reveals interesting shifts in Wolf's understanding of the individual's role in history. In Kassandra, just as we assume that individuals exercise sovereign control over the myths they circulate, so we have the impression that history results from human agency in accordance with the will of those in power. In Medea, Wolf seems more doubtful about the ability of individuals to control events, even those they have caused. The idea of a coherent historical development, albeit a negative one, which is central to the Kassandra project, is absent from the later work. [source] The Changing University: Meeting a Need and Needing to ChangeHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2000Peter Jarvis This paper returns to the logic of industrialisation thesis of the 1960s and asks whether higher education can respond to the new infrastructures of global society. Its thesis is that capitalism has generated new global infrastructures (the control of capital empowered by information technology) and that these driving forces have generated changes in knowledge, higher education, research and learning. Higher education is a typical superstructural institution, functional to the infrastructure , but it is finding problems in responding rapidly to the greater demands of the knowledge-based society of advanced capitalism. It has to change but perhaps it is unable to change sufficiently rapidly, and so the infrastructure is beginning to generate its own educational institutions. More significantly, it would have to be non-functional to the infrastructure if it were to meet some of the human needs. [source] Insecurity, Conflict and the New Global DisorderIDS BULLETIN, Issue 2 2001Susan Willett Summaries The current neoliberal preoccupation with the benefits of globalisation, which have been hailed as the great panacea for all the world's economic problems, has done little for the 1.3 billion people whose economic circumstances have stagnated or deteriorated in poverty over the last ten years. The neoliberal idea that somehow the benefits of global economic growth will ,trickle down' to the world's poor, has been challenged by the stark reality of the experience in the world's poorest societies. Deep polarisation of wealth that has become a structural feature of the global economy has been identified as one of the major threats to future peace and security in the coming millennium. Conflict theorists have for some time been at pains to point out that the unequal distribution of wealth and the failure to meet basic human needs constitute a source of structural violence that lies at the heart of the many conflicts. Endemic poverty is a basic factor that undermines human security. It not only leaves basic needs unmet, but creates the conditions for conflict and violence, as groups compete for access to scarce and often diminishing resources. Facing extremes of economic deprivation and threats to basic human security (life, food, shelter, income), the widespread resort to arms within a growing number of least developed economies can be understood as a Darwinian bid for survival. [source] An assessment of the proximity of clothing to self scale for older personsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 4 2010Young-A Lee Abstract Sontag and Lee developed the Proximity of Clothing to Self (PCS) Scale, an objective measure of the psychological closeness of clothing to the self, and validated a 4-factor, 24-item scale with adolescents. The research reported here extends their work by validating a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale for use with older persons, age 65 and over. A mail survey was sent to a national random sample of 1700 older persons in the United States resulting in 250 respondents in the final sample. Three analytical rounds of confirmatory factor analysis to test the construct validity of the PCS Scale were conducted by using a structural equation modelling programme. The validated three PCS dimensions (i.e. factors) are clothing in relation to: (1) self as structure , process; (2) self-esteem , evaluative and affective processes; and (3) body image and body cathexis. The researchers recommend using this 19-item PCS Scale for future consumer behaviour research on older persons when investigating the importance of dress, clothing needs or clothing involvement to meet basic human needs, self-esteem, life satisfaction and successful aging. [source] A Computerized Nursing Process Support System in BrazilINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2003Maria da Graça Oliveira Crossetti BACKGROUND Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre introduced the nursing process model as the basis for nursing practice at the hospital more than 20 years ago. A computerized nursing order system based on nursing diagnoses was introduced. The strategies used in the development of the system included establishment of Nursing Diagnosis Work Groups in 1998; systematic analysis of nursing processes based on the work of existing studies, the NANDA taxonomy in 1999; development and implementation of a data collection instrument to analyze the nursing diagnosis process; training of all nursing staff during 1999,2000; meetings between analysts and nursing staff to articulate the nursing process needs the system would be required to support; pilot implementation of the computerized nursing process system in the ICU in February 2000; and hospital-wide implementation in December 2000. The system supports nursing diagnoses and orders. It was developed in-house by the information systems group at the hospital and is implemented as an Oracle database accessed in client server mode over a Windows NT-based Ethernet network. The system is part of the hospital's larger clinical information management system. MAIN CONTENT POINTS The patient care module includes medical orders and nursing orders. On entering the nursing orders module, the user selects a patient and the system presents a list all current orders completed and pending. These orders can be examined, updated, and reprinted, and new daily nursing orders can also be input at this time. The "new order" screen provides the user with any previous orders to ensure consistency in nursing care. New nursing orders are prepared based on the patient history, physical exam, and daily evaluations. Required interventions are identified based on changes in the patient's "basic human needs." This process can be realized through two distinct paths through the nursing care module: one associated with diagnoses and the other with signs and symptoms. A nurse with more clinical experience and knowledge of diagnostic reasoning will opt to develop orders based on diagnoses. After the diagnosis and associated etiology is input, the system generates a list of possible interventions for selection. The duration and frequency of the intervention can then be specified and the order individualized to a patient's particular needs. Less experienced nurses and students will develop nursing orders based on a patient's signs and symptoms. The system generates a list of diagnoses, etiology, and associated basic human needs in response to the signs and symptoms input. The nurse selects the appropriate diagnoses and etiology and the system generates the list of nursing intervention options. Nurses following either path are required to confirm their orders. They then have the option of developing other orders for the same patient until all that patient's basic human needs have been addressed. The orders can be printed but also remain in the system for nursing staff to implement. CONCLUSIONS The application of systematic, evidence-based methods in nursing care results in improved quality of service that conforms to individual patients' basic human needs. [source] Genetically Engineered Crops: Their Potential Use for Improvement of Human NutritionNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 5 2002Lin Yan Ph.D. Great success has been achieved in increasing agriculture productivity to fulfill human needs during the second half of the 20th century. However, there will be much greater challenges in the future. Based on the current population growth rate of 1.4% per year, the world's population is forecast to increase from the current level of approximately six billion to nine to twelve billion in 50 years. In addition to continuously increasing demand for agricultural production, there is an urgent need to improve the nutritional quality of human diets for this rapidly growing human population. Malnutrition is still a worldwide health issue. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in developing countries, and over-consumption of certain nutrients in developed countries (e.g., saturated fatty acids) is associated with high incidence of certain chronic diseases. Furthermore, there will be declining natural resources such as arable land and water, and the challenges to humans must be met without further degrading the environment. Biotechnology offers a valuable tool to help achieve these goals. This review focuses on the most recent advances in biotechnology, which promise to improve human nutrition by enhancing the nutrient density of plant foods. Issues relating to the safety of food products from genetically engineered crops are also discussed. [source] Psychotherapy and postmodernism: agency, authenticity and alienation in contemporary therapeutic discoursePSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2006Daniel Burston Abstract Since the advent of postmodernism, terms like agency, authenticity and alienation have fallen into disuse in psychotherapeutic discourse. The causes and consequences of this profound semantic shift are examined. While postmodernism has contributed considerably to our understanding of the impact of language and of power relations on society, it has little or nothing to say on the subject of human needs, which provided the original impetus for ,critical theory', historically, and is still vital to fostering our patients' welfare. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Implementation of the Zuluaga-Raysmith (Z-R) Model for Assessment of Perceived Basic Human Needs in Home Health Clients and CaregiversPUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 5 2000Beatrice Harrison Zuluaga R.N., FRCNA The Zuluaga-Raysmith (Z-R) model is a conceptual framework that incorporates accepted concepts of universal basic human needs developed by Maslow, yet removes the hierarchical nature of these. The Z-R model recognizes the existence of a health-illness continuum and accepts that an entity (individual, family, aggregate, or community) may move freely in the direction of greater health and self-actualization or towards illness and premature death. The Z-R model identifies 10 basic needs and recognizes that a perceived deficit in any one of these needs can adversely affect the level of wellness of the entity being considered. This exploratory and descriptive study used 11 nurses as interviewers. Subjects consisted of a convenience sample of homebound clients of a home health agency in a metropolitan city, and selected caregivers (n= 27). A modified functional wellness inventory (developed in 1993 by Louvenia Carter) was used with several open-ended questions, which together related to the 10 needs of the Z-R model. Reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.84. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, using means, percentages, and frequencies. Open-ended questions were grouped according to content and ranked in order of frequency. The five most pressing needs of this small sample were income; physical health; opportunity to make a contribution; mobility; and mental, emotional, social, and spiritual health (MESSH). Nurses unanimously reported that use of the instrument and the Z-R model helped them to focus on the total person, identify strengths in their clients, identify perceived needs deficits, and therefore, with the client, facilitate the preparation of a timely and cost-effective interdisciplinary plan of care to help the entity to move to a higher level of wellness despite the presence of chronic disease, disability, or impending death. These findings suggested that further research is warranted to explore the use of the Z-R model. A replication study is in progress. [source] Rivers as living systemsAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 4 2002Mark Everard Abstract 1.Fresh water and the ecosystem functions of catchments are essential to all life, and provide benefits upon which society depends. Yet there is widespread evidence of increasing degradation of river quality in many parts of the world. 2.Rivers are complex living systems, and must be managed on a systemic basis. Historic parochial approaches to management can exacerbate wider-scale problems by degrading ecosystem functions. 3.Reversal of long-term ecosystem degradation, not merely reducing the rate of ongoing damage to ecosystem functioning, is vital for achieving sustainability. In an already ecologically impoverished world, restoring ecosystem functions and the capacity of catchments to support human needs may be the only form of investment in a sustainable longer-term future. 4.A ,building block' approach can enable local issues to be addressed by technologies that protect or restore ecosystem functions at the catchment scale. They may also represent a cost-effective means for targeting investment. 5.Shifts in thinking and action are required if a move from a reactive to a systemic approach to the water environment is to be achieved. These shifts include acknowledgement of the central importance of ecosystem functions, protecting these functions through management action, valuing them appropriately, and taking longer-term and wider-scale perspectives in management decisions. A focus on restoration of function at the catchment scale, achieved through greater inclusion of all sectors of society in decision-making, is an essential element of this approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Growing old and getting sick: Maintaining a positive spirit at the end of lifeAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2007David M. Clarke Abstract End of life throws up significant mental health challenges. A high proportion of people in the terminal stages of illness experience depressive symptoms. This paper integrates a theory of hierarchy of human needs and empirical research describing experiences of grief and depression in terminal illness, to develop a model of care aimed at reducing depression and suffering. This care attends to physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects, taking into account the concerns of patients and their families. Professional help can be offered to patients to restore dignity and hope, strengthen their ways of coping, and encourage social connections. To offer this, a well-resourced and coordinated, multidisciplinary and skilled workforce is needed. [source] Protein feeds coproduction in biomass conversion to fuels and chemicalsBIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 2 2009Bruce E. Dale Abstract Agriculture has changed greatly in the past in response to changing human needs. Now agriculture is being called on to provide raw materials for very large-scale fuel and chemical production. Agriculture will change again in response to this demand and all producers and users of agricultural feedstocks will be affected by this change. For example, livestock feeding practices have already changed in response to the availability of distillers' grains from corn ethanol production. A fuels industry based on herbaceous biomass energy crops will be many-fold larger than the existing corn ethanol industry and will produce its own set of impacts on livestock feeding. We explore here one of these impacts: the availability of large new sources of feed protein from biomass energy crops. In addition to structural carbohydrates, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, herbaceous biomass energy crops can easily be produced with approximately 10% protein, called ,leaf protein'. This leaf protein, as exemplified by alfalfa leaf protein, is superior to soybean meal (SBM) protein in its biological value. Leaf protein recovery and processing fit well into many process flow diagrams for biomass fuels. When leaf protein is properly processed to concentrate it and remove antinutritional factors, as we have learned over the years to do with soybean meal protein, protein in leaf protein concentrate (LPC) will probably be at least as valuable in livestock diets as SBM protein. If LPC is used to meet 20% of total animal protein requirements (i.e., market penetration of 20%) then the potential utilization of leaf protein concentrate could reach as much as 24 million metric tons annually. This leaf protein will replace protein from SBM and other sources. This much leaf protein will reduce by approximately 16 million hectares the amount of land required to provide protein for livestock. Likewise the amount of land required to meet fuel needs will effectively be reduced by 8 million hectares because this land will effectively do ,double duty' by producing needed animal protein as well as feedstocks for fuel production. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source] Conserving What and for Whom?BIOTROPICA, Issue 5 2007Why Conservation Should Help Meet Basic Human Needs in the Tropics ABSTRACT For hundreds of millions of people, biodiversity is about eating, staying healthy, and finding shelter. Meeting these people's basic needs should receive greater priority in the conservation agenda. Wild and semi-wild plants and animals contribute significantly to nutrition, health care, income, and culture in developing countries, and the poorest and most vulnerable people often rely on those resources most. Depleting those resources or making them inaccessible can impoverish these people even further. ,Pro-poor conservation',that is, conservation that aims to support poor people,explicitly seeks to address basic human needs. Such an emphasis has many potential synergies with more conventional conservation goals. Nonetheless, pro-poor conservation requires a distinct attitude to gauging conservation outcomes and a different approach to conservation science. Biologists can make a vital contribution. RESUMEN Para cientos de millones de personas biodiversidad significa comer, cuidar su salud y alojarse. Satisfacer las necesidades básicas de esa agenda debería de recibir mayor prioridad en la agenda de conservación. Plantas y animales silvestres y semi-domesticadas contribuyen de forma significativa a la alimentación, salud, ingresos y cultura en los países en desarrollo, y suele ser la gente más pobre y vulnerable quienes dependen más de esos recursos. La degradación de esos recursos o la pérdida de acceso a los mismos pueden empobrecer a esta gente aún más. La "conservación pro-pobre," o sea la conservación que tiene como fin apoyar a la gente pobre, buscar de forma explícita satisfacer a las necesidades humanas básicas. Este enfoque tiene mucho potencial para generar sinergias con las metas más convencionales de conservación. Sin embargo, la conservación pro-pobre requiere de formas distintas de medir los resultados de la conservación y de un acercamiento distinto a lo que es la ciencia de la conservación. Los biológicos pueden hacer una contribución fundamental en ese sentido. RÉSUMÉ Pour des millions de pauvres, la biodiversité est avant tout une affaire d'alimentation, de santé et de sécurité. Satisfaire les besoins primordiaux de ces populations devrait devenir la priorité des programmes de conservation. Les plantes et animaux sauvages -ou semi domestiqués- contribuent de manière déterminante à l'alimentation, à la santé, aux revenus et à la culture dans les pays en développement. Les populations les plus pauvres et vulnérables sont également celles qui dépendent le plus de ces ressources. En réduire la disponibilité ou l'accès ne peut que les appauvrir davantage. Une conservation favorable aux pauvres se doit de répondre aux besoins humains fondamentaux. Une telle conception de la conservation présente de multiples synergies avec ses objectifs plus conventionnels. Mais avant tout, une conservation favorable aux pauvres réclame un état d'esprit particulier pour en mesurer les résultats, et suppose une approche scientifique spécifique. En cela, les biologistes ont un rôle déterminant à jouer. ABSTRAK, Bagi ratusan dari jutaan manusia, keanekaragaman hayati merupakan sumber makanan, kesehatan dan tempat berlindung. Pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar mereka ini seharusnya mendapatkan prioritas lebih besar dalam agenda konservasi. Di negara-negara yang sedang berkembang, hewan dan tumbuhan liar memiliki kontribusi nyata terhadap nutrisi, kesehatan, penghasilan serta kebudayaan masyarakatnya. Masyarakat miskin dan lemah seringkali sangat menggantungkan hidupnya pada sumber daya tersebut sehingga degradasi atau hambatan akses terhadap sumber daya tersebut akan memperburuk keadaan mereka. Konservasi "pro-miskin" - yakni konservasi yang bertujuan mendukung masyarakat miskin - secara eksplisit berupaya memusatkan perhatian pada kebutuhan manusia yang paling mendasar. Penekanan semacam itu mempunyai banyak keselarasan dengan tujuan-tujuan konservasi yang lebih konvensional. Namun demikian, konservasi pro-miskin memerlukan sikap yang berbeda dalam mengukur hasil-hasil konservasi, dan pendekatan yang berbeda terhadap pengetahuan konservasi. Dalam hal ini, para ahli biologi dapat memberikan kontribusi yang sangat penting. [source] Bertha Harmer's 1922 textbook , The Principles and Practice of Nursing: clinical nursing from an historical perspectiveJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 19 2009Geertje Boschma Aims and objectives., This study analyses the origins of a widely used textbook of nursing, commonly utilised in North American Schools of Nursing since 1922, and eventually worldwide. A biography of its first author, Bertha Harmer, is also included. Background., Tracing central ideas of nursing throughout the various editions, the book provides a commentary on the cultural,historical context of nursing and reveals how nursing leaders conceptualised the day-to-day knowledge base nurses would need for their practice. Design and methods., Historical analysis. Results., The core nursing concept of ,human needs' was central to Harmer's work and thinking. Conclusions., Its continuous development by her and her later co-author, Virginia Henderson, reflected broader changes in nursing that were central to the construction of nursing as hospital-based care during the twentieth century. Relevance to clinical practice and conclusion., Renewal of nursing practice exists by the virtue of nurses' collective ability to question continuously and critically, the foundations of their practice. Historical analysis of core nursing concepts is one approach to further such critique. [source] Adenosine infusion attenuates soluble RAGE in endotoxin-induced inflammation in human volunteersACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 1 2009A. Soop Abstract Aim:, To evaluate possible anti-inflammatory effects of pre-treatment with adenosine in a human experimental inflammatory model. Methods:, The study design was double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled and randomized. In the Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital, 16 healthy male volunteers were treated for 5.5 h with infusions of adenosine 40 ,g kg,1 min,1 or placebo. Thirty minutes after the start of adenosine or placebo, 2 ng kg,1E-Coli endotoxin was administered. Heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, plasma cytokines (TNF-,, IL-6 and IL-10), soluble RAGE and resistin, exhaled nitric oxide and nitrite/nitrate in urine were determined. Results:, Endotoxin elicited the expected clinical signs of an inflammatory reaction (tachycardia, fever) and led to prominent release of the cytokines studied (P < 0.001). Resistin in plasma increased after endotoxin (P < 0.001). After placebo treatment, soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in plasma increased 5 h after the endotoxin challenge (P < 0.001) but not after adenosine. After placebo, orally exhaled NO increased with a peak at 4 h (P < 0.001), although there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatments. Nitrite/nitrate in urine (n = 11) did not differ between adenosine and placebo treatments. Conclusion:, In conclusion, adenosine infusion starting before endotoxin challenge in humans attenuated sRAGE significantly but otherwise had no clear anti-inflammatory effect. Adenosine as a potential anti-inflammatory treatment in humans needs further study, including use of higher doses. The mechanism underlying the effect of adenosines on sRAGE remains unknown. [source] Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as tracers of change in diet breadth during Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in EuropeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3-4 2004D. Drucker Abstract Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fossil bone collagen have been used as evidence for an increase of diet breadth between Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthals and Early Upper Palaeolithic anatomically modern humans. In this paper, we revisit the rules of palaeodietary reconstruction using collagen stable isotopes and reassess the possible isotopic signatures of potential protein resources available to prehistoric humans. It appears that the interpretation of the human's isotopic signature does not necessarily imply a significant proportion of aquatic-derived protein in the diet neither for Neandertal nor for first anatomically modern humans in Europe. Exploitation of aquatic ecosystems by humans needs to be supported by further zooarchaeological evidence. Nevertheless, isotopic biogeochemistry of fossil human collagen can be very useful in palaeodietary reconstructions provided that basic rules are followed while selecting samples of coeval fauna, in order to establish the end members of different food resources. Significant progress investigating the evolution of subsistence strategies in fossil hominids is expected from a combination of zooarchaeological and isotopic data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||