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Human Capabilities (human + capability)
Selected AbstractsA modest proposal: a testable differentiation between third- and fourth-order information complexityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, Issue 4 2006Kathryn Cason Abstract In Human Capability, Jaques and Cason (1994) described the importance of the Third and Fourth Orders of Information Complexity used by adults working to create and manage our commercial endeavors, govern our countries, and provide services such as healthcare and education to our populations. Today our knowledge of these two Orders is still in descriptive terms, therefore less subject to testing than meets the necessary scientific rigor. In order to pursue a better understanding of how to more effectively educate and employ this capability in the adult population it is necessary to have clarity about the boundaries of these apparently discontinuous innate human "processes." The authors here set out important aspects of their continued inquiry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Development of a knowledge-based system for nonpowered hand tools (Tool Expert): Part I,The scientific basisHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 3 2004Berman Kayis The need for developing a clear and concise guide for designing, selecting, and using hand tools would minimize if not eliminate acute,chronic trauma exposure factors and help improve efficiency, well-being, and morale. Despite several research efforts devoted to the exploration and understanding of the interrelation between human capabilities, task requirements, nature of tasks, and ergonomically designed hand tools, there appear to be several problems in utilizing existing knowledge in practical use. One of the most important barriers is the lack of interaction of several specialists from different backgrounds. In this article, TOOL-EXPERT, a knowledge-based system developed to assert the ergonomical nonpowered hand tool design, selection, and use, is explained, which will provide a guideline to several users from various backgrounds. The system is designed to run in any IBM-compatible personal computer system. Knowledge from several domains was included. The type of knowledge used in the research was selected to be a declarative knowledge. Altogether it includes 423 goals, 35 questions, and 40 rules. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 257,268, 2004. [source] Justice and Culture: Rawls, Sen, Nussbaum and O'NeillPOLITICAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 1 2003Cécile Fabre Is it possible, in a multicultural world, to hold all societies to a common standard of decency that is both high enough to protect basic human interests, and yet not biased in the direction of particular cultural values? We examine the recent work of four liberals , John Rawls, Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum and Onora O'Neill , to see whether any of them has given a successful answer to this question. For Rawls, the decency standard is set by reference to an idea of basic human rights that we argue offers too little protection to members of non-liberal societies. Sen and Nussbaum both employ the idea of human capabilities, but in interestingly different ways: for Sen the problems are how to weight different capabilities, and how to decide which are basic, whereas for Nussbaum the difficulty is that her favoured list of capabilities depends on an appeal to autonomy that is unlikely to be acceptable to non-liberal cultures. O'Neill rejects a rights-based approach in favour of a neo-Kantian position that asks which principles of action people everywhere could consent to, but this also may be too weak in the face of cultural diversity. We conclude that liberals need to argue both for a minimum decency standard and for the full set of liberal rights as the best guarantors of that standard over time. [source] Our responsibility in a developing world: from ethics to pragmatismCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Jamie La Nauze FRANZCO MMedSci(ClinEpi) Abstract If development is defined as a process of enhancing human capabilities, that is, to expand choices and opportunities so that each person can lead a life of respect and value, then poverty is the deprivation of these capabilities. Nobel Laureate for Economics, Amartya Sen, states: ,as people who live , in a broad sense , together, we cannot escape the thought that the terrible occurrences that we see around us are quintessentially our problems'. This year's Council Lecture examines issues of individual and institutional responsibility in a developing world. Aspects of development relevant to ophthalmology are discussed and a review of Australian efforts undertaken. With a view to encouraging Fellows to take a more active role in development, it is demonstrated that there are a range of contributions that can be made. Appropriate practice models are explored and a strategy for College involvement presented. [source] Occupational science: a renaissance of service to humankind through knowledgeOCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2000Elizabeth J. Yerxa EdD, FAOTA, LHD (Hon) ScD (Hon) OTR Abstract The context for the development of occupational science, the study of the human as an occupational being, included the worldwide increase in the population of people with chronic impairments, decreased resources for people with handicaps, growth in the complexity of daily life and the global maturation of the profession of occupational therapy. Occupational science promises that occupational therapists will define the knowledge base of the profession and its appropriate scope of practice through scholarly work. Occupational scientists need to develop a fresh synthesis of ideas from those scholarly disciplines that view the human as a complex being who interacts with the environment by using occupation over the three time spans of evolution, human development and learning; occupation as agency; and viewing the person served as Homo occupacio, a dynamic, open human system. The occupational human engages in daily life through development of a repertoire of skills which adheres to the rules of culture. Such study will need to include the contexts in which people carry out their rounds of occupation. The ,detective work' of occupational scientists, contributing to but not bound by the immediate demands of occupational therapy practice, will be guided by the values and traditions of the field to ensure its relevance and ethical foundation. The most important tool of the world community of occupational therapists will be the mind of the occupational therapist, who, through knowledge of occupation, will foster human capability and influence health. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||