Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Human Breast (human + breast)
Terms modified by Human Breast Selected AbstractsMammary Gland Architecture as a Determining Factor in the Susceptibility of the Human Breast to CancerTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 5 2001Jose Russo MD The developmental pattern of the breast can be assessed by determining the composition of the breast in specific lobular structures, which are designated as lobules type 1 (Lob 1), lobules type 2 (Lob 2), and lobules type 3 (Lob 3), with Lob 1 being the less developed and Lob 3 being the most differentiated or with the highest number of ductules per lobular unit. In the present work, the patient population consisted of three groups of women who underwent surgical procedures: The first group included women who underwent reduction mammoplasty (RM) for cosmetic reasons. The second group included women who underwent prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy after genetic counseling for either carrying the BRCA-1 gene or belonging to a pedigree with familial breast cancer (FAM), and the third group included women who underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) for the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma. The RM group consisted of 33 women, of whom 9 were nulliparous and 24 were parous. The FAM group consisted of 17 women, of whom 8 were nulliparous and 9 were parous. The MRM group consisted of 43 women, of whom 7 were nulliparous and 36 were parous. The analysis of the lobular composition of all of the samples from the RM group, which is considered the control group, revealed that Lob 1 represented 22%, Lob 2 represented 37%, and Lob 3 represented 38%, whereas the tissue examined from the FAM and MRM groups contained a preponderance of Lob 1 at 48% and 74%, respectively, over Lob 3, which was 10% and 3%, respectively. When the results of the analysis of breast tissue were separated according to the pregnancy history of the donor, it was found that in the control group or RM, there was a significant difference in lobular composition. Nulliparous women of the RM group showed a preponderance of Lob 1 (46%) over parous women, which contained only 17%, whereas the percentage of Lob 3 in the nulliparous group was significantly lower (7%) than the parous group (48%). In the breast tissues obtained from FAM and MRM, no significant differences in lobular composition were observed, as all of the samples contained a higher concentration of Lob 1, independent of the pregnancy history. The breast tissue of FAM and MRM of parous women had a developmental pattern that was similar to that of nulliparous women of the same group and that was less developed than the breast of parous women of the control group. An important difference between the Lob 1 of the FAM group versus the control (RM) and the MRM group was that most of these lobules had thin ductules with an increase in hyalinization of the intralobular stroma manifested in the whole-mount preparation as an alteration in the branching pattern. The data suggest that the breast tissue of women with invasive cancer, as well as those from a background of familial breast cancer, have an architectural pattern different from the control or normal tissues and that the BRCA-1 or related genes may have a functional role in the branching pattern of the breast during lobular development, mainly in the epithelial stroma interaction. [source] Insulin Secretagogues from Moringa oleifera with Cyclooxygenase Enzyme and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory ActivitiesHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 2 2004Jayaraj Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera fruits yielded bioactive N -benzyl thiocarbamates, N -benzyl carbamates, benzyl nitriles, and a benzyl ester. Among these, methyl 2-[4-(, - L -rhamnopyranosyl)phenyl]acetate (2), N -[4-(, - L -rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]-1- O - , - D -glucopyranosylthiocarboxamide (3), 1- O -phenyl- , - L -rhamnopyranoside (5), and 4-[(, - D -glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-(, - L -rhamnopyranosyl)]phenylacetonitrile (6) are novel, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The known compounds isolated and characterized from the MeOH extract were niazirin (=4-(, - L -rhamnopyranosyl)phenylacetonitrile; 1), niazicin A (=methyl N -{4-[(4,- O -acetyl- , - L -rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}thiocarbamate; 4), methyl N -{4-[(, - L -rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}carbamate (7), and methyl N -{4-[(4,- O -acetyl- , - L -rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}carbamate (8). The combined yield of these compounds from dried M. oleifera fruits was 1.63%. In rodent pancreatic , -cells (INS-1), compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 at 100,ppm significantly stimulated insulin release. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibition assays revealed that 5 and 6 were most active at 83,ppm. Compound 6, however, demonstrated greater specificity for inhibition of COX-2 enzyme (46%) than COX-1 enzyme. Lipid peroxidation assays revealed that 4 and 6 at 50,ppm inhibited peroxidation reactions by 80 and 95%, respectively, while 3 and 8 inhibited lipid peroxidation by 35%. These compounds did not inhibit the cell growth when tested with human breast (MCF-7), central nervous system (CNS, SF-268), lung (NCI-H460), or colon (HCT-116) cancer cell lines. Moreover, these compounds were not cytotoxic at the concentrations tested. [source] Immunohistochemical expression patterns of AP2, and AP2, in the developing fetal human breastHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2007N Friedrichs Aims:, AP2, (TFAP2A) and AP2, (TFAP2G) transcription factors have been implicated in the control of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of normal breast epithelium and in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the expression patterns of TFAP2A and TFAP2G in the developing fetal breast anlage with other relevant markers. Methods and results:, Sixty fetal and one infant human breast specimens from 14 weeks of gestational age to 5 months old were examined. The primary breast outgrowth/nipple showed TFAP2A expression by the basal cells (week 14), followed later by cytokeratin (CK) 5 co-expression (week 17). Sprouting of the secondary outgrowths was characterized by HER-2+ invading cells. Preliminary ductal buds were lined by TFAP2G/HER-1-expressing myoepithelial precursors (week 19). Maturation of TFAP2A/CK18+ epithelia and TFAP2G/smooth muscle actin-positive myoepithelia proceeded in a distal-to-proximal manner beginning in the terminal end buds (week 22). CK5+ progenitor cells and CK5/TFAP2A or CK5/TFAP2G co-expressing intermediary glandular or myoepithelial cells were found in the terminal end buds of neonatal fetal breast tissue. Conclusions:, AP2 transcription factors may play decisive pacemaker roles in initiating and coordinating budding and branching processes during formation of the fetal breast anlage, possibly via modulation of an epidermal growth factor receptor. [source] Nicotine induces cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a variety of human cancer cell linesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2009Piyali Dasgupta Abstract Cigarette smoking is strongly correlated with the onset of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nicotine, an active component of cigarettes, has been found to induce proliferation of lung cancer cell lines. In addition, nicotine can induce angiogenesis and confer resistance to apoptosis. All these events are mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on lung cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that nicotine can promote anchorage-independent growth in NSCLCs. In addition, nicotine also induces morphological changes characteristic of a migratory, invasive phenotype in NSCLCs on collagen gel. These morphological changes were similar to those induced by the promigratory growth factor VEGF. The proinvasive effects of nicotine were mediated by ,7-nAChRs on NSCLCs. RT-PCR analysis showed that the ,7-nAChRs were also expressed on human breast cancer and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Nicotine was found to promote proliferation and invasion in human breast cancer. The proinvasive effects of nicotine were mediated via a nAChR, Src and calcium-dependent signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. In a similar fashion, nicotine could also induce proliferation and invasion of Aspc1 pancreatic cancer cells. Most importantly, nicotine could induce changes in gene expression consistent with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), characterized by reduction of epithelial markers like E-cadherin expression, ZO-1 staining and concomitant increase in levels of mesenchymal proteins like vimentin and fibronectin in human breast and lung cancer cells. Therefore, it is probable that the ability of nicotine to induce invasion and EMT may contribute to the progression of breast and lung cancers. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imagingJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 6 2005D. T. Ramsay Abstract The aim of this study was to use ultrasound imaging to re-investigate the anatomy of the lactating breast. The breasts of 21 fully lactating women (1,6 months post partum) were scanned using an ACUSON XP10 (5,10 MHz linear array probe). The number of main ducts was measured, ductal morphology was determined, and the distribution of glandular and adipose tissue was recorded. Milk ducts appeared as hypoechoic tubular structures with echogenic walls that often contained echoes. Ducts were easily compressed and did not display typical sinuses. All ducts branched within the areolar radius, the first branch occurring 8.0 ± 5.5 mm from the nipple. Duct diameter was 1.9 ± 0.6 mm, 2.0 ± 90.7 mm and the number of main ducts was 9.6 ± 2.9, 9.2 ± 2.9, for left and right breast, respectively. Milk ducts are superficial, easily compressible and echoes within the duct represent fat globules in breastmilk. The low number and size of the ducts, the rapid branching under the areola and the absence of sinuses suggest that ducts transport breastmilk, rather than store it. The distribution of adipose and glandular tissue showed wide variation between women but not between breasts within women. The proportion of glandular and fat tissue and the number and size of ducts were not related to milk production. This study highlights inconsistencies in anatomical literature that impact on breast physiology, breastfeeding management and ultrasound assessment. [source] Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitroJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 5 2009A. K. Charles Abstract Benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) are added to bodycare cosmetics used around the human breast. We report here that all three compounds possess oestrogenic activity in assays using the oestrogen-responsive MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. At 3 000 000-fold molar excess, they were able to partially displace [3H]oestradiol from recombinant human oestrogen receptors ER, and ER,, and from cytosolic ER of MCF7 cells. At concentrations in the range of 5 × 10,5 to 5 × 10,4 m, they were able to increase the expression of a stably integrated oestrogen-responsive reporter gene (ERE-CAT) and of the endogenous oestrogen-responsive pS2 gene in MCF7 cells, albeit to a lesser extent than with 10,8 m 17, -oestradiol. They increased the proliferation of oestrogen-dependent MCF7 cells over 7 days, which could be inhibited by the antioestrogen fulvestrant, suggesting an ER-mediated mechanism. Although the extent of stimulation of proliferation over 7 days was lower with these compounds than with 10,8 m 17, -oestradiol, given a longer time period of 35 days the extent of proliferation with 10,4 m benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate or butylphenylmethylpropional increased to the same magnitude as observed with 10,8 m 17, -oestradiol over 14 days. This demonstrates that benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional are further chemical components of cosmetic products which give oestrogenic responses in a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Further research is now needed to investigate whether oestrogenic responses are detectable using in vivo models and the extent to which these compounds might be absorbed through human skin and might enter human breast tissues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Platelet-activating factor and human meningiomasNEUROPATHOLOGY & APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Y. Denizot Meningiomas are common primary intracranial tumours. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an inflammatory and angiogenic lipid mediator involved in several types of cancer. The presence of PAF receptor (PAF-R) transcripts, the levels of PAF, the phospholipase A2 activity (PLA2, the enzymatic activity implicated in PAF formation) and the PAF acetylhydrolase activity (AHA, the PAF degrading enzyme) were investigated in 49 human meningiomas. PAF-R transcripts, PAF, PLA2 and AHA were detected in meningiomas. However, their levels did not correlate with biological parameters such as the tumour grade, the presence of associated oedema, necrosis, mitotic index as well as intensity of the neovascularization and chronic inflammatory response. In conclusion, PAF is present in meningiomas where it might act on tumour growth by altering the local angiogenic and/or cytokine networks as previously suggested for human breast and colorectal cancer. [source] New perspectives into the biological and clinical relevance of oestrogen receptors in the human breast,THE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007V Speirs Abstract Oestrogen receptor (ER) is arguably the single most important biological predictive factor that exists today. In the last 10 years or so, however, our understanding of ER biology has undergone a paradigm shift following the identification of a second ER, ER,, with the original ER being renamed ER,. A number of isoforms have additionally been described, especially for ER,. Our knowledge of ER signalling has also increased with the recognition of accessory co-regulatory proteins, which help direct the transcriptional cascade. Here we outline these changes and discuss what biological and clinical implications these could have in the mammary gland. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Seaweed Prevents Breast Cancer?CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2001Hiroomi Funahashi To investigate the chemopreventive effects of seaweed on breast cancer, we have been studying the relationship between iodine and breast cancer. We found earlier that the seaweed, wakame, showed a suppressive effect on the proliferation of DMBA (dimethylbenz(a)anthracene)-induced rat mammary tumors, possibly via apoptosis induction. In the present study, powdered mekabu was placed in distilled water, and left to stand for 24 h at 4°C. The filtered supernatant was used as mekabu solution. It showed an extremely strong suppressive effect on rat mammary carcinogenesis when used in daily drinking water, without toxicity. In vitro, mekabu solution strongly induced apoptosis in 3 kinds of human breast cancer cells. These effects were stronger than those of a chemothera-peutic agent widely used to treat human breast cancer. Furthermore, no apoptosis induction was observed in normal human mammary cells. In Japan, mekabu is widely consumed as a safe, inexpensive food. Our results suggest that mekabu has potential for chemoprevention of human breast [source] Historical review of breast lymphatic studiesCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 5 2009Hiroo Suami Abstract The gross anatomy of the lymphatic system is one of the least studied areas of anatomy, primarily because of the technical difficulties encountered in demonstrating this almost invisible yet vast system. Similarly, there have been very few studies of the gross lymphatic anatomy of the adult human breast. Previous studies used young pregnant female cadavers. When mercury was injected into the lactiferous ducts or breast lymphatic channels, these cadavers enabled early anatomists to see the breast lymphatics. Both Cruikshank (1786) and Cooper (1840) located the axillary lymph pathway as well as accessory pathways directly from the breast. Sappey (1874) concluded that all lymphatics arising from the breast drained into the axilla via the subareolar plexus. Current descriptions of the breast lymphatics may be traced back to the diagram made by Poirier and Cuneo (1902). However, it is apparent that this diagram is a composite of adult breast studies by Sappey, their fetal studies and even clinical feedback. This study provides an historical perspective of the methods that have been previously used to study the lymphatics of the breast and introduces an update on current investigative approaches. Clin. Anat. 22:531,536, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Age,environment model for breast cancerENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 3 2004Nobutane Hanayama Abstract In the field of breast cancer study, it has become accepted that crucial exposures to environmental risks might have occurred years before a malignant tumor is evident in human breasts, while age factors such as ages at menstruation have been known as risks for the disease already. To project trends in two such kinds of risks for the disease, the concept of environment effects is introduced for (age, period)-specific breast cancer mortality rates. Also, a new model, named the age,environment (AE) model, which assumes that the logarithm of the expected rate is a linear function of environment effects and age effects, is proposed. It is shown that, although environment effects have different meanings from period effects or cohort effects, in the age,period,cohort (APC) model, the range space of the design matrix for the AE model is included in that for APC model. It is seen, however, that the AE model provides a better fit to the data for females in Japan and the four Nordic countries than does the APC model in terms of AIC. From the results of ML estimation of the parameters in the AE model based on the data obtained in Japan, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the Sino,Japanese war, World War II and the environmental pollution due to the economy in the recovery period from the defeat. Besides, from those based on the data obtained in the four Nordic countries, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the environment becoming worse after the year of Helsinki Olympics and low levels of them associated with the period including the year of ,Miracle of the Winter War' in Finland. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||