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Hue
Kinds of Hue Terms modified by Hue Selected AbstractsTechnical Note: The effect of refractive blur on colour vision evaluated using the Cambridge Colour Test, the Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plates and the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue TestOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 3 2007Sri Thyagarajan Abstract The results of a prospective study examining the effect of refractive blur on colour vision performance in normal subjects measured with three different colour vision tests are reported. The Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue (FM100) and Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) results were significantly affected at +6 D of spherical refractive blur, whereas those from the Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate (IPP) test were not. In a clinical setting, correction of refractive error up to 3 D for colour vision testing with these tests may not be required. Poor colour vision should not be attributed solely to refractive causes of poor visual acuity (Snellen equivalent: >6/36). Fastest test times were achieved using IPP, followed by CCT. [source] Reflectance spectra of Munsell standard chips and their appearanceCOLOR RESEARCH & APPLICATION, Issue 3 2008Tarow Indow Abstract In this article, we present the results of analysis by two different methods for representing information in reflectance spectra of Munsell standard chips that relates to their appearance. The spectrum of a chip j is denoted as rj, where , represents wavelength , from 430 to 660 nm with 1 nm intervals. The spectrum of light reflected from a chip j under D65 is rj, × e, where e, represents the spectral power distribution of D65 illumination. In one method, singular value decomposition is applied to a matrix of (rj, × e,). Combining results of this analysis with results of human assessment experiments, we obtain four curves ,0,(H) that represent principal hue components , in Munsell Hue, , = redness, yellowness, greenness, and blueness (Fig. 6). The other method is multiple regression of each (rj, × e,) to activities of three kinds of cones in the retina. From this analysis, we obtain three curves Bq(H) that represent relative involvements of q = L, M, S cone activities in determining the appearance of Munsell Hue (Fig. 10). Two sets of curves, ,0,(H), and Bq(H), are compared with predictions from a model of higher order color mechanism (Fig. 12) that has been proposed on the basis of experiments with light stimuli of wavelength ,. It is found that ,0,(H), and Bq(H) constructed from broadband spectra of Munsell chips are interpretable in terms of this model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 229,237, 2008 [source] Long-term effect of different treatment modalities for traumatized primary incisors presenting dark coronal discoloration with no other signs of injuryDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Gideon Holan Abstract,,, The aim was to compare the long-term outcomes of root canal treatment with that of follow-up-only in traumatized primary incisors in which dark discoloration is the only sign of injury. Root canal treatment was performed in 48 dark discolored asymptomatic primary incisors following trauma. Twenty-five of them [root canal treatment (RCT) group] were followed till eruption of their permanent successors. Ninety-seven dark discolored asymptomatic primary incisors were left untreated and invited for periodic clinical and radiographic examination. Of these, 28 [follow-up (FU) group] were followed till eruption of their permanent successors. The parameters examined included early extraction of the traumatized primary incisor, early or delayed eruption of the permanent successors, ectopic eruption of the permanent successor and signs of enamel hypopcalcification or hypoplasia in the permanent successor. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Seven of 25 (28%) of the RCT group and 32% (nine of 28) of the FU group required early extraction. Five of 25 (20%) of the RCT group and 21% (six of 28) of the FU group showed early or delayed eruption of the permanent successors. Sixteen of 25 (64%) of the RCT group and 79% (22 of 28) of the FU group showed ectopic eruption of the permanent successors. Enamel hypopcalcification or hypoplasia in the permanent successors was equally found (36%) in both groups (nine of 25 in the RCT group and 10 of 28 in the FU group). None of differences was statistically significant. Root canal treatment of primary incisors that had change their color into a dark-gray hue following trauma with no other clinical or radiographic symptom is not necessary as it does not result in better outcomes in the primary teeth and their permanent successors. [source] Shadow-Experiences and the Phenomenal Structure of ColorsDIALECTICA, Issue 2 2010René Jagnow It is a common assumption among philosophers of perception that phenomenal colors are exhaustively characterized by the three phenomenal dimensions of the color solid: hue, saturation and lightness. The hue of a color is its redness, blueness or yellowness, etc. The saturation of a color refers to the strength of its hue in relation to gray. The lightness of a color determines its relation to black and white. In this paper, I argue that the phenomenology of shadows forces us to consider illumination as an additional dimension of phenomenal colors. For this purpose, I will first introduce two different interpretations of shadow-experiences, which Chalmers has called the simple and the complex interpretations, and show that they both fail to account for important phenomenal facts about shadow-experiences. I will then introduce my own alternative interpretation based on the idea that illumination is a dimension of phenomenal colors and explain how it can account for these facts. [source] Influence of ambient light on the evolution of colour signals: comparative analysis of a Neotropical rainforest bird communityECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 4 2004Doris Gomez Abstract Rainforests offer two contrasted light environments: a bright canopy rich in blue and UV and a dark understorey, rich in green and orange. Therefore, natural selection for crypsis should favour dark brown signals in understorey and bright green signals in canopy, whereas sexual selection for conspicuousness should favour bright yellow-red signals in understorey and dark blue and UV signals in canopy. Using spectrometry and comparative analyses, we examined the relationship between ambient light and colour signals in a bird community of French Guiana. It appears that brightness and hue are mostly naturally selected, while UV content of plumage is more likely sexually selected. At each height, both sexes present similar coloration but males display more conspicuous sexually selected patterns than females. These results show that ambient light drives the evolution of colour signals at community scale, and should be considered when studying signalling in other communities and light-contrasted ecosystems. [source] Robust gender and age estimation under varying facial poseELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 7 2008Hironori Takimoto Abstract This paper presents a method for gender and age estimation which is robust to changing facial pose. We propose a feature point detection method, called the adapted retinal sampling method (ARSM), and a feature extraction method. A basic concept of the ARSM is to add knowledge about the facial structure to the retinal sampling method. In this method, feature points are detected on the basis of seven points corresponding to facial organs from a facial image. The reason why we used seven points as the basis of feature point detection is that facial organs are conspicuous in the facial region, and are comparatively easy to extract. As features robust to changing facial pose, skin texture, hue, and the Gabor jet are used for gender and age estimation. For classification of gender and estimation of age, we use a multilayered neural network. We also examine the left, right symmetry of faces in connection with gender and age estimation by the proposed method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(7): 32, 40, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10125 [source] The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on thyroxine, estradiol, molt, and plumage characteristics in the American kestrel (Falco sparverius)ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2002Michael J. Quinn Jr. Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of Aroclor 1242, a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on plumage characteristics and molt in the American kestrel, Falco sparverius. Several characteristics of plumage, including color and molt schedule, are modulated by hormonal signals and hence may be modified by endocrine-active contaminants. If so, the functions of plumage (e.g., communication for mating or territorial defense) may be compromised by exposure to such compounds. Captive American kestrels were fed Aroclor 1242 at 0, 6.0, and 60.0 ppm (n = 6 males and 6 females per treatment) mixed in their normal diet. Concentrations of plasma estradiol and thyroxine were measured weekly from the beginning of treatment. Measured plumage characteristics included width of the black subterminal band on the tail, color (a composite index of hue and saturation), reflectance from 230 to 800 nm, pattern of feather loss and regrowth on the tail and wing, and timing of onset and duration of molt. Aroclor 1242 depressed plasma thyroxine. Plasma estradiol levels remained low due to the phase of the breeding cycle. Treatments did not disrupt the measured plumage characteristics. This may be due to timing or dose of exposure or to genetic factors. [source] Phenolic compounds and some quality parameters of pumpkin seed oilEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Mirjana Andjelkovic Abstract Pumpkin seed oil has become a recognized source of phenolic compounds. The main aim of this paper was to evaluate the concentration of phenolic compounds and their extraction from pumpkin seed oil. The total phenolics content (TPC) measured in the pumpkin seed oil samples ranged from 24.71 to 50.93,mg GAE/kg of oil. The individual phenolics were tyrosol, vanillic acid, vanillin, luteolin and sinapic acid. Hexane and acetone were the best solvents for the washing step, and methanol for the elution of the phenolics in the solid-phase extraction (diol-SPE), whereas bleaching caused a significant increase in the TPC obtained (24.5,30.7%). Additionally, some other oil characteristics were evaluated. The mean oxidative stability of the oils (OSI) was around 4,h, with 5.43,h for the most stable oil. The maximum antioxidant capacity measured by the reduction of the DPPH radical was 62%, which was comparable to 0.16,mM Trolox equivalent. The color of the oil was expressed by L*a*b* coefficients and its hue and saturation. Whereas all samples had similar lightness, their rates of green, red, yellow and blue color were different. Moreover, TPC correlated negatively with lightness, b* and saturation (,0.49, ,0.48, and ,0.43), and positively with a* and hue (0.58 and 0.52). [source] Neural selectivity for hue and saturation of colour in the primary visual cortex of the monkeyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 5 2000Akitoshi Hanazawa Abstract In the inferior temporal (IT) cortex of monkeys, which has been shown to play a critical role in colour discrimination, there are neurons sensitive to a narrow range of hues and saturation. By contrast, neurons in the retina and the parvocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (pLGN) encode colours in a way that does not provide explicit representation of hue or saturation, and the process by which hue- and saturation-selectivity is elaborated remains unknown. We therefore tested the colour-selectivity of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) and compared it with those of pLGN and IT neurons. Quantitative analysis was performed using a standard set of colours, systematically distributed within the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage)-xy chromaticity diagram. Selectivity for hue and saturation was characterized by analysing response contours reflecting the overall distribution of responses across the chromaticity diagram. We found that the response contours of almost all pLGN neurons were linear and broadly tuned for hue. Many V1 neurons behaved similarly; nonetheless, a considerable number of V1 neurons had clearly curved response contours and were selective for a narrow range of hues or saturation. The relative frequencies of neurons exhibiting various selectivities for hue and saturation were remarkably similar in the V1 and IT cortex, but were clearly different in the pLGN. Thus, V1 apparently plays a very important role in the conversion of colour signals necessary for generating the elaborate colour selectivity observed in the IT cortex. [source] Iridescent hindwing patches in the Pipevine Swallowtail: differences in dorsal and ventral surfaces relate to signal function and contextFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Ronald L. Rutowski Summary 1.,Iridescent colour signals are directional but, like diffusely reflected colours, vary within and among species in ways that may be adaptations to specific types of receivers in specific light environments. 2.,The hindwings of pipevine swallowtail butterflies exhibit brilliant blue and iridescent colour patches on the ventral surface in both sexes and on the dorsal wing surface in males. Evidence suggests that the ventral iridescent blue is a component of the warning coloration of this distasteful species, while the dorsal blue iridescent wing area is a sexual signal. Given differences in the function and ecological context of signal production, we analysed reflectance spectra from the iridescent blue areas of both field-caught and laboratory-reared animals to test several predictions about the iridescent colour patches on these wing surfaces. 3.,The ventral blue patches in the warning coloration of males and females should be most visible early and late in the day, due to wing orientation relative to sun angle. We therefore predicted that these iridescent colour patches would be brighter and of longer wavelengths than the male dorsal blue patch displayed during midday courtships. The prediction about reflectance intensity was supported but the prediction about hue was not. 4.,We predicted that the sexually selected dorsal hindwing iridescence of males would be more variable among individuals and condition dependent than the naturally selected ventral iridescent colour patches. To assess variation and condition dependence, laboratory-reared and field-captured individuals were compared. The prediction about variation was not supported, but only the dorsal wing surfaces showed evidence of being condition dependent. 5.,We investigated whether development of dorsal and ventral blue iridescence was coupled by determining correlations in colour properties between the wing surfaces. Our finding of positive correlations indicated a potential developmental constraint in the evolution of colour differences between the two wing surfaces. 6.,Results of this study suggest that some properties of iridescent coloration on the hindwing of the pipevine swallowtail (especially intensity) may have been fine-tuned by evolution in response to prevailing ambient light conditions and viewing perspectives that differ among types of signal receivers. [source] How feather colour reflects its carotenoid contentFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Lauri Saks Summary 1Many birds sequester carotenoid pigments in colourful patches of feathers to advertise or compete for mates. Because carotenoids can be scarce in nature and serve valuable physiological functions, only the highest-quality individuals are thought to acquire or allocate more pigments for use in sexual displays. 2A critical but rarely tested assumption of carotenoid-based signals is that the colour of pigmented feather patches directly reveals the total amount of carotenoids contained within them. 3We studied the relationship between carotenoid-based coloration (hue, chroma and brightness) and the pigment content of tail feathers in wild-caught and captive male greenfinches (Carduelis chloris[Linnaeus]). Greenfinches incorporate two main carotenoids , canary xanthophylls A and B , into feathers to develop yellow patches of colour in their tail. 4Variation in feather carotenoid content explained 32,51% of variation in chroma and hue of the yellow parts of tail feathers, while feather brightness was not significantly related to carotenoid concentration. Hence, chroma and hue appear good candidates to indicate feather carotenoid content. 5Birds with the most colourful feathers deposited significantly more of both canary xanthophylls into plumage. Thus, there does not appear to be a specific biochemical strategy for becoming colourful in greenfinches; males instead follow the general decision rule to deposit as many xanthophylls as possible into feathers to become yellow. [source] New method of dynamic color doppler signal quantification in metastatic lymph nodes compared to direct polarographic measurements of tissue oxygenationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 6 2005Thomas Scholbach Abstract Tumor growth depends on sufficient blood and oxygen supply. Hypoxia stimulates neovascularization and is a known cause for radio- and chemoresistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of a novel ultrasound technique for the dynamic assessment of vascularization and oxygenation in metastatic lymph nodes. Twenty-four patients (age 44,78 years) with cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell head and neck cancer were investigated by color duplex sonography and 17 (age 46,78 years) were investigated additionally with polarography. Sonography was performed after contrast enhancer infusion under defined conditions. Intranodal perfusion data (color hue, colored area) were measured automatically by a novel software technique. This allows an evaluation of blood flow dynamics by calculating perfusion intensity,velocity, perfused area, as well as the novel parameters tissue resistance index (TRI) and tissue pulsatility index (TPI),for each point of a complete heart cycle. Tumor tissue pO2 was measured by means of polarographic needle electrodes placed intranodally. The sonographic and polarographic data were correlated using Pearson's test. Sonography demonstrated a statistically significant inverse correlation between hypoxia and perfusion and significant TPI and TRI changes with different N-stages. The percentage of nodal fraction with less than 10 mmHg oxygen saturation was significantly inversely correlated with lymph node perfusion (r = ,0.551; p = 0.021). Nodes with a perfusion of less than 0.05 cm/sec flow velocity showed significantly larger hypoxic areas (p = 0.006). Significant differences of TPI and TRI existed between nodes in stage N1 and N2/N3 (p = 0.028 and 0.048, respectively). This new method of dynamic signal quantification allows a noninvasive and quantitative assessment of tumor and metastatic lymph node perfusion by means of commonly available ultrasound equipment. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dermatomyositis presenting as panniculitisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2000Yen-Yu Chao MD A 44-year-old obese woman was transferred to our clinic with a diagnosis of panniculitis. Examination showed multiple, indurated, erythematous, painful nodules and plaques distributed on the shoulders, back, forechest, abdomen, buttock, and bilateral thighs. These skin lesions appeared 2 months previously, measured 5,8 cm, and were tender on palpation. No obvious inducing factor was traced. The lesions seemed unresponsive to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, 400 mg three times a day) as similar lesions appeared in subsequent visits. Progressive proximal muscle weakness was found 1 month later. She was then admitted via the emergency room because of extensive painful skin plaques and abdominal pain. Diffuse erythematous to violaceous swelling of the face, neck, and shoulder was noted at about the same time ( Fig. 1). A skin biopsy specimen from the nodular lesion showed poikilomatous epidermal changes ( Fig. 2), and marked mononuclear cell infiltration in the dermis and subcutaneous fat ( Fig. 3). Dermatomyositis was considered as the diffuse violaceous facial erythema could be a form of heliotrope eruption, but Gottron's papule was not found. At admission, serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) was mildly elevated (436 IU/L; normal range, 20,170 IU/L), but serum asparagine transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were within normal limits (36 IU/L; normal, 11,47 IU/L; and 108 IU/L; normal, 90,280 IU/L, respectively). Antinuclear antibody was 1 : 80 positive with an atypical speckled pattern. Muscle strength was weakest during the first 2 days, about grade 3 by the Medical Research Council (MRC) of Great Britain scale. Gower's sign was positive. An electromyogram showed myopathic changes and a nerve conduction velocity study was normal. Serum enzymes were elevated further on the third day: AST, 55 IU/L; CPK, 783 IU/L with 100% MM form. The diagnosis of dermatomyositis was established. As for the work-up result, anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-ENA antibody, and anti-Jo1 antibody were negative. Tumor marker screen (,-HCG, AFP, CEA, and CA-125), was negative, and rhinolaryngopharyngoscope examination and gynecologic sonography were normal. Figure 1. Diffuse erythematous swelling with subtle violaceous hue extending from the temporal area to the cheeks, neck, and shoulders. The crusted lip ulcers of herpes simplex were also noted Figure 2. Basketweave hyperkeratosis, mild acanthosis, subtle vacuolar degeneration of the basal cells, and melanin incontinence (hematoxylin and eosin, ×400) Figure 3. Heavy mononuclear cells infiltrated in the subcutaneous fat tissue (hematoxylin and eosin, ×100) Pancreatitis was initially suspected because of epigastric pain and tenderness, elevated serum lipase (382 U/L; normal, 23,200 U/L), and amylase (145 U/L; normal, 35,118 U/L). No evidence of pancreatitis could be found in abdominal sonography and abdominal computed tomography (CT), however. The epigastric pain and tenderness subsided soon after admission and the serum pancreatic enzyme level declined on the second day (amylase 69 U/L; lipase, 276 U/L). The patient was then diagnosed with dermatomyositis and treated with prednisolone (120 mg/day). CPK dropped dramatically from 3286 IU/L the day before treatment to 1197 IU/L 3 days after. Panniculitis lessened and the muscle power improved after 1 week of treatment. The disease activity fluctuated even with treatment with prednisolone and the patient often felt listless and weak. The muscle weakness sometimes deteriorated to affect the patient's mobility. Facial erythema and panniculitis-like lesions were found during the worse times. Methotrexate and azathioprine were then added (7.5 mg and 250 mg per week, respectively), but CPK was still mildly elevated (189 IU/L), and the patient still felt ill. Human immune globulin (5%, 500 mL per day, 5 days per month) intravenous infusion was initiated thereafter. There was a dramatic response. Full muscle strength was retained and CPK was within the normal range in the following 6 months with only immune globulin therapy. [source] Red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus use carotenoid and melanin pigments to color their epauletsJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Kevin J. McGraw Over the past three decades, the red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus has served as a model species for studies of sexual selection and the evolution of ornamental traits. Particular attention has been paid to the role of the colorful red-and-yellow epaulets that are striking in males but reduced in females and juveniles. It has been assumed that carotenoid pigments bestow the brilliant red and yellow colors on epaulet feathers, but this has never been tested biochemically. Here, we use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to describe the pigments present in these colorful feathers. Two red ketocarotenoids (astaxanthin and canthaxanthin) are responsible for the bright red hue of epaulets. Two yellow dietary precursors pigments (lutein and zeaxanthin) are also present in moderately high concentrations in red feathers. After extracting carotenoids, however, red feathers remained deep brown in color. HPLC tests show that melanin pigments (primarily eumelanin) are also found in the red-pigmented barbules of epaulet feathers, at an approximately equal concentration to carotenoids. This appears to be an uncommon feature of carotenoid-based ornamental plumage in birds, as was shown by comparable analyses of melanin in the yellow feathers of male American goldfinches Carduelis tristis and the red feathers of northern cardinals Cardinalis cardinalis, in which we detected virtually no melanins. Furthermore, the yellow bordering feathers of male epaulets are devoid of carotenoids (except when tinged with a carotenoid-derived pink coloration on occasion) and instead are comprised of a high concentration of primarily phaeomelanin pigments. The dual pigment composition of red epaulet feathers and the melanin-only basis for yellow coloration may have important implications for the honesty-reinforcing mechanisms underlying ornamental epaulets in red-winged blackbirds, and shed light on the difficulties researchers have had to date in characterizing the signaling function of this trait. As in several other birds, the melanic nature of feathers may explain why epaulets are used largely to settle aggressive contests rather than to attract mates. [source] Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the breast involving the skin: a highly aggressive neoplasm readily mistaken for mammary carcinomaJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2003M. C. Fariña Background: Angiosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of endothelial cells. Angiosarcoma of the breast is a rare neoplasm that behaves in a highly malignant fashion. It must be differentiated from benign vascular proliferations and from mammary carcinoma. Methods: We report on a 49-year-old-woman who presented with a large mass involving the left breast. Results: The lesion had an erythematoviolaceous hue and livedoid pattern at the periphery. Histopathologic study showed an epithelioid malignant neoplasm, and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that neoplastic cells expressed immunoreactivity for endothelial cell markers. Conclusions: A diagnosis of epithelioid angiosarcoma of the breast was established. The patient was treated with radical mastectomy, but she refused any other additional therapy. [source] Sexual dimorphism and dichromatism in Steere's Liocichla (Liocichla steerii)JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Herman L. Mays Jr ABSTRACT Although sexual differences in birds can be extreme, differences between males and females in body size and plumage color are more subtle in many species. We used a genetic-based approach to determine the sex of male and female Steere's Liocichla (Liocichla steerii) and examine the degree of size dimorphism and plumage dichromatism in this apparently monomorphic species. We found that males were significantly larger than females. In addition, Steere's Liocichla have a prominent yellow plumage patch on the lores that was significantly larger in males than females for both live birds and museum specimens. We also used reflectance spectrometry to quantify the color of the yellow-green breast feathers of Steere's Liocichla and found no significant differences between males and females in brightness, intensity, saturation, or hue. However, females tended to have brighter breast plumage, particularly at long wavelengths. Collectively, these color variables were useful in discriminating birds according to sex when used in a discriminant function analysis. Our study suggests that sexual selection may be more widespread than once assumed, even among birds considered monomorphic, and emphasizes the need for additional data from tropical and subtropical species. SINOPSIS Aunque las diferencias sexuales entre algunas especies puede ser estrechas, un muchas de estas las diferencias corporales entre los sexos pudiera ser sutiles. Abordamos el asunto basados en genética para determinar el sexo en Liocichla steerii y examinamos el grado de dimorfismo sexual y dicromatismo en el plumaje en esta especie la cual aparentemente es monomórfica. Encontramos que los machos eran significativamente de mayor tamaño que las hembras. Además encontramos en los machos un parcho amarillo en los lores significativamente más grande que en las hembras, tanto en aves del estado silvestre como en pieles de museos. Usamos espectrometría para cuantificar el color de las plumas verde-amarillentas del pecho de las aves y no encontramos diferencias significativas entre los sexos, con respecto a la brillantez, insensidad, saturación o matiz color. Sin embargo, las hembras tuvieron la tendencia a tener el plumaje más brillante en el pecho particularmente en el espectro de onda larga. Colectivamente, estas variables de color fueron útiles para discriminar entre el sexo de las aves, particularmente cuando fueron examinadas utilizando un análisis discriminante de funciones. Nuestro estudio sugiere que la selección sexual pudiera estar más ampliamente distribuida que lo previamente asumido, aún en aves consideradas monomórficas. Además el trabajo enfatiza la necesidad de llevar a cabo estudios adicionales, de este tipo, tanto en especies del trópico como de la zona templada. [source] Sexual colouration and sperm traits in guppiesJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007T. E. Pitcher The relationships among the area, hue, saturation and brightness of orange colouration and sperm traits in the guppy Poecilia reticulata were investigated. Males with greater areas of orange colouration had significantly larger sperm loads, more motile sperm and longer sperm relative to males with relatively little orange colouration. Males with greater areas of orange colouration did not possess more viable sperm than males with relatively little orange colouration. There was no evidence that any of the sperm traits were related to the hue, saturation or brightness of the orange colouration. These results are discussed in the context of the roles that direct and indirect selection might play in maintaining female preference for male guppies with large areas of orange colouration. [source] STORAGE STABILITY OF STRAWBERRY JAM COLOR ENHANCED WITH BLACK CARROT JUICE CONCENTRATEJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 5 2007EGÜL KIRCA ABSTRACT Black carrot juice concentrate was added to enhance the color of strawberry jams prepared from two locally grown cultivars, Osmanl, and Kara. Compared to other cultivars processed to jams, these two cultivars are lightly colored but very aromatic. Color and pigment stability of colored and noncolored (control) strawberry jams were studied during storage. The use of black carrot concentrate as a source of natural colorant stabilized the color of strawberry jam. The stabilization was more noticeable for jams prepared from Osmanl, cultivar. Monomeric anthocyanin degradation was fitted to a first-order reaction model. Storage temperature had a strong influence on anthocyanin degradation. As the storage temperature increased, the stability of anthocyanins decreased significantly in both colored and noncolored jams. Parallel to decrease in monomeric anthocyanins, hue (h°) values of all jam samples increased throughout the storage. However, increase in h° values was much smaller in colored samples than in noncolored samples. High correlation was found between h° value and anthocyanin concentration at 22C (r = 0.910,0.978) and 37C (r = 0.931,0.981). [source] EFFECT OF HOT WATER IMMERSION ON PEEL COLOR OF PEARS AND ON WHITE ROT CAUSED BY BOTRYOSPHAERIA BERENGERIANAJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 5 2003MUHAMMAD IMRAN AL-HAQ After HWI at 40, 45, 48, 50, 52 and 54C for varying immersion periods, the pears were held at 20C, , 90% RH (simulated retail conditions). The peel color (L*, a*, b*) was determined before and after HWI treatment. The dominant role of L* suggested that peel darkening was the major factor in color change of the HWI treated pears. The L* value of 54 was judged as the border line for acceptability and less than 51 resulted in browning. Similarly the critical points for a*, b*, chroma, hue and ,E* were found to be ,6, 34, 35, 100, and 8, respectively. Disease incidence recorded 7 days after treatment revealed that High Temperature Short Time (HTST) treatment of 54C for 3 min reduced incidence about 85% with good retention of color. Both temperature and immersion period are to be carefully selected to prolong shelf-life and retain the peel color quality of ,La-France'pears. [source] Effects of High Pressure on Texture and Microstructure of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) FilletsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2005Romuald Chéret ABSTRACT High pressure is an innovative non-thermal food-preservation technology. We studied the effect of high-pressure treatment up to 500 MPa for 5 min on physical characteristics of sea bass fillets after 0, 7, and 14 d of refrigerated storage. Color results exhibited an increase of lightness and a slight change of hue, which might be imperceptible in cooked fish. High-pressure treatment induced a decrease of exudation and water-holding capacity. Pressure treatment above 300 MPa provoked higher fish hardness after storage than in untreated sample, proving the ability of high pressure to improve textural quality of chilled, stored fish fillet. These assessments were corroborated with microstructure observations. We showed that high-pressure treatment at 500 MPa allowed, after 7 d of storage, a total aerobic count equivalent to that of untreated fresh fish fillet to be obtained. Thus, high pressure might be considered to be a technology able to improve safety and textural quality of fresh fish fillets. [source] Synthesis and application of novel styryl dyes derived from 1,4-diethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxyquinoxalineJOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009Vijay Satam The novel 1,4-diethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxyquinoxalin-6-carboxaldehyde was synthesized, characterized, and condensed with suitably substituted active methylene compounds by classical Knoevenagel condensation reaction to obtain novel monostyryl dyes 8a-8e and a bis-styryl dye 8f. These novel styryl dyes have hue varying from orange to violet. The dyes were applied to polyester fibers. The spectral and thermal characteristics of the dyes and fastness properties of the dyed polyester fabric were investigated. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 221 (2009). [source] Secondary sexual coloration and CSF 5-HIAA are correlated in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007M.S. Gerald Abstract Background, Identifying indirect markers of the physiology or neuroendocrinology of a primate can provide a powerful tool to scientists. Anecdotal descriptions and recent experimental evidence suggests that the colorful sexual skin in adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) might be sensitive to social changes, including dominance relationships, which could be related to serotonergic activity. The present study examined whether individual differences in scrotal coloration were related to cisternal cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (CSF 5-HIAA) in a captive population of vervet monkeys. Results, Darkly colored males had relatively higher CSF 5-HIAA concentrations than paler males, and scrotal color hue was also related CSF 5-HIAA concentrations. Conclusions, These preliminary data are compatible with the hypothesis that scrotal coloration serves as an indirect marker of serotonergic activity. These findings suggest that color assessments might be useful to consider for study design, as well as for animal welfare and captive management. [source] Wing scale microstructures and nanostructures in butterflies , natural photonic crystalsJOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY, Issue 1 2006Z. VÉRTESY Summary The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between structural colour and scale morphology in butterflies. Detailed correlations between blue colour and structure were investigated in three lycaenid subfamilies, which represent a monophylum in the butterfly family Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): the Coppers (Lycaeninae), the Hairstreaks (Theclinae) and the Blues (Polyommatinae). Complex investigations such as spectral measurements and characterization by means of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy enabled us to demonstrate that: (i) a wide array of nanostructures generate blue colours; (ii) monophyletic groups use qualitatively similar structures; and (iii) the hue of the blue colour is characteristic for the microstructure and nanostructure of the body of the scales. [source] Erythema measurements may allow early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in adult psoriaticsJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 3 2003O Avci ABSTRACT Background ,We have observed that the erythema in subjects with psoriasis vulgaris associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) presents a mostly deep-red to purple hue instead of the typical pink to red tones. We carried out a descriptive clinical study, including 141 patients with psoriasis vulgaris to quantify these colour differences. Methods, Mean erythema index values were established for the psoriatic plaques of adult subjects using an optoelectronic method. Non-diabetic psoriatics underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and based on the results of the oral OGTTs, the subjects were divided into three groups: 18 psoriatics with NIDDM, 16 psoriatics with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 107 psoriatics with normal glucose tolerance. The mean erythema index value was calculated for each group and the findings were compared. Results, The differences in the erythema were found to be highly significant between the group of subjects with psoriasis having normal glucose tolerance and both those with IGT and those with NIDDM (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01). The differences in the erythema were also highly significant between the psoriatic group with normal glucose tolerance and the group of 34 psoriatics with IGT and NIDDM all together (P < 0.01). Conclusions, Individuation of the various hues of erythema in psoriatics by careful dermatological examination or routine measurements of lesional erythema may alert the physician to possible IGT in the presenting subject, and this may affect disease severity. [source] A colorimetric study of oenin copigmented by procyanidinsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 2 2007Bénédicte Berké Abstract A colorimetric method was used to analyse the influence of procyanidin structure on colour changes of malvidin 3- O -glucoside (oenin) solution resulting from copigmentation. The study was performed in hydroalcoholic citrate/phosphate buffer solution (120 g L,1) at pH 3.6 and ionic strength 0.2 mol L,1. Chromatic L*, a* and b* coordinates (CIELAB, D65/10° illuminant/observer condition) obtained from spectral curves recorded between 360 and 830 nm allowed the calculation of lightness L*, chroma C* and hue angle hab. In general, addition of copigment induced colour enhancement (loss of lightness and increased chroma). The prevailing parameters affecting colour changes were lightness and chroma for monomers and lightness and hue for procyanidins B5 and B8 (C4,C6 dimers). A small blueing effect was observed only for catechin monomer-copigmented solutions. For procyanidin copigments, as the structural complexity of the copigment increased, the hue angle moved to yellower values. The ester gallate of dimer B2 produced the strongest modification of colour attributes of oenin solution. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Production of luteolin extracts from Reseda luteola and assessment of their dyeing propertiesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 10 2002Alfonso Cerrato Abstract In this work, several experiments were performed sequentially in 50,cm3 shaken tubes and a 1,dm3 stirred extractor, thus allowing methanol to be selected as the most appropriate leaching solvent for luteolin from leaves, stems and flowers of weld (Reseda luteola). The extraction capability of methanol at 25,°C was found to be about 7 times greater than that of boiling water at pH 10. A composite design experiment allowed the effects of particle size and liquid/solid ratio to be determined, thus resulting in an optimal luteolin extraction yield of 8.6,±,0.2,g,kg,1 dried weld material when leaching plant particles sieved through 0.5,mm openings with 40,dm3 methanol kg,1. Preliminary dyeing tests on pre-mordanted raw cotton and wool standard specimens gave rise to dyed specimens with the same greenish-yellow hue but greater or smaller values of lightness and chroma respectively. Despite all dyed specimens exhibiting a minimum resistance to a simulated acid perspiration solution, the resistance to fading of dyed wool specimens was generally greater than that of cotton ones. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effect of Dietary Carotenoids on Skin Color and Pigments of False Clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, CuvierJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 3 2010Inayah Yasir This study evaluated the role of supplemented dietary carotenoids in regulating the skin color and pigments of the false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris. Three carotenoid types, such as astaxanthin, ,-carotene, and canthaxanthin, were added to the basal diet at four pigment doses (0, 20, 50, and 100 ppm). Carotenoid diets were feed for 5 wk and then withdrawn from the diet for three additional wk during an 8-wk trial. The dose of each diet did not change the overall color hue, brightness, or saturation, but astaxanthin was the only carotenoid that enhanced red hue by the end of Week 5. The withdrawal of astaxanthin from the diet did not reduce the red hue, but reduced saturation. In contrast, the withdrawal of dietary ,-carotene or canthaxanthin reduced color saturation and brightness, but did not affect color hue. Dietary astaxanthin increased skin astaxanthin in Week 1 and skin zeaxanthin in Week 5. The withdrawal of astaxanthin escalated skin canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin by Week 8. Dietary ,-carotene suppressed skin ,-carotene, but enhanced skin zeaxanthin by Week 8. Although skin canthaxanthin was enhanced by dietary ,-carotene from Week 5 onward, dietary ,-carotene at 100 ppm maximized skin canthaxanthin by Week 8. Interestingly, dietary canthaxanthin suppressed skin canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin, but increased ,-carotene. This study suggests that astaxanthin has the potential to enhance the red hue on clownfish skin and its withdrawal from the diet did not fade the red hue of the skin. [source] Effect of Light Intensity on Color Performance of False Clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris CuvierJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 3 2009Inayah Yasir Color performance of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, was examined under three levels of light intensity (20,50 , 600,850 , and 2700,3500 lx) for 5 wk. The experiment was conducted in nine rectangular glass aquaria (25 × 25 × 20 cm) with three replicates. Each aquarium was stocked with 36 fish, and 3 fish were randomly sampled from each aquarium every other week. Digital images were taken weekly on each individual fish after it was anesthetized in MS-222. The color performance in hue, saturation, and brightness was quantified using image analysis. In addition to the whole-body analysis, each fish image was divided into ventral and dorsal parts to assess the body position-dependent effect. Furthermore, color differences between dorsal fin, anal fin, ventral fin, and caudal fin were also quantified. The whole body was brighter at low light than at medium or at high light intensity. Irrespective of light intensity, the dorsal side was more orange but less bright than the ventral side. Brighter light strengthened overall orange color on fish fins. The dorsal fin and ventral fins appeared more orange than the anal and caudal fins regardless of light intensity and exposure duration. Similar to body color, low light also led to brighter fins, especially for caudal and dorsal fins. Our results indicate that ambient light could regulate fish color performance but could not change the pigment dominance by ,-carotene. Light intensity is unlikely to change the contrast between dorsal and ventral sides, but dim light tends to make fish body brighter, and bright light strengthens orange color on fins. [source] A behavioural investigation of human visual short term memory for colourOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 5 2010V. A. Nemes Abstract We examined visual short term memory (VSTM) for colour using a delayed-match-to-sample paradigm. In these experiments we measured the effects of increasing inter-stimulus interval (ISI), varying between 0 and 10 s, on the ability of five colour normal human observers to make colour matches between a reference and subsequently presented test stimuli. The coloured stimuli used were defined by different chromatic axes on the isoluminant plane of DKL colour space. In preliminary experiments we used a hue scaling procedure to identify a total of 12 colour stimuli which served as reference hues in the colour memory experiments: four stimuli were exemplars of red, green, blue and yellow colour appearance categories, four were located between these categories and a further four were located on the cardinal axes that isolated the activity of the cone-opponent mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that there is a reduction in the ability of observers to make accurate colour matches with increasing ISIs and that this reduced performance was similar for all colour stimuli. However, the shifts in hue that were measured between the reference and matched test stimuli were significantly greater for the cardinal stimuli compared to those measured for the stimuli defined by the hue scaling procedure. This deterioration in the retention of hue in VSTM for stimuli that isolate cone-opponent mechanisms may be a reflection of the reorganisation of colour processing that occurs in the cortex where colour appearance mechanisms become more prominent. [source] Follow-up of Probably Benign Lesions (BI-RADS 3 category) in Breast MR ImagingTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Elke Hauth MD Abstract:, The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of BI-RADS 3 lesions in breast MR imaging in a clinical patient population and their frequency of malignancy in follow-up breast MR imaging. In 44/698 (6.3%) patients with breast MR imaging, 56 lesions were categorized to BI-RADS 3. These lesions were all not palpable and not detectable at conventional mammography or ultrasound. In follow-up, lesions were score in complete resolved (CRL), partial resolved (PRL), stable lesions (SL), and progressive lesions (PL). Initial signal enhancement of lesions was coded by color intensity (bright for high, medium for medium, dark for low), the postinitial signal enhancement by color hue (blue for increase, green for plateau, red for wash-out). In first follow-up breast MR imaging 23/56 (41%) lesions were PRL, 14/56 (25%) lesions were CRL, 14/56 (25%) lesions remained SL. In one of five PL lesions, histopathology revealed a malignant tumor. In initial breast MR imaging, CRL showed significant fewer high pixels (p = 0.002), medium pixels (p = 0.006) significant more low pixels (p = 0.005) and significant more increase pixels (p = 0.037) than PRL. In a clinical patient population the frequency of malignancy of BI-RADS 3 lesions in breast MR imaging and their frequency of malignancy are similar to that in conventional mammography. In initial breast MR imaging, complete resolved lesions showed less suspicious contrast kinetics than other lesions. In follow-up, the increase of lesion size should warrant histopathological diagnosis. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||