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Annual Prevalence (annual + prevalence)
Selected AbstractsThe prevalence of methamphetamine and amphetamine abuse in North America: a review of the indicators, 1992,2007DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 3 2008JANE CARLISLE MAXWELL PhD Senior Research Scientist Abstract Introduction. This paper reviews epidemiological information about methamphetamine production and use in North America. Methods. Information is drawn from a range of sources, including, but not limited to, historical accounts, peer-reviewed papers, population surveys and large national databases. Results. Methamphetamine and amphetamine use in North America is characterised by geographic variations, with different types of the drug, different routes of administration and different types of users at various times. Unlike some other drug use patterns in North America, the nature of methamphetamine use in Canada, Mexico and the United States has been linked closely in terms of production and supply of the drug. According to their national household surveys, the annual prevalence for ,speed' use in Canada was 0.8% in 2004, 0.3% for ,anfetaminas' and 0.1% for ,metanfetaminas' in Mexico in 2002, and 1.4% for ,stimulants' in the United States in 2006. Discussion. Although the data sources in the three North American countries are not consistent in methodology, terminology or frequency of reporting, all show similar trends. The type of stimulant most used has shifted from non-medical use of pharmaceutical amphetamine to use of powder methamphetamine and then to use of ,ice'. The indicators show the problem is greatest in the western parts of the countries and is moving eastward, but the decreased availability of pseudoephedrine may have a significant impact on the nature of the epidemic in the future. Nevertheless, use of methamphetamine poses a number of risks for users and specialised treatment resources for these various populations are needed. [source] Can cocaine use be evaluated through analysis of wastewater?ADDICTION, Issue 5 2009A nation-wide approach conducted in Belgium ABSTRACT Aims Cocaine is the second most-used illicit drug world-wide and its consumption is increasing significantly, especially in western Europe. Until now, the annual prevalence has been estimated indirectly by means of interviews. A recently introduced and direct nation-wide approach based on measurements of the major urinary excreted metabolite of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, in wastewater is proposed. Design Wastewater samples from 41 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Belgium, covering approximately 3 700 000 residents, were collected. Each WWTP was sampled on Wednesdays and Sundays during two sampling campaigns in 2007,08. Samples were analysed for cocaine (COC) and its metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methylester (EME) by a validated procedure based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of BE were used to calculate cocaine consumption (g/day per 1000 inhabitants) for each WWTP region and for both sampling campaigns (g/year per 1000 inhabitants). Findings Weekend days showed significantly higher cocaine consumption compared with weekdays. The highest cocaine consumption was observed for WWTPs receiving wastewater from large cities, such as Antwerp, Brussels and Charleroi. Results were extrapolated for the total Belgian population and an estimation of a yearly prevalence of cocaine use was made based on various assumptions. An amount of 1.88 tonnes (t) per year [standard error (SE) 0.05 t] cocaine is consumed in Belgium, corresponding to a yearly prevalence of 0.80% (SE 0.02%) for the Belgian population aged 15,64 years. This result is in agreement with an earlier reported estimate of the Belgian prevalence of cocaine use conducted through socio-epidemiological studies (0.9% for people aged 15,64 years). Conclusions Wastewater analysis is a promising tool to evaluate cocaine consumption at both local and national scale. This rapid and direct estimation of the prevalence of cocaine use in Belgium corresponds with socio-epidemiological data. However, the strategy needs to be refined further to allow a more exact calculation of cocaine consumption from concentrations of BE in wastewater. [source] Molecular epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Soma, Japan, 2001,2003PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2008Noriko Onishi Abstract Background: The aim of the present paper was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Japan using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Methods: From September 2001 to August 2003, 515 stool samples or rectal swabs were collected from almost all children visiting the Department of Pediatrics, Public Soma General Hospital with gastroenteritis. Samples were examined on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to detect norovirus genome. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were determined and phylogenetic analysis performed. Results: The norovirus genome was detected in 66 samples. The peak season of norovirus gastroenteritis was from November 2001 to February 2002 and from September 2002 to December 2002. Norovirus gastroenteritis occurred most frequently in 1-year-old children. Norovirus strains produced four distinct clusters on phylogenetic analysis. Some strains detected in Soma were closely related to the strains detected in other regions in the world. The Mexico type and Lordsdale type were predominant in the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons, respectively, and the outbreaks continued for several months. Conclusions: Genetically different noroviruses might cause repeated gastroenteritis outbreaks every year in the Soma area. The long duration of the outbreak by a predominant strain in an epidemic season and the prevalence of infection mainly in the young age group suggested that norovirus epidemics were caused by person-to-person transmission rather than foodborne transmission. Based on molecular epidemiology, it is suggested that the annual prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis in the Soma area might be caused by person-to-person transmission of genetically different norovirus strains, which might be transmitted from other region in the world. [source] Nonfatal unintentional injuries and related factors among male construction workers in central ChinaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2010Lei Zheng Abstract Background Work-related injuries (WRIs) among construction workers have recently emerged as an important public health issue as the construction industry is booming in China. We investigated nonfatal unintentional work-related injuries and risk factors among male construction workers in central China. Methods A purposive sampling method was used in 2008 to select 1,260 male workers from 24 construction sites. WRIs that occurred in the past 12 months and possible risk factors were asked about in face-to-face interviews. Results Among 1,260 male construction workers, 189 workers reported WRIs. The annual prevalence of nonfatal WRIs was 15.0 per 100 workers (95% confidence interval (CI): 13.0,17.0). The top three leading causes of injuries were collisions (27.3 per 100 workers), cuts/piercings (17.5 per 100 workers), and falls (15.5 per 100 workers). WRIs were significantly associated with high cigarette pack-year index (PYI,,,20 vs. nonsmoker: adjusted odds ratio (OR),=,2.50, 95% CI: 1.31,4.76), serious alcohol consumption (,30ml/day vs. nondrinker: adjusted OR,=,1.73, 95 %CI: 1.12,2.69), not having injury prevention and safety education (adjusted OR,=,2.05, 95% CI: 1.22,3.44), and had depressive symptoms (adjusted OR,=,2.63, 95% CI: 1.22,5.67). Conclusions Our results suggest that annual prevalence of nonfatal construction injuries is high in central China and serious cigarette smoking, serious alcohol consumption, not having injury prevention and safety education, and depressive symptoms are considered important factors for those injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 588,595, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Immigrants as crime victims: Experiences of personal nonfatal victimizationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010Krista Wheeler MS Abstract Background Immigrants to the United States are disproportionately victims of homicide mortality in and outside the workplace. Examining their experiences with nonfatal victimization may be helpful in understanding immigrant vulnerability to violence. Methods We compared the annual prevalence of nonfatal personal victimization experienced by immigrant and US-born adults by sociodemographics, employment, occupation, industry, smoking, alcohol and drug use using data from Wave 1 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Results The prevalence of victimization among immigrants was comparable to that among US-born adults [3.84% (95% CI: 3.18,4.63) vs. 4.10% (95% CI: 3.77,4.44)]. Lower percentages of victimization experienced by immigrants were seen among the unmarried, those age 30,44 years, and among residents of central city areas as compared to those groups among the US-born. For immigrants entering the US as youth, the victimization prevalence declines with greater years of residency in US. Multivariate logistic regression models suggest that, the odds of victimization was significantly associated with age, family income, marital status, central city residency, smoking, and drug use while employment status was not a significant factor. Immigrant workers with farming/forestry occupations might face a higher risk of being victims of violence than their US-born counterparts. Conclusions The prevalence of victimization among immigrants was comparable to that among US-born adults. Employment status and industry/occupation overall were not significant risk factors for becoming victims of violence. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:435,442, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Recurrent herpes labialis in US children and youthCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Jay D. Shulman Abstract , Objective:, This study reports data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 1988,1994 (NHANES III). Methods:, NHANES III was a complex, multistage sample of 33 994 civilian, non-institutional individuals from 19 528 households. Dentist examiners were trained to recognize, classify oral mucosal lesions to include recurrent herpes labialis (RHL). Subjects ,8 years of age were asked if they had cold sores in the past year and serologic tests for herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were performed on blood of youth >12 years of age. Results:, Examinations were performed on 10 032 individuals 2,17 years of age. Overall point prevalence was 1.42% (0.69,2.15); annual prevalence in individuals 8,17 years of age was 14.77% (12.74,16.80); and serologic prevalence of HSV-1 in youth 12,17 years of age was 43.18% (38.88,47.48). When the data were subset to youth 12,17, annual prevalence for seropositives was 24.13% (20.44,27.82) compared with 16.87 (14.16,19.57) for all subjects. Approximately 25% of the seropositive youth had at least one recurrence in the past year. Conclusion:, As RHL is a recurrent infection, prevalence in a population will be related to the proportion of the population that has been infected with herpes simplex virus. When lesion-specific prevalences are cited in the literature, they should be stratified by covariates known to be associated with them. Future studies should examine RHL prevalence in infected individuals. [source] | ||||||||||