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Annual Income (annual + income)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	90%
2 Other Domains	10%

Selected Abstracts

Differences in the Annual Incomes of Emergency Physicians Related to Gender

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 5 2007
William B. Weeks MD
ObjectivesTo examine the association between physician gender and income for emergency physicians (EPs) after correcting for factors likely to influence income. MethodsThe authors used survey responses collected during the 1990s from 392 actively practicing white EPs. Linear regression modeling was used to determine the association between provider gender and annual income after controlling for workload, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics. ResultsWhite female EPs reported seeing 7% fewer visits but worked 3% more annual hours than their white male counterparts. White female EPs had practiced medicine for fewer years than white male EPs, although the distribution of respondents across categories of years practicing medicine was not dramatically different. Female EPs were more likely to be employees, as opposed to having an ownership interest in the practice. Female EPs were less likely than their male counterparts to be board certified. After adjustment for work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics, the mean annual income of white female EPs was 193,570, or 47,854 (20%) lower than that for white male EPs (95% confidence interval =,82,710 to ,12,997; p = 0.007). ConclusionsDuring the 1990s, female gender was associated with lower annual income among EPs. These findings warrant further exploration to determine what factors might cause the gender-based differences in income that were found. [source]

Influence of economic and demographic factors on quality of life in renal transplant recipients

CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 2 2007
Marie A. Chisholm
Abstract:, Background:, The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of annual income, Medicare status, and demographic variables on the health-related quality of life (HQoL) of renal transplant recipients. Methods:, A cross-sectional survey was mailed to 146 Georgia renal transplant recipients who had functional grafts. Data were collected using the SF-12 Health Survey (version 2), a demographics survey, and 2003 tax documents. One-way ANOVAs and Pearson's R correlations were used to examine relationships between annual income, Medicare status, demographic variables and SF-12 scores. Significant variables were included in stepwise multiple regression analyses. Results:, Data from 130 participants (89% response rate) were collected. Recipients with no Medicare coverage had significantly higher scores on the Physical Functioning and Role Physical SF-12 scales (p = 0.005) compared to recipients with Medicare. Annual income was positively correlated with General Health (p < 0.05). Age and race were significant predictors of Vitality (p = 0.004) and Physical Component Summary (p < 0.001) scores. Age, race, and Medicare status were significant predictors of Physical Functioning and Role Physical scores (p < 0.001). Age, annual income, race, and years post-transplant were significant predictors of General Health score (p < 0.001). Age was the sole predictor of Bodily Pain score (p = 0.002), and marital status was the sole predictor of Social Functioning score (p = 0.005). Conclusions:, Interventions designed to offset financial barriers may be needed to bolster renal transplant recipients' HQoL. [source]

Mortality Risk in Older Inner-City African Americans

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 7 2007
Theodore K. Malmstrom PhD
OBJECTIVES: To investigate mortality risks in a sample of poor, inner-city-dwelling, older African Americans. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: St. Louis, Missouri. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred twenty-two African Americans aged 68 to 102 at the time of their 1992 to 1994 baseline interviews. MEASUREMENTS: Risk factors previously identified in the literature were examined for seven categories: demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, biomedical, disability and physical function, perceived health, and health services utilization. Vital status was ascertained through 2002. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-six subjects (62.1%) were deceased and 236 were alive (mortality higher than in matched controls). Significant risks for mortality were older age, male sex, annual income less than $10,000, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, dependencies in lower-body function, and number of physician visits in the 12 months before baseline. CONCLUSION: In addition to improving the risk factors for stroke and malignant disease in this population, studies focused on improving lower-body functioning may be warranted as a part of efforts aimed at enhancing longevity in older African-American adults. [source]

Income-Related Differences in the Use of Evidence-Based Therapies in Older Persons with Diabetes Mellitus in For-Profit Managed Care

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2003
Arleen F. Brown MD
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether income influences evidence-based medication use by older persons with diabetes mellitus in managed care who have the same prescription drug benefit. DESIGN: Observational cohort design with telephone interviews and clinical examinations. SETTING: Managed care provider groups that contract with one large network-model health plan in Los Angeles County. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes mellitus aged 65 and older covered by the same pharmacy benefit. MEASUREMENTS: Patients reported their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Annual household income (,$20,000 or <$20,000) was the primary predictor. The outcome variable was use of evidence-based therapies determined by a review of all current medications brought to the clinical examination. The medications studied included use of any cholesterol-lowering medications, use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) for cholesterol lowering, aspirin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in those with diabetic nephropathy. The influence of income on evidence-based medication use was adjusted for other patient characteristics. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 301 persons with diabetes mellitus, of whom 53% had annual household income under $20,000. In unadjusted analyses, there were lower rates of use of all evidence-based therapies and lower rates of statin use for persons with annual income under $20,000 than for higher-income persons. In multivariate models, statin use was observed in 57% of higher-income versus 30% of lower-income respondents with a history of hyperlipidemia (P = .01) and 66% of higher-income versus 29% of lower-income respondents with a history of myocardial infarction (P = .03). There were no differences by income in the rates of aspirin or ACE inhibitor use. CONCLUSION: Among these Medicare managed care beneficiaries with diabetes mellitus, all of whom had the same pharmacy benefit, there were low rates of use of evidence-based therapies overall and substantially lower use of statins by poorer persons. [source]

Farmers' perception of treated paper mill effluent irrigation

LAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2010
P. N. Rekha
Abstract The utilization of treated paper mill effluents for irrigation offers many benefits such as conservation of water resources, conversion of barren land into irrigated area, addition of nutrients to the soil and plant and above all the reduction of pollution of inland water bodies. However, the utility of this effluent irrigation programme depends mainly on farmers' acceptability, adoption and management of the scheme. Knowledge about the farmers' perception is thus very much imperative for further advocacy of the effluent irrigation programme. The determinants of farmers' perception of treated paper mill effluent irrigation is a pre-requisite for the formulation of better programmes and strategies for the support of an unobstructed adoption and for the long-term sustainability of effluent irrigation schemes. The present study was conducted to assess the farmers' perception and the determinants that influence the adoption of treated paper mill effluent irrigation by interviewing a random sample of 120 farmers, using a well-structured interview schedule in paper mill effluent irrigated area in Tamil Nadu in India. The study revealed that there exists positive significant correlation between the perception and the characteristics of the farmers viz. educational status, farm size, annual income, mass media exposure, innovativeness and risk orientation. The response analysis of the perception revealed that treated paper mill effluent as alternative assured supply of irrigation water, conversion of elevated dry lands to irrigated land, changing of cropping pattern to sugarcane, increase in socioeconomic status of the farmers, incentives and technical inputs by the paper mill authorities and above all farmers' participation in planning, implementation and management of the effluent irrigation schemes influenced the farmers to form positive perception. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Factors of complicated grief pre-death in caregivers of cancer patients

PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 2 2008
Alexis Tomarken
Abstract Purpose: Over the past decade, Prigerson and her colleagues have shown that symptoms of ,complicated grief',intense yearning, difficulty accepting the death, excessive bitterness, numbness, emptiness, and feeling uneasy moving on and that the future is bleak,are distinct from depression and anxiety and are independently associated with substantial morbidity. Little is known about complicated grief experienced by family caregivers prior to the death. This study sought to examine differences in caregiver age groups and potential risk factors for complicated grief pre-death. Method: Two hundred and forty eight caregivers from multiple sites nationwide (20,86 years of age) identified themselves as primary caregivers to a terminally ill cancer patient. Each caregiver was interviewed using the following measures: the Pre-Death Inventory of Complicated Grief-Caregiver Version; the Brief Interpersonal Support Evaluation List; the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I; the Life Orientation Test-Revised; the SEPRATE Measure of Stressful Life Events; the Covinsky Family Impact Survey; and mental health access questions. Results: The study found that those under 60 years old had higher levels of complicated grief pre-death than caregivers 60 and older (t(246)=2.30, p<0.05). Significant correlations were also found between levels of complicated grief pre-loss and the following psychosocial factors: perceived social support (r=,0.415, p<0.001); history of depression (r=,0.169, p<0.05); current depression (r=,0.158, p<0.05); current annual income (Spearman rho =,0.210, p<0.01); annual income at time of patient's diagnosis (Spearman rho =,0.155, p=0.05); pessimistic thinking (r=0.320, p<0.001); and number of moderate to severe stressful life events (Spearman rho = 0.218, p=0.001). In a multi-variate analysis (R2=0.368), pessimistic thinking (Beta = 0.208, p<0.05) and severity of stressful life events (Beta = 0.222, p<0.05) remained as important factors to developing complicated grief pre-death. Conclusions: These results suggest that mental health professionals who work with caregivers should pay particular attention to pessimistic thinking and stressful life events, beyond the stress of the loved one's illness, that caretakers experience. Additionally, although not reaching significance, mental health professionals should also consider younger caregivers at greater risk for complicated grief pre-loss. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

ORIGINAL RESEARCH,ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: Baseline Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in a Prostate Cancer Screening Population

THE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 2 2008
Jochen Walz MD
ABSTRACT Introduction., Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in older men and can be worsened by prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. True ED rates before PCa treatment are mandatory, in order to assess the rate of ED attributable to PCa treatment. Data derived from population-based studies or from patients surveyed after PCa diagnosis, as well as just prior to treatment may not represent a valid benchmark, as health profiles of the general population might be different to those undergoing PCa screening or as anxiety may worsen existent ED. Aim., To circumvent these limitations, we assessed the baseline rate of ED in PCa diagnosis-free men participating in a PCa awareness event. Methods., ED was classified according to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score as absent (IIEF: 25,30), mild (22,24), mild to moderate (17,21), moderate (11,16), or severe (,10). Analyses were adjusted according to age and socioeconomic status. Main Outcome Measures., Of 1,273 asymptomatic men who participated in the event, 1,134 (89.1%) completed the IIEF score. Results., Mean age was 57.6 years (range 40,89 years). Of all participating men, 50.0% (N = 566) were potent, 8.8% (N = 100) reported mild, 10.4% (N = 118) mild to moderate, 9.4% (N = 107) moderate, and 21.4% (N = 243) severe ED. Men with ED were significantly older (P < 0.001), had no stable partner (P < 0.001), lower education (P < 0.001), and lower annual income (P < 0.001) than men without ED. Conclusions., One in two men who participated in this PCa awareness event is affected by ED, independent of PCa diagnosis or treatment. Such high prevalence of baseline ED in a PCa screening cohort suggests that in patients treated for PCa, ED may represent a common disorder already present prior to treatment. Moreover, socioeconomic variables were seen to have an important influence on erectile function in this patient cohort. Walz J, Perrotte P, Suardi N, Hutterer G, Jeldres C, Bénard F, Valiquette L, Graefen M, Montorsi F, and Karakiewicz PI. Baseline prevalence of erectile dysfunction in a prostate cancer screening population. J Sex Med 2008;5:428,435. [source]

Hearing Loss in Union Army Veterans from 1862 to 1920,

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 12 2004
Ryan K. Sewell MD
Abstract Objectives: To examine the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) in Union Army (UA) veterans by year, birth cohort, and occupation, and to compare Civil War pension and contemporary disability programs by examining monthly dollar awards. Study Design: A retrospective review of medical records for 17,722 UA veteran pension applicants, a subset of some 35,000 soldiers retrieved randomly from the Military Archives. Methods: The diagnosis of HL was based on review of medical records, which used gross measurements because of the unavailability of audiometric testing. Results: One third (5,891 or 33%) of pensioners sampled received compensation for HL. The veterans with HL suffered predominantly from left-sided HL (4,091 or 70%), which is consistent with noise-induced HL in a right-handed individual firing a rifle. Comparison of civilian occupations reveals minimal variation in prevalence of HL. Civil War pensions for unilateral HL averaged $134.04 per year, representing nearly one third of the average annual income in 1890. Bilateral HL received nearly twice that amount. Today, military veterans receive $1,248 annually for unilateral loss and $27,288 annually for bilateral loss. Social Security disability benefits are granted only for bilateral HL, with an average 60-year-old individual receiving $11,400 per year. Conclusion: HL was a common disability among UA Civil War veterans, with noise exposure a likely etiology for the HL. The differing levels of compensation for HL may reflect differing perceptions on the incapacitating effects of HL. [source]

Predictors of Having a Potential Live Donor: A Prospective Cohort Study of Kidney Transplant Candidates

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 12 2009
P. P. Reese
The barriers to live donor transplantation are poorly understood. We performed a prospective cohort study of individuals undergoing renal transplant evaluation. Participants completed a questionnaire that assessed clinical characteristics as well as knowledge and beliefs about transplantation. A participant satisfied the primary outcome if anyone contacted the transplant center to be considered as a live donor for that participant. The final cohort comprised 203 transplant candidates, among whom 80 (39.4%) had a potential donor contact the center and 19 (9.4%) underwent live donor transplantation. In multivariable logistic regression, younger candidates (OR 1.65 per 10 fewer years, p < 0.01) and those with annual income ,US$ 15 000 (OR 4.22, p = 0.03) were more likely to attract a potential live donor. Greater self-efficacy, a measure of the participant's belief in his or her ability to attract a donor, was a predictor of having a potential live donor contact the center (OR 2.73 per point, p < 0.01), while knowledge was not (p = 0.56). The lack of association between knowledge and having a potential donor suggests that more intensive education of transplant candidates will not increase live donor transplantation. On the other hand, self-efficacy may be an important target in designing interventions to help candidates find live donors. [source]

Psychological distress is associated with a range of high-priority health conditions affecting working Australians

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 3 2010
Libby Holden
Abstract Background: Psychological distress is growing in prevalence in Australia. Comorbid psychological distress and/or depressive symptoms are often associated with poorer health, higher healthcare utilisation and decreased adherence to medical treatments. Methods: The Australian Work Outcomes Research Cost-benefit (WORC) study cross-sectional screening dataset was used to explore the association between psychological distress and a range of health conditions in a sample of approximately 78,000 working Australians. The study uses the World Health Organization Health and Productivity Questionnaire (HPQ), to identify self-reported health status. Within the HPQ is the Kessler 6 (K6), a six-item scale of psychological distress which strongly discriminates between those with and without a mental disorder. Potential confounders of age, sex, marital status, number of children, education level and annual income were included in multivariate logistic regression models. Results: Psychological distress was significantly associated with all investigated health conditions in both crude and adjusted estimates. The conditions with the strongest adjusted association were, in order from highest: drug and alcohol problems, fatigue, migraine, CVD, COPD, injury and obesity. Conclusions: Psychological distress is strongly associated with all 14 health conditions or risk factors investigated in this study. Comorbid psychological distress is a growing public health issue affecting Australian workers. [source]

Reliability of self-reported willingness-to-pay and annual income in patients treated for toenail onychomycosis

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2007
P.M.H. Cham
Summary Background, Willingness-to-pay (WTP) is a health economics measure that has recently been used for skin diseases to evaluate patients' quality of life. However, the reliability of this measure has not been investigated in the dermatology literature and is essential in validating its use in health services research. Objectives, This study evaluated the test-retest reliability of self-reported annual income and WTP, a health economics measure of disease impact, in patients with toenail onychomycosis. Methods, Forty-six patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial comparing two different dosing regimens of terbinafine completed a self-administered questionnaire at baseline and 1 month later. The questionnaire asked: (i) how much patients would be willing to pay for a theoretical treatment with a cure rate of 85% for their current onychomycosis (10 categories: $0,50, $51,100, to > $800); and (ii) annual income (10 categories: $0,10 000 to > $200 000). Results, Forty-four patients reported WTP at both visits, and 55% reported the same WTP. The quadratic-weighted (Fleiss,Cohen) , statistic indicated moderate agreement (, = 0·50, 95% confidence interval, CI 0·24,0·75, P < 0·01) as did the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (rs = 0·57, P < 0·01; median difference = 0, P = 0·50). Strong agreement was shown among the 42 patients who reported income at both visits; 71% reported the same annual income category (, = 0·72, 95% CI 0·47,0·96, P < 0·01; rs = 0·68, P < 0·01; median difference = 0, P = 0·77). Age, disease severity and duration, previous therapy, self-reported annual income, and medication side-effects were not statistically associated with the reliability of WTP. Conclusions, WTP and annual income demonstrated moderate and strong test-retest reliability, respectively. Self-reported WTP can serve as a reliable measure for future health economics research on onychomycosis. [source]

Estimating personal costs incurred by a woman participating in mammography screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program,,

CANCER, Issue 3 2008
Donatus U. Ekwueme PhD
Abstract BACKGROUND. The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) covers the direct clinical costs of breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic follow-up for medically underserved, low-income women. Personal costs are not covered. In this report, the authors estimated personal costs per woman participating in NBCCEDP mammography screening by race/ethnicity and also estimated lifetime personal costs (ages 50-74 years). METHODS. A decision analysis model was constructed and parameterized by using empiric data from a retrospective cohort survey of mammography rescreening among women ages 50 years to 64 years who participated in the NBCCEDP. Data from 1870 women were collected from 1999 to 2000. The model simulated the flow of resources incurred by a woman participating in the NBCCEDP. The analysis was stratified by annual income into 2 scenarios: Scenario 1, <$10,000; and Scenario 2, from $10,000 to <$20,000. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to appraise uncertainty, and all costs were standardized to 2000 U.S. dollars. RESULTS. In Scenario 1, for all races/ethnicities, a woman incurred a 1-time cost of $17 and a discounted lifetime cost of $108 for 10 screens and $262 for 25 screens; in Scenario 2, these amounts were $31 and from $197 to $475, respectively. In both scenarios, a non-Hispanic white woman incurred the highest cost. The sensitivity analyses revealed that >70% of cost incurred was attributable to opportunity cost. CONCLUSIONS. Capturing and quantifying personal costs will help ascertain the total cost (ie, societal cost) of providing mammography screening to a medically underserved, low-income woman participating in a publicly funded cancer screening program and, thus, will help determine the true cost-effectiveness of such programs. Cancer 2008. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society. [source]

Differences in the Annual Incomes of Emergency Physicians Related to Gender

Influence of economic and demographic factors on quality of life in renal transplant recipients

Distribution, Inequality and Concentration of Incomeamong Older Immigrants in Canada

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 1 2000
K.G. Basavarajappa
While there are many studies on differences in earnings between immigrants and the native-born or among immigrant groups, they do not consider distribution and concentration of income among immigrants explicitly. These aspects are important for understanding the distribution of economic welfare and consumer behaviour among members and hence are policy relevant. Using the 1991 Census data, the distribution and concentration of incomehave been examined among 15 broad birthplace groups for population aged55 years and over. About 19 per cent of males and 15 per cent of femalesreceive less than half the median income and obtain 5 per cent and 3 per centof the aggregate income respectively. About 30 per cent of males and29 per cent of females receive more than one and half times the medianincome and obtain 61 per cent and 59 per cent of aggregate incomerespectively. About 51 per cent of males and 56 per cent of females whoreceive incomes between half and one and half times the median income aretermed middle-class and their shares of aggregate income amount to 34 and38 per cent respectively. Although older immigrants aged 55 years and over, as a group, have roughlythe same quartile distribution and concentration of income as theirCanadian-born counterparts, the birthplace groups differ considerably. Those from the developing regions, that is, the groups that have loweraverage annual incomes, also have more inequitable distribution of incomethan the Canadian-born or their counterparts from the developed regions. Thus, income distribution is more polarized in populations from developingregions than in populations from developed regions or in the Canadian-bornpopulation. On average, females receive 45 per cent less income than males, and thereis less polarization of income among them than among males regardless ofthe place of birth. A part of the explanation lies in the receipt of government transfers, whichtend to equalize rather than polarize incomes, and older women derive ahigher proportion of their income from government transfers than older men. [source]

Rural,Urban Differences in Primary Care Physicians' Practice Patterns, Characteristics, and Incomes

THE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2008
William B. Weeks MD
ABSTRACT:,Context:Low salaries and difficult work conditions are perceived as a major barrier to the recruitment of primary care physicians to rural settings. Purpose: To examine rural,urban differences in physician work effort, physician characteristics, and practice characteristics, and to determine whether, after adjusting for any observed differences, rural primary care physicians' incomes were lower than those of urban primary care physicians. Methods: Using survey data from actively practicing office-based general practitioners (1,157), family physicians (1,378), general internists (2,811), or pediatricians (1,752) who responded to the American Medical Association's annual survey of physicians between 1992 and 2002, we used linear regression modeling to determine the association between practicing in a rural (nonmetropolitan) or urban (standard metropolitan statistical area) setting and physicians' annual incomes after controlling for specialty, work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics. Findings: Rural primary care physicians' unadjusted annual incomes were similar to their urban counterparts, but they tended to work longer hours, complete more patient visits, and have a much greater proportion of Medicaid patients. After adjusting for work effort, physician characteristics, and practice characteristics, primary care physicians who practiced in rural settings made $9,585 (5%) less than their urban counterparts (95% confidence intervals: ,$14,569, ,$4,602, P < .001). In particular, rural practicing general internists and pediatricians experienced lower incomes than did their urban counterparts. Conclusions: Addressing rural physicians' lower incomes, longer work hours, and greater dependence on Medicaid reimbursement may improve the ability to ensure that an adequate supply of primary care physicians practice in rural settings. [source]