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Hormone Replacement (hormone + replacement)
Kinds of Hormone Replacement Terms modified by Hormone Replacement Selected AbstractsGrowth hormone and changes in energy balance in growth hormone deficient adultsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 9 2008D. Deepak ABSTRACT Background, Adults with growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) have an adverse body composition with an increased prevalence of obesity. It is not known whether growth hormone replacement (GHR) results in alterations in energy intake (EI) and/or energy expenditure (EE). The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of GHR on EI and EE. Materials and methods, Nineteen hypopituitary adults (14 males, 5 females, mean age 46·2 years) with severe GHD (peak GH response to glucagon , 9 mU L,1) were studied. All patients self-injected recombinant human GH starting with 0·3 mg s.c. daily. The following were measured before and following 6 months of stable maintenance of GHR: food intake during a test meal, appetite ratings, resting EE (indirect calorimetry) and voluntary physical activity (accelerometry). Results, GHR nearly doubled voluntary physical activity (mean activity units 3319 vs. 1881, P = 0·007) and improved quality of life score (mean score 9·1 vs. 16·5, P < 0·0001). Subjects reported higher fasting hunger ratings (mean 64·8 vs. 49·6, P = 0·02) but ad libitum energy intake remained unchanged. Eating behavioural traits were favourably altered with lower disinhibition (mean 6·0 vs. 7·2, P = 0·02) and lower susceptibility to hunger ratings (4·6 vs. 6·8, P = 0·001) after GHR. Additionally, GHR did not result in significant changes in resting EE, body weight and body mass index. Conclusions, GHR in AGHD significantly improves voluntary physical activity and quality of life. Following GHR, subjects experience greater ,state' (physiological) hunger, reductions in eating disinhibition and hunger susceptibility, but no effects on calorie intake or macronutrient choice were detected. [source] Influence of sex hormones on the periodontiumJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003Paulo Mascarenhas Abstract Objectives: Sex hormones have long been considered to play an influential role on periodontal tissues, bone turnover rate, wound healing and periodontal disease progression. The objectives of this review article are to (1) address the link between sex hormones and the periodontium, (2) analyse how these hormones influence the periodontium at different life times and (3) discuss the effects of hormone supplements/replacement on the periodontium. Materials and Methods: Two autonomous searches were performed in English language utilizing Medline, Premedline and Pubmed as the online databases. Publications up to 2002 were selected and further reviewed. In addition, a manual search was also performed including specific related journals and books. Results: It is certain that sexual hormones play a key role in periodontal disease progression and wound healing. More specifically, these effects seem to differentiate by gender as well as lifetime period. In addition, the influence of sex hormones can be minimized with good plaque control and with hormone replacement. Conclusion: Despite profound research linking periodontal condition with sex hormones kinetics, more definitive molecular mechanisms and therapy still remain to be determined. Zusammenfassung Männliche und weibliche Sexualhormone wurden schon lange einen wichtigen Einfluss auf das parodontale Gewebe, die Knochenumsatzrate, die Wundheilung und die parodontale Erkrankungsprogression ausübend betrachtet. Der Einfluss dieser Hormone auf das Parodontium unterscheidet sich zu verschiedenen physiologischen Phasen (z.B. Pubertät, Schwangerschaft, post Menopause) und mit der Einnahme von Pharmaka (z.B. Antikonzeptiva, Hormonsubstitution). Deshalb ist der Zweck dieses Reviewartikels (1) die Beziehung zwischen Sexualhormonen und dem Parodontium zu beschreiben, (2) die Analyse des Einflusses dieser Hormone auf das Parodontium zu unterschiedlichen Lebenszeiten und (3) die Effekte von Hormonunterstützung/substitution auf das Parodontium zu diskutieren. Résumé On a longtemps considéré que les hormones sexuelles, aussi bien masculines que féminines, jouaient un rôle important sur les tissus parodontaux, le taux de remaniement osseux, la cicatrisation et la progression de la maladie parodontale. L'influence de ces hormones sur le parodonte est différente en fonction des divers conditions physiologiques (par exemple, la puberté, la grossesse, et après la ménopause) et les prises de médicaments (par exemple, la pillule contraceptive et les traitements hormonaux de substitution). Aussi, cette revue critique de la littérature se propose (1) de faire le point sur les liens entre les hormones sexuelles et le parodonte (2) d' analyser la façon dont ces hormones influencent le parodonte lors des différentes étapes de la vie, et (3) discuter les effets des hormones de substitution sur le parodonte. [source] Androgen Decreases Dopamine Neurone Survival in Rat MidbrainJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 4 2010M. L. Johnson Clinical studies show that men are more likely to develop disorders affecting midbrain dopaminergic pathways, such as drug addiction and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although a great deal of focus has been given to the role of oestrogen in the maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic pathways, little is known about how testosterone influences these pathways. In the present study, we used stereological analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) cell bodies to determine how testosterone influences the dopaminergic cell bodies of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Rats and mice were castrated at postnatal day (PN) 60, and these midbrain cell populations were counted on PN 90. One month after castration, TH-IR cell number had increased in the SNpc and VTA of rats and mice. Replacement with testosterone or the non-aromatisable analogue dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in castrated animals reduced TH-IR cell number in the SNpc and VTA in rats. In mice, the decrease of TH-IR cell number with testosterone or DHT replacement was observed only in the SNpc. The apparent increase in TH-IR neurone number after castration is not explained by an increase in TH expression because the number of nondopaminergic cells (TH-immunonegative, TH-IN) did not decrease proportionally after castration. TH-IN cell number did not change after castration or hormone replacement in rat or mouse SNpc or VTA. These findings suggest that testosterone may play a suppressive role in midbrain dopaminergic pathways. [source] Oestrogenic Regulation Of Brain AngiotensinogenJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 6 2004K. J. Greenland Abstract Oestrogens are now recognized as playing a regulatory role on components of the systemic renin,angiotensin system, such as its precursor, angiotensinogen (AGT). In the brain, this role is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of oestrogens on brain AGT of female rats at different stages of the oestrous cycle, in pregnancy and following ovariectomy with and without hormone replacement. AGT content of different brain regions was also studied in male rats treated with oestrogens. The brain was divided into five regions: cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain and thalamus/hypothalamus, and AGT was measured by direct radioimmunoassay using a highly specific AGT antibody. Cyclical fluctuations in AGT content were observed in all regions except the cerebellum over the course of the 4-day oestrous cycle, with peak concentrations at estrus and lowest concentrations at metestrus. Following ovariectomy, brain AGT was significantly decreased in the thalamic/hypothalamic region, an effect that was reversed by oestrogen-replacement. In pregnant rats, AGT contents were elevated in the brainstem region. Oestrogen treatment of male rats induced significant increases in AGT concentrations in all areas except the cortex. In summary, these results show that oestradiol has actions on brain AGT that are region-specific and dependent on the particular physiological and reproductive context. Moreover, the changes in AGT concentrations in the oestrous cycle suggest the involvement of other factors besides oestrogen. Finally, this study supports the view that the brain renin,angiotensin system has a broad role in oestrogen-modulated brain functions beyond those specific to the hypothalamic,pituitary,ovarian axis. [source] Atrial Lead Dysfunction: An Unusual Feature of HypothyroidismPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008KRISTEN K. PATTON M.D. Hypothyroidism is known to have a multitude of cardiac electrophysiologic effects, including bradycardia, atrioventricular block, prolonged QT interval, and elevated ventricular pacing thresholds. We report the case of a 36-year-old woman who presented with isolated dysfunction of her atrial pacemaker lead, which reversed with thyroid hormone replacement. [source] Survey of long-term follow-up programs in the United States for survivors of childhood brain tumors,PEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 7 2009Daniel C. Bowers MD Abstract Introduction Despite recognition that childhood brain tumor survivors often suffer multiple late effects following therapy, little is known regarding the long-term follow-up (LTFU) programs for these patients. Methods A 16-question survey was mailed to member institutions of the Children's Oncology Group in the United States. Institutions were asked about the size of their brain tumor program, activities of the LTFU programs and perceived barriers to follow-up. Results One hundred forty-five (74%) of 197 institutions returned surveys. Care for patients <21 years old at diagnosis who are >2 years following completion of therapy was provided at a designated neuro-oncology LTFU clinic (31.2%), a general LTFU program for childhood cancer survivors (30.4%), or a general pediatric oncology program (29.7%). Institutions with a neuro-oncology LTFU clinic were more likely to use neuro-psychological testing following radiation therapy (P,=,0.001), have longer duration of continued surveillance imaging (P,=,0.02), use growth hormone replacement for medulloblastoma survivors (P,<,0.001) and continue the use of growth hormone into adulthood (P,=,0.05) than those with a general pediatric oncology program. Perceived barriers to care of brain tumor survivors included limited access and lack of insurance (32.1%), lack of funding or dedicated time for providers (22.9%), patients' uncertainty about need to follow-up (20.6%), and patients' desire to not be followed in a pediatric cancer program (12.2%). Conclusions Considerable variation exists across institutions in the United States in the delivery of follow-up care for survivors of childhood brain tumors. We encourage additional investigation to better define and implement optimal follow-up care for childhood brain tumor survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:1295,1301. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Body image and sexual problems in young women with breast cancerPSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 7 2006Pat Fobair Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of body image and sexual problems in the first months after treatment among women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 50 or younger. Background: Breast cancer treatment may have severe effects on the bodies of younger women. Surgical treatment may be disfiguring, chemotherapy may cause abrupt menopause, and hormone replacement is not recommended. Methods: A multi-ethnic population-based sample of 549 women aged 22,50 who were married or in a stable unmarried relationship were interviewed within seven months of diagnosis with in situ, local, or regional breast cancer. Results: Body image and sexual problems were experienced by a substantial proportion of women in the early months after diagnosis. Half of the 546 women experienced two or more body image problems some of the time (33%), or at least one problem much of the time (17%). Among sexually active women, greater body image problems were associated with mastectomy and possible reconstruction, hair loss from chemotherapy, concern with weight gain or loss, poorer mental health, lower self-esteem, and partner's difficulty understanding one's feelings. Among the 360 sexually active women, half (52%) reported having a little problem in two or more areas of sexual functioning (24%), or a definite or serious problem in at least one area (28%). Greater sexual problems were associated with vaginal dryness, poorer mental health, being married, partner's difficulty understanding one's feelings, and more body image problems, and there were significant ethnic differences in reported severity. Conclusions: Difficulties related to sexuality and sexual functioning were common and occurred soon after surgical and adjuvant treatment. Addressing these problems is essential to improve the quality of life of young women with breast cancer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of female steroid hormones on A-type K+ currents in murine colonTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Elizabeth A. H. Beckett Idiopathic constipation is higher in women of reproductive age than postmenopausal women or men, suggesting that female steroid hormones influence gastrointestinal motility. How female hormones affect motility is unclear. Colonic motility is regulated by ion channels in colonic myocytes. Voltage-dependent K+ channels serve to set the excitability of colonic muscles. We investigated regulation of Kv4.3 channel expression in response to acute or chronic changes in female hormones. Patch clamp experiments and quantitative PCR were used to compare outward currents and transcript expression in colonic myocytes from male, non-pregnant, pregnant and ovariectomized mice. Groups of ovariectomized mice received injections of oestrogen or progesterone to investigate the effects of hormone replacement. The capacitance of colonic myocytes from non-pregnant females was larger than in males. Net outward current density in male and ovariectomized mice was higher than in non-pregnant females and oestrogen-treated ovariectomized mice. Current densities in late pregnancy were lower than in female controls. Progesterone had no effect on outward currents. A-type currents were decreased in non-pregnant females compared with ovariectomized mice, and were further decreased by pregnancy or oestrogen replacement. Kv4.3 transcripts did not differ significantly between groups; however, expression of the potassium channel interacting protein KChIP1 was elevated in ovariectomized mice compared with female controls and oestrogen-treated ovariectomized mice. Delayed rectifier currents were not affected by oestrogen. In the mouse colon, oestrogen suppresses A-type currents, which are important for regulating excitability. These observations suggest a possible link between female hormones and altered colonic motility associated with menses, pregnancy and menopause. [source] Sex differences of chondrogenic progenitor cells in late stages of osteoarthritisARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 4 2010Sebastian Koelling Objective Osteoarthritis (OA), a mainly degenerative disease, is known to be multifactorial in origin. Gene expression patterns vary between populations and sexes. Sex hormone receptors have been described in the cartilage tissue of animals and humans. We undertook this study to determine whether the regenerative potential of chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) present in the arthritic tissue during the late stages of human OA might also be subject to sex-specific differences and influenced by sex steroids. Methods We analyzed sex-specific differences in the regenerative potential of CPCs and the involvement of sex hormones in vitro in cartilage samples from patients with late-stage knee OA, using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, microarray analysis, real-time reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and cell culture. Results We detected expression of estrogen and testosterone in the OA synovial fluid as well as CPCs positive for estrogen receptor , (ER,), ER,, and androgen receptor. Both hormones influenced the expression of all 3 receptor genes as well as the chondrogenic potential of CPCs by regulating gene expression of Sox9, Runx2, type II collagen, and type I collagen. We found regulatory effects on the collagens via Sox9 and Runx2 as well as regulatory effects independent of these transcription factors. These effects were sex-specific and relied on hormone concentrations. Conclusion Physiologic concentrations of testosterone in men and premenopausal concentrations of estrogen in women have a positive effect on the chondrogenic potential of CPCs in vitro. Therefore, strategies of hormone replacement in the synovial fluid of women and men might have beneficial effects on the regenerative potential of arthritic cartilage tissue in late stages of human OA. [source] Combined oral oestradiol valerate-norethisterone treatment over three years in postmenopausal women: correlation between oestrogen levels and bone mineral density sitesBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 11 2000W. Perry Consultant Endocrinologist Objective To compare trabecular and compact bone response and relationship to oestrogen status using continuous oestradiol valerate 2 mg and norethisterone 0.7 mg daily as hormone replacement and to determine the therapeutic range of 17 beta-oestradiol. Design Open label trial. Setting Independent endocrine clinic Sample One hundred and thirty-one patients were compared at point of entry and at 36 months. Methods Postmenopausal women were assessed using a Lunar dual photon and single photon bone scanner, and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, right hip and left forearm were annually correlated with 17 beta-oestradiol and oestrone levels over three years. Total alkaline phosphatase was compared between improvers and decliners of bone mineral density. Results Significant improvement in bone mineral density (P < 0.0001) occurred at all sites except the left forearm, where bone loss was prevented. There was no correlation between oestrogen levels and bone mineral density improvements at hip sites. However, in the lumbar spine larger improvements in bone mineral density occurred in women with 17 beta-oestradiol levels > 185 pmol/L compared with those below, which were statistically significant for those with 17 beta-oestradiol levels > 248 pmol/L. Bone turnover, as quanitifed by total alkaline phosphatase measurements, was suppressed in most patients, but there were no differences in the mean alkaline phosphatase levels between the best improvers and worst decliners for lumbar spine bone mineral density. Improvers had an age mean of 5.21 years greater than decliners (P= 0.01) and a mean duration difference since the menopause of 5.1 years compared with decliners (P= 0.007). Conclusion This combined continuous preparation of hormone replacement therapy improves not only trabecular bone but prevents compact bone loss, and the data suggest that the therapeutic range of 17 beta-oestradiol is between 200 pmol/L and 350 pmol/L. [source] Unmasking of central hypothyroidism following growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patientsCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Amar Agha Summary Background, The effect of GH replacement on thyroid function in hypopituitary patients has hitherto been studied in small groups of children and adults with conflicting results. Objective, We aimed to define the effect and clinical significance of adult GH replacement on thyroid status in a large cohort of GH-deficient patients. Patients and method, We studied 243 patients with severe GH deficiency due to various hypothalamo-pituitary disorders. Before GH treatment, 159 patients had treated central hypothyroidism (treated group) while 84 patients were considered euthyroid (untreated group). GH dose was titrated over 3 months to achieve serum IGF-1 concentration in the upper half of the age-adjusted normal range. Serial measurements of serum T4, T3, TSH and quality of life were made at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after commencing GH replacement. Results, In the untreated group, we observed a significant reduction in serum T4 concentration without a significant increase in serum T3 or TSH concentration; 30/84 patients (36%) became hypothyroid and needed initiation of T4 therapy. Similar but lesser changes were seen in the treated group, 25 of whom (16%) required an increase in T4 dose. Patients who became hypothyroid after GH replacement had lower baseline serum T4 concentration, were more likely to have multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and showed less improvement in quality of life compared with patients who remained euthyroid. Conclusion, GH deficiency masks central hypothyroidism in a significant proportion of hypopituitary patients and this is exposed after GH replacement. We recommend that hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency and low normal serum T4 concentration should be considered for T4 replacement prior to commencement of GH in order to provide a robust baseline from which to judge the clinical effects of GH replacement. [source] Corticosteroids and the cardiovascular response to stress: a pilot study of the 35% CO2 challenge in Addison's diseaseCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 3 2006J. M. Kaye Summary Objective, Glucocorticoids play an essential role in the neuroendocrine response to stress, influencing both the hypothalamic,pituitary,adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis at several levels. In this pilot study, a clinical model of primary adrenocortical failure (Addison's disease, AD) has been used to evaluate the role of circulating glucocorticoids in both the autonomic and psychological response to stress. Design and subjects, Five subjects with known AD underwent a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation in which they received fixed glucocorticoid plus mineralocorticoid hormone replacement or placebo for 48 h prior to a 35% CO2 challenge. Measurement, Psychological responses immediately before and after CO2 exposure were assessed by questionnaire. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were measured automatically at 1-min intervals for 5 min before and 5 min after the CO2 exposure. Results, While on hormone replacement, all subjects had an identical response to CO2 to that recorded in normal volunteers (initial bradycardia, an increase in blood pressure and subjective feelings of anxiety). On no replacement, however, the bradycardia and anxiety responses were not significantly altered, but the pressor response was markedly attenuated (+15·6 ± 5 mmHg on replacement compared with +4·2 ± 3·3 mmHg off replacement; P = 0·043). Conclusions, These data provide further evidence that the CO2 -induced bradycardia is a direct , presumably parasympathetic , response to CO2 independent of the pressor effect, and that the pressor response itself is dependent on the presence of the circulating corticosteroid. [source] Assessment of quality of life in adults receiving long-term growth hormone replacement compared to control subjectsCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2003I. A. Malik Summary objective There are few studies of quality of life (QOL) in adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) compared to matched control populations without GHD. These have shown impairments in a variety of QOL measures, which improve but do not normalize after short-term replacement with GH. There is little information on QOL in long-term treated GHD patients compared with controls without GHD. patients and methods A total of 120 adults with GHD who had received GH replacement for at least 1 year were identified from the neuroendocrine clinic. Patients were asked to complete eight QOL questionnaires and an Energy Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results were compared with 83 control subjects without GHD from the local population who agreed to complete seven of the QOL questionnaires (excluding Disease Impact scale) and the energy VAS. The eight questionnaires were a combination of generic and disease-specific questionnaires used to assess health related QOL, namely: Short Form-36 (SF-36), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Disease Impact, Life Fulfilment and Satisfaction scales, Mental Fatigue Questionnaire (MFQ) and Self Esteem scale, Hospital Anxiety Depression (HAD) scale and QOL-AGHDA (assessment of GHD in adults). results Eighty-nine patients returned questionnaires and 85 (71%) had complete data for analysis. The mean (SD) duration of GH replacement was 36·0 ± 26·4 (range 13,159) months. Mean age was 43·9 ± 15·8 years (37 males) in treated GHD patients compared to a mean age 41·7 ± 10·5 years (32 males) in the controls. Mean IGF-1 levels were 22·5 ± 13·6 nmol/l in the GHD patients and the mean dose of GH replacement was 1·2 ± 0·4 IU daily. Analysis of the QOL questionnaires from the GH treated patients revealed highly significant impairments in all measures (most P , 0·0001, except life fulfilment-material, P = 0·33) compared to the control population. conclusions This large population with treated GH deficiency have significant impairments in multiple aspects of QOL despite replacement with GH and other pituitary hormones for at least 1 year (mean 3 years). It is likely therefore that other factors in addition to GH deficiency must influence QOL in these patients. Further strategies to improve QOL in these individuals should therefore be considered, e.g. psychological support and treatments and physical treatments (such as exercise programmes). [source] Influence of sex hormones on the periodontiumJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003Paulo Mascarenhas Abstract Objectives: Sex hormones have long been considered to play an influential role on periodontal tissues, bone turnover rate, wound healing and periodontal disease progression. The objectives of this review article are to (1) address the link between sex hormones and the periodontium, (2) analyse how these hormones influence the periodontium at different life times and (3) discuss the effects of hormone supplements/replacement on the periodontium. Materials and Methods: Two autonomous searches were performed in English language utilizing Medline, Premedline and Pubmed as the online databases. Publications up to 2002 were selected and further reviewed. In addition, a manual search was also performed including specific related journals and books. Results: It is certain that sexual hormones play a key role in periodontal disease progression and wound healing. More specifically, these effects seem to differentiate by gender as well as lifetime period. In addition, the influence of sex hormones can be minimized with good plaque control and with hormone replacement. Conclusion: Despite profound research linking periodontal condition with sex hormones kinetics, more definitive molecular mechanisms and therapy still remain to be determined. Zusammenfassung Männliche und weibliche Sexualhormone wurden schon lange einen wichtigen Einfluss auf das parodontale Gewebe, die Knochenumsatzrate, die Wundheilung und die parodontale Erkrankungsprogression ausübend betrachtet. Der Einfluss dieser Hormone auf das Parodontium unterscheidet sich zu verschiedenen physiologischen Phasen (z.B. Pubertät, Schwangerschaft, post Menopause) und mit der Einnahme von Pharmaka (z.B. Antikonzeptiva, Hormonsubstitution). Deshalb ist der Zweck dieses Reviewartikels (1) die Beziehung zwischen Sexualhormonen und dem Parodontium zu beschreiben, (2) die Analyse des Einflusses dieser Hormone auf das Parodontium zu unterschiedlichen Lebenszeiten und (3) die Effekte von Hormonunterstützung/substitution auf das Parodontium zu diskutieren. Résumé On a longtemps considéré que les hormones sexuelles, aussi bien masculines que féminines, jouaient un rôle important sur les tissus parodontaux, le taux de remaniement osseux, la cicatrisation et la progression de la maladie parodontale. L'influence de ces hormones sur le parodonte est différente en fonction des divers conditions physiologiques (par exemple, la puberté, la grossesse, et après la ménopause) et les prises de médicaments (par exemple, la pillule contraceptive et les traitements hormonaux de substitution). Aussi, cette revue critique de la littérature se propose (1) de faire le point sur les liens entre les hormones sexuelles et le parodonte (2) d' analyser la façon dont ces hormones influencent le parodonte lors des différentes étapes de la vie, et (3) discuter les effets des hormones de substitution sur le parodonte. [source] | ||||||||||