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American Race (american + race)
Kinds of American Race Selected AbstractsRisk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2007Edward Giovannucci Abstract Risk factors for prostate cancer could differ for various sub-groups, such as for "aggressive" and "non-aggressive" cancers or by grade or stage. Determinants of mortality could differ from those for incidence. Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, we re-examined 10 factors (cigarette smoking history, physical activity, BMI, family history of prostate cancer, race, height, total energy consumption, and intakes of calcium, tomato sauce and ,-linolenic acid) using multivariable Cox regression in relation to multiple subcategories for prostate cancer risk. These were factors that we previously found to be predictors of prostate cancer incidence or advanced prostate cancer in this cohort, and that have some support in the literature. In this analysis, only 4 factors had a clear statistically significant association with overall incident prostate cancer: African,American race, positive family history, higher tomato sauce intake (inversely) and ,-linolenic acid intake. In contrast, for fatal prostate cancer, recent smoking history, taller height, higher BMI, family history, and high intakes of total energy, calcium and ,-linolenic acid were associated with a statistically significant increased risk. Higher vigorous physical activity level was associated with lower risk. In relation to these risk factors, advanced stage at diagnosis was a good surrogate for fatal prostate cancer, but high-grade (Gleason , 7 or Gleason , 8) was not. Only for high calcium intake was there a close correspondence for associations among high-grade cancer, advanced and fatal prostate cancer. Tomato sauce (inversely) and ,-linolenic acid (positively) intakes were strong predictors of advanced cancer among those with low-grade cancers at diagnosis. Although the proportion of advanced stage cancers was much lower after PSA screening began, risk factors for advanced stage prostate cancers were similar in the pre-PSA and PSA era. The complexity of the clinical and pathologic manifestations of prostate cancer must be considered in the design and interpretation of studies. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] mtDNA perspective of chromosomal diversification and hybridization in Peters' tent-making bat (Uroderma bilobatum: Phyllostomidae)MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 11 2003Federico G. Hoffmann Abstract We compared sequence variation in the complete mitochondrial cytochrome -b gene with chromosomal and geographical variation for specimens of Peters' tent-making bat (Uroderma bilobatum). Three different chromosomal races have been described in this species: a 2n = 42 race from South America east of the Andes, a 2n = 44 from NW Central America and 2n = 38 from the rest of Central America and NW South America. The deepest nodes in the tree were found within the South American race (42 race), which is consistent with a longer history of this race. Average distance among races ranged from 2.5 to 2.9%, with the highest amount of intraracial variation found within the 2n = 42 race (1.7%), intermediate values within the 2n = 38 race (0.9%) and lowest within the 2n = 44 race (0.5%). Variation among chromosomal races accounted for over 55% of molecular variance, whereas variation among populations within races accounted for 6%. The 2n = 38 and 2n = 44 races hybridize in the coastal lowlands of Honduras, near the Gulf of Fonseca. Introgression between these two races is low (two introgressed individuals in 45 examined). Clinal variation across the hybrid zone for the cytochrome -b of U. bilobatum, is similar to clinal variation reported for chromosomes and isozymes of this species. Mismatch distribution analyses suggests that geographical isolation and karyological changes have interplayed in a synergistic fashion. Fixation of the alternative chromosomal rearrangements in geographical isolation and secondary contact is the most likely mechanism accounting for the hybrid zone between the 2n = 38 and 2n = 44 races. If a molecular clock is assumed, with rates ranging from 2.3 to 5.0% per million years, then isolation between these races occurred within the last million years, implying a relatively recent origin of the extant diversity in Uroderma bilobatum. None the less, the three chromosomal races probably represent three different biological species. [source] Long-Term Adjustment to Work-Related Low Back Pain: Associations with Socio-demographics, Claim Processes, and Post-Settlement AdjustmentPAIN MEDICINE, Issue 8 2009John T. Chibnall PhD ABSTRACT Objective., Predict long-term adjustment (pain intensity, pain-related catastrophizing, and pain-related disability) from socio-demographic, claim process, and post-settlement adjustment variables in a cohort of 374 Workers' Compensation low back claimants. Methods., Age- and gender-matched subsamples of African Americans and Caucasians were randomly selected for long-term follow-up (6 years post-settlement) from a larger, existing cohort of Workers' Compensation low back claimants in Missouri. Computer-assisted telephone interviews were used to assess pain, catastrophizing, and disability. Path analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to predict long-term adjustment from socio-demographic variables (race, gender, age, and socioeconomic status), Workers' Compensation claim process variables (surgery, diagnosis, claim duration, treatment costs, settlement awards, and disability rating), and adjustment at baseline. Results., Poorer long-term adjustment (higher levels of pain, catastrophizing, and pain-related disability) was significantly predicted by relatively poorer adjustment at baseline, lower socioeconomic status, and African American race. African American race associations were also mediated through lower socioeconomic status. Higher levels of occupational disability, as measured by long-term rates of unemployment and social security disability, were also predicted by African American race (in addition to age and claim process factors). Conclusion., Long-term adjustment to low back pain in this cohort of Workers' Compensation claimants was stable, relative to short-term adjustment soon after settlement. Long-term adjustment was worse for people of lower socioeconomic status, particularly for economically disadvantaged African Americans, suggesting the possibility of race- and class-based disparities in the Workers' Compensation system. [source] Diabetes Mellitus: A Risk Factor for Delayed Graft Function after Deceased Donor Kidney TransplantationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 2 2010J. Parekh Early graft function is a major determinant of long-term outcomes after renal transplantation. Recently, recipient diabetes was identified as a risk factor for poor initial graft function in living donor renal transplantation. To further explore this association, we performed a paired analysis of deceased donor renal transplants from January 1994 to December 2005. A total of 25,523 transplant pairs were analyzed via conditional logistic regression. Diabetic recipients were older (53.16 vs. 46.75 years, p < 0.01), had a lower average panel reactive antibody (12% vs. 15%, p < 0.01) and fewer prior transplants (0.07 vs. 0.12, p < 0.01). Recipient diabetes, age, male gender, African American race, elevated peak panel reactive antibody and increased cold ischemia time were independent risk factors for delayed graft function. Specifically, diabetic recipients had increased risk of DGF on univariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23,1.42, p < 0.01). Multivariable analysis confirmed this association but the risk differed by recipient gender; with diabetes having a greater effect in women (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.45,1.91, p < 0.01) compared to men (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.15,1.43, p < 0.01). It is unknown whether the deleterious impact of recipient diabetes on graft function after renal transplantation results from perioperative hyperglycemia or the chronic sequelae of diabetes. [source] Reducing De Novo Donor-Specific Antibody Levels during Acute Rejection Diminishes Renal Allograft LossAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2009M. J. Everly The effect of de novo DSA detected at the time of acute cellular rejection (ACR) and the response of DSA levels to rejection therapy on renal allograft survival were analyzed. Kidney transplant patients with acute rejection underwent DSA testing at rejection diagnosis with DSA levels quantified using Luminex single-antigen beads. Fifty-two patients experienced acute rejection with 16 (31%) testing positive for de novo DSA. Median follow-up was 27.0 ± 17.4 months postacute rejection. Univariate analysis of factors influencing allograft survival demonstrated significance for African American race, DGF, cytotoxic PRA >20% (current) and/or >50% (peak), de novo DSA, C4d and repeat transplantation. Multivariate analysis showed only de novo DSA (6.6-fold increased allograft loss risk, p = 0.017) to be significant. Four-year allograft survival was higher with ACR (without DSA) (100%) than mixed acute rejection (ACR with DSA/C4d) (65%) or antibody-mediated rejection (35%) (p < 0.001). Patients with >50% reduction in DSA within 14 days experienced higher allograft survival (p = 0.039). De novo DSAs detected at rejection are associated with reduced allograft survival, but prompt DSA reduction was associated with improved allograft survival. DSA should be considered a potential new end point for rejection therapy. [source] Obesity and Outcome Following Renal TransplantationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 2 2006J. L. Gore Single institution series have demonstrated that obese patients have higher rates of wound infection and delayed graft function (DGF), but similar rates of graft survival. We used UNOS data to determine whether obesity affects outcome following renal transplantation. From the UNOS database, we identified patients who underwent primary kidney-only transplantation between 1997 and 1999. Recipient and donor body mass index (BMI) was categorized as underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal (BMI 18.5,24.9), overweight (BMI 25,29.9), obese (BMI 30,34.9) or morbidly obese (BMI , 35). We correlated BMI with intermediate measures of graft outcome and overall graft survival, and created multivariate models to evaluate the independent effect of BMI on graft outcome, adjusting for factors known to affect graft success. The study sample comprised 27 377 recipients. Older age, female sex, African American race and increased comorbidity were associated with obesity (p < 0.001). Compared with normal weight patients, morbid obesity was independently associated with an increased risk of DGF (p < 0.001), prolonged hospitalization (p < 0.001), acute rejection (p = 0.006) and decreased overall graft survival (p = 0.001). Donor BMI did not affect overall graft survival (p , 0.07). Recipient obesity is associated with an increased risk of DGF and decreased graft survival following renal transplantation. [source] Dating Aggression and Risk Behaviors Among Teenage Girls Seeking Gynecologic CareACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 7 2009Lauren K. Whiteside MD Abstract Objectives:, The objective was to describe rates of dating aggression and related high-risk behavior among teens presenting to the emergency department (ED) seeking gynecologic care, compared to those seeking care for other reasons. Methods:, Female patients ages 14,18 years presenting to the ED during the afternoon/evening shift of a large urban teaching hospital over a 19-month period were approached to participate and completed a self-administered computerized survey regarding sexual risk behaviors, past-year alcohol use, dating aggression, and peer aggression. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the evaluation of gynecologic complaint as noted by completion of a pelvic exam. Results:, A total of 949 teens were enrolled (87% response rate), with 148 receiving gynecologic evaluation. Among girls undergoing a gynecologic evaluation, 49% reported past-year dating aggression, compared to 34% of those who did not undergo gynecologic evaluation (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30 to 2.62). Logistic regression analysis predicting gynecologic evaluation found statistically significant variables to be older age (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.24 to 3.06), African American race (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.04 to 2.40), parental public assistance (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.45), alcohol use (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.57 to 3.38), and dating aggression (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.21). Conclusions:, Of the teens undergoing gynecologic evaluation in this urban ED, 49% reported dating aggression. These teens also reported higher rates of other sexual risk behaviors compared to their peers. Care providers in urban EDs treating all female teens and particularly those seeking gynecologic care should be aware of this high rate of dating aggression and screen for aggression in dating relationships in this high-risk group. [source] Dysfunctional proinflammatory high-density lipoproteins confer increased risk of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosusARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 8 2009Maureen McMahon Objective Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Identification of at-risk patients and the etiology underlying atherosclerosis in SLE remain elusive. The antioxidant capacity of normal high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) is lost during inflammation, and these dysfunctional HDLs might predispose individuals to atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether dysfunctional proinflammatory HDL (piHDL) is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE. Methods Carotid artery ultrasound was performed in 276 women with SLE to identify carotid plaques and measure intima-media thickness (IMT). The antioxidant function of HDL was measured as the change in oxidation of low-density lipoprotein after the addition of HDL cholesterol. Two antiinflammatory HDL components, paraoxonase 1 and apolipoprotein A-I, were also measured. Results Among the SLE patients, 48.2% were determined to have piHDL on carotid ultrasound, while 86.7% of patients with plaque had piHDL compared with 40.7% of those without plaque (P < 0.001). Patients with piHDL also had a higher IMT (P < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, the only factors found to be significantly associated with plaque were the presence of piHDL (odds ratio [OR] 16.1, P < 0.001), older age (OR 1.2, P < 0.001), hypertension (OR 3.0, P = 0.04), dyslipidemia (OR 3.4, P = 0.04), and mixed racial background (OR 8.3, P = 0.04). Factors associated with IMT measurements in the highest quartile were the presence of piHDL (OR 2.5, P = 0.02), older age (OR 1.1, P < 0.001), a higher body mass index (OR 1.07, P = 0.04), a cumulative lifetime prednisone dose ,20 gm (OR 2.9, P = 0.04), and African American race (OR 8.3, P = 0.001). Conclusion Dysfunctional piHDL greatly increases the risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE. The presence of piHDL was associated with an increased prevalence of carotid plaque and with a higher IMT. Therefore, determination of piHDL may help identify patients at risk for atherosclerosis. [source] Unsuspected or Unacknowledged Depressive Symptoms in Young Adult Emergency Department PatientsACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 4 2009Michelle H. Biros MD Abstract Objectives:, The objective was to determine the frequency of unsuspected or unacknowledged depressive symptoms among young adult emergency department (ED) patients. Methods:, The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and a demographic/lifestyle questionnaire were administered to a cross-section of medically stable, English-speaking young adult ED patients (aged 18,23 years) with nonpsychiatric chief complaints. The frequency of moderate to severe depressive symptoms was determined. Group results were analyzed with descriptive statistics; multivariate analysis assessed for patient characteristics associated with depressive symptoms. Results:, A total of 2,898 patients were screened; 2,255 were eligible for enrollment, and 1,264 enrolled (56%; 64% female, 42% African American; mean age = 21 [±1.7] years). Twenty-nine percent had BDI-II scores consistent with moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Patient characteristics associated with depressive symptoms included knowledge of someone who had intentionally hurt him- or herself (odds ratio [OR] = 2) or died a violent nonaccidental death (OR = 1.4), low personal income (OR = 1.8), chronic health issues (OR = 1.7), cigarette smoking (OR = 1.6), and African American race (OR = 1.5). Those who attended school (OR = 0.5), engaged in frequent social activities (OR = 0.5), or drove a car (OR = 0.7) were less likely to have depressive symptoms. Patients lacked insight into their depressive symptoms. Conclusions:, There is a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in young adult ED patients. Young adults often do not recognize, or are reluctant to acknowledge, depressive symptoms. Specific patient characteristics may be useful in deciding which young adults should undergo ED screening for depression. [source] Anti,U3 RNP autoantibodies in systemic sclerosisARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 4 2009Rohit Aggarwal Objective To describe the classification, demographic and clinical features, and survival in anti,U3 RNP autoantibody,positive patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods Medical records of 108 anti,U3 RNP,positive and 2,471 anti,U3 RNP,negative SSc patients first evaluated during 1985,2003 were reviewed. Anti,U3 RNP antibody was detected by protein and RNA immunoprecipitation. Disease classification, demographic and clinical features, organ system involvement, and survival were compared between the 2 patient groups, by Student's t -test, chi-square analysis, and Mantel-Haenszel test. Results The anti,U3 RNP,positive group had a higher proportion of African American patients (27% versus 5%; P < 0.001) and male patients (29% versus 19%; P = 0.021), and was younger at the time of first physician diagnosis (mean age 42.8 years versus 47.4 years; P = 0.001). The 2 groups had similar proportions of patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement (47% and 45% in those with and those without anti,U3 RNP, respectively). However, among patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement, the mean maximum modified Rodnan skin score was significantly lower in the anti,U3 RNP group (22.3 versus 27.9; P < 0.001). Skeletal muscle involvement was more frequent in anti,U3 RNP,positive patients (25% versus 14%; P = 0.002), as was "intrinsic" pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (31% versus 13%; P < 0.001). The frequency of gastrointestinal involvement, cardiac involvement, pulmonary fibrosis, and "renal crisis" did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Survival was worse in the anti,U3 RNP,positive group (hazard ratio 1.38 [95% confidence interval 1.05,1.82]). PAH was the most common known cause of death in patients with anti,U3 RNP (30%, versus 10% in the anti,U3 RNP,negative group; P < 0.001). Conclusion The present findings demonstrate that the frequencies of African American race and male sex are greater among SSc patients with anti,U3 RNP antibody than those without, and the former group is younger at SSc diagnosis. Anti,U3 RNP,positive patients have more frequent skeletal muscle involvement and PAH, the latter being the most common cause of death. [source] Risk Factors for Speech Delay of Unknown Origin in 3-Year-Old ChildrenCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2003Thomas F. Campbell One hundred 3-year-olds with speech delay of unknown origin and 539 same-age peers were compared with respect to 6 variables linked to speech disorders: male sex, family history of developmental communication disorder, low maternal education, low socioeconomic status (indexed by Medicaid health insurance), African American race, and prolonged otitis media. Abnormal hearing was also examined in a subset of 279 children who had at least 2 hearing evaluations between 6 and 18 months of age. Significant odds ratios were found only for low maternal education, male sex, and positive family history; a child with all 3 factors was 7.71 times as likely to have a speech delay as a child without any of these factors. [source] Factors affecting kidney-transplant outcome in recipients with lupus nephritisCLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 3 2008Hongying Tang Abstract:, Background:, Factors associated with outcome in renal transplant recipients with lupus nephritis have not been studied. Methods:, Using the data from the United States Renal Data System of patients transplanted between January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2002 (and followed through December 31, 2003) (n = 2882), we performed a retrospective analysis of factors associated with long-term death-censored graft survival and recipient survival. Results:, The number of pretransplant pregnancies incrementally increased the risk of graft failure [hazard ratio (HR) 1.54, p < 0.05] in the entire subgroup of females and in the subgroup of recipients aged 25,35 yr. Recipient and donor age had an association with both the risk of graft failure (HR 0.96, p < 0.001; HR 1.01, p < 0.005) and recipient death (HR 1.04, p < 0.001; HR 1.01, p < 0.05). Greater graft-failure risk accompanied increased recipient weight (HR 1.01, p < 0.001); African Americans compared with whites (HR 1.55, p < 0.001); greater Charlson comorbidity index (HR 1.17, p < 0.05); and greater panel reactive antibody (PRA) levels (HR 1.06, p < 0.001). Pretransplant peritoneal dialysis as the predominant modality had an association with decreased risk of graft failure (HR 0.49, p < 0.001), while prior transplantation was associated with greater risk of graft failure and recipient death (HR 2.29, p < 0.001; HR 3.59, p < 0.001, respectively) compared with hemodialysis (HD). The number of matched human leukocyte antigens (HLA) antigens and living donors (HR 0.92, p < 0.05; HR 0.64, p < 0.001, respectively) was associated with decreased risk of graft failure. Increased risk of graft failure and recipient death was associated with nonuse of calcineurin inhibitors (HR 1.89, p < 0.005; HR 1.80, p < 0.005) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) (including mycophenolate mofetil and MPA) or azathioprine (HR 1.41, p < 0.05; HR 1.66, p < 0.01). Using both cyclosporine and tacrolimus was associated with increased risk of graft failure (HR 2.09, p < 0.05). Using MPA is associated with greater risk of recipient death compared with azathioprine (HR 1.47, p < 0.05). Conclusion:, In renal transplant recipients with lupus nephritis, multiple pregnancies, multiple blood transfusions, greater comorbidity index, higher body weight, age and African American race of the donor or recipient, prior history of transplantation, greater PRA levels, lower level of HLA matching, deceased donors, and HD in pretransplant period have an association with increased risk of graft failure. Similarly, higher recipient and donor age, prior transplantations, and higher rate of pretransplant transfusions are associated with greater risk of recipient mortality. Using neither cyclosporine nor tacrolimus or using both (compared with tacrolimus) and neither MPA nor azathioprine (compared with azathioprine) was associated with increased risk of graft failure and recipient death. Using MPA is associated with greater risk of recipient death compared with azathioprine. Testing these results in a prospective study might provide important information for clinical practice. [source] | ||||||||||