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History Of Science (history + of_science)
Selected AbstractsBODILY AND PICTORIAL SURFACES: SKIN IN FRENCH ART AND MEDICINE, 1790,1860ART HISTORY, Issue 3 2005Mechthild Fend This essay argues for the shared quality of skin and painting as signifying surfaces. When representing the surface of the body the artist engages with questions about the borders of the body and relations between the interior and the exterior. Portraits by Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres are considered in relation to several discursive fields: medical definitions of skin from the Enlightenment, nineteenth-century artistic anatomy and art theory. While David's rendering of skin is understood in terms of Xavier Bichat's definition of skin as a ,limite sensitive', the hermetically sealed and opaque skin of Ingres's figures negates contemporary notions of skin as a communicative membrane. Scientific knowledge notwithstanding, these very different approaches to the representation of skin may be seen as reflecting upon different ways to produce meaning as well as different conceptions of the body. Mechthild Fend is a research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, where she is working on a project on the history and representation of skin in late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century France. Her recent books deal with the representation of masculinity: Männlichkeit im Blick. Visuelle Inszenierungen in der Kunst seit der Frühen Neuzeit (co-edited with Marianne Koos, Cologne, 2004), and Grenzen der Männlichkeit. Der Androgyn in der französischen Kunst und Kunsttheorie Zwischen Aufkl.arung und Restauration (Berlin, 2003). [source] Journals under Threat: A Joint Response from History of Science, Technology and Medicine EditorsBERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 1 2009Article first published online: 10 MAR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Clusius Project: Carolus Clusius and Sixteenth-century Botany in the Context of the new Cultural History of ScienceBERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 1 2007Florike Egmond No abstract is available for this article. [source] Deutsches Nationalkomitee in der International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS), Division of History of Science (DHS)BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 1 2007Bettina Wahrig No abstract is available for this article. [source] 4th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science, Barcelona, 18,20 November 2010 The circulation of science and technologyCENTAURUS, Issue 2 2010Article first published online: 23 APR 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] History of science , sporesJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Lewis B Perry Memorial Lecture 200 Abstract Bacterial endospores were first studied 130 years ago by Cohn in 1876 and independently by Koch in the same year. Although spore dormancy and resistance have been much studied since then, questions still remain concerning the basic mechanisms and the kinetics of heat inactivation in particular. Likewise, the extreme dormancy and longevity of spores was recognized early on and later greatly extended but still evade complete understanding. Evidence has accumulated for the involvement of specific spore components such as calcium, dipicolinic acid, small acid soluble proteins in the core and peptidoglycan in the cortex. Involvement of physical factors too, such as the relative dehydration of the core, maybe in a high-viscosity state or even in a glassy state, has added to appreciation of the multicomponent nature of dormancy and resistance. Spore-former morphology formed the basis for early classification systems of sporeformers from about 1880 and consolidated in the mid-1900s, well prior to the use of modern genetic procedures. With respect to sporulation, groundbreaking sequence studies in the 1950s provided the basis for later elucidation of the genetic control widely relevant to many cell differentiation mechanisms. With respect to the breaking of dormancy (activation and germination), the elucidation of mechanisms began in the 1940s following the observations of Hills at Porton who identified specific amino acid and riboside ,germinants', and laid the basis for the later genetic analyses, the identification of germinant receptor genes and the elucidation of key germination reactions. The nonexponential nature of germination kinetics has thwarted the development of practical Tyndallization-like processing. So inactivation by heat remains the premier method of spore control, the basis of a huge worldwide industry, and still relying on the basic kinetics of inactivation of Clostridium botulinum spores, and the reasoning regarding safety first evolved by Bigelow et al. in 1920 and Esty and Meyer in 1922. ,Newer' processes such as treatment with ionizing radiation (first proposed in 1905) and high hydrostatic pressure (first proposed in 1899) may be introduced if consumer resistance and some remaining technical barriers could be overcome. [source] Genetic analysis of early neurogenesis: Dedicated to the scientific contributions of Jose A. Campos-Ortega (1940,2004),DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 7 2006Volker Hartenstein Abstract Jose Campos-Ortega stands out as one of the pioneers of developmental-genetic studies of early neurogenesis. He also liked to reflect about the history of science: how one discovery leads to the next, and what role individuals play in the progress of science. He had indeed started to work on a book describing the history of developmental genetics during the last year of his life. His goal in this book was to "explain how developmental genetics originated, how it transformed developmental biology and, while doing so, how it contributed to achieve the biological synthesis." In the following, I would like to reflect on the origin and growth of the field Campos-Ortega contributed so much. In doing so, it is of particular interest to consider his scientific roots, and the manner in which he entered the stage of developmental genetics. I believe that Campos-Ortega's unusual scientific background influenced in an important manner the way in which he shaped the study of early neurogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 235:2003,2008, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The Contribution of Salvador Moncada to Our Understanding of the Biology of Nitric OxideIUBMB LIFE, Issue 10-11 2003Emilio Clementi Abstract The observation, by Furchgott and Zawadzki, that a factor of short average life, released by endothelial cells accounted for vasodilation was the beginning of one of the most fascinating adventures in the recent history of science. The discovery that this released factor was nitric oxide had tremendous implications for our understanding not only of the homeostasis of the vascular tissue, but also of a variety of other biological processes ranging from synaptic plasticity to regulation of immune responses. This review article will lead the reader through the landmark events in this adventure, highlighting the fundamental role played by Salvador Moncada and his team. IUBMB Life, 55: 563-565, 2003 [source] Über Georges Canguilhems Was heißt eine wissenschaftliche Ideologie? und über deutsch-französische Beiträge zum Thema Wissenschaft und Ideologie aus den letzten vierzig JahrenBERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 2 2010Claude Debru Ideologie; Normativität; Wissenschaft; Wissenschaftsideologie Abstract On Georges Canguilhem's What does a Scientific Ideology mean? and on French-German Contributions on Science and Ideology in the Last Fourty Years. This paper is based on Canguilhem's text on the concept of scientific ideology, which he introduced in 1969. We describe Canguilhem's attempts at designing a methodological framework for the history of science including the status of kinds of knowledge related to science, like scientific ideologies preceding particular scientific domains (like ideologies about inheritance before Mendel, or Spencer's universal evolutionary laws preceding Darwin). This attempt at picturing the relationships between science and ideology is compared with Jürgen Habermas's book Technology and Science as ,Ideology' in 1968. The philosphical issue of human normativity provides the framework of this discussion. [source] Naturwissenschafts-, Technik- und Medizingeschichte in Deutschland, 1997,2004.BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 1 2005Literaturbericht über die Forschung an den Institutionen. Diese Bibliographie der naturwissenschafts-, technik- und medizingeschichtlichen Forschungsliteratur für die Erscheinungsjahre 1997 bis 2004 setzt die vorangegangenen Übersichten fort. Sie beinhaltet die seit 1997 erschienene Literatur und beruht wiederum auf der Nennung durch die Institutionen selbst, allerdings auf Wunsch des Deutschen Nationalkomitees der IUHPS/DHS beschränkt auf zehn Angaben pro Wissenschaftler(in). Einige Einrichtungen haben zudem auf ihre jeweilige Homepage verwiesen. Auch die persönlichen Homepages der einzelnen Forscher(innen) sind für weitere Literatur-Angaben heranzuziehen. Die Reihenfolge der Autor(inn)en ist am Alphabet der Namen orientiert und nicht mehr an dem der Institutionen. Die Kodierung hinter dem Namen ordnet die Institution zu. Ein systematischer Überblick findet sich im Anschluß an diesen Hinweis. Länger als vorgesehen dauert der Aufbau einer elektronischen Datenbank für die hier angesprochenen Wissenschaftsfelder. Hierin liegt auch der Grund für die rückwärtige Aufnahme bis zum Jahr 1997, da es zu dem bis dahin vorgesehenen Start der Datenbank schon nicht gekommen war. Die zukünftigen Datenbanken sollen in Dresden (für die Technikgeschichte), in München (für die Naturwissenschaftsgeschichte) und in Leipzig (für die Medizingeschichte) entstehen, doch haben sich trotz der abermals dankbar entgegengenommenen Hilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) für diesen hier vorgestellten Überblick die sich für zuständig haltenden Bundesländer bislang ihren Verpflichtungen zu einem solchen Basisprojekt der Literaturrecherche weitgehend entzogen. Die , in mehrfacher Hinsicht betroffenen , Wissenschaftler(innen) hoffen auf größere Einsicht. Diese Übersicht wäre ohne den unermüdlichen Einsatz von Frau Verena Witte M. A., Bochum, nicht möglich gewesen. Daher gilt ihr unser besonderer Dank. This compilation of German research in history of science, technology, and medicine for the years 1997 to 2004 will continue the previous ones. Researchers of the institutions have given us these information, however, only up to ten indications were requested by the national committee of the IUHPS/DHS. More research results may be found on the homepages of the larger institutes and of most of the individual researchers. The list adheres to the alphabet of the authors names, no longer to that of the institutions. After this note you will find the survey of them. A new national data base is proceeding very slowly and completion might still last some time in a country where this kind of research is considered to be of regional importance only ,! This compilation was again supported by the national German science foundation (DFG), which we appreciated very much. The compilation work was mainly done thanks to the efforts of Verena Witte MA, Bochum. [source] Thomas Kuhn und die Wissenschaftsgeschichte,BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 1 2001Prof. Dr. Paul Hoyningen-Huene Abstract The article discusses Thomas S. Kuhn's impact on the history of science, especially in the United States of America. First, the state of the history of science in the fifties is sketched. Second, Kuhn's particular contribution to the emerging new historiography of science is presented. Third, Kuhn's role in the m-stitutionalization of the history of science in the USA is considered. Finally, some remarks are made on the relation between Kuhn's historiographic work and his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. [source] The value of vitalism and Schrodinger's What is Life? in the contemporary classroomBIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, Issue 3 2009Ramakrishnan Sitaraman Abstract Classic experiments and novel ideas in the history of science are often mentioned in passing in contemporary college-level science curricula. This study indicates that the detailed and creative recapitulation of a few well-chosen and famous, if well-known, results and ideas has the potential to increase students' understanding and appreciation of the scientific method and provides them with an altogether novel perspective of science. Since the students are usually aware of the salient facts involved, they are free to concentrate on the method, rather than worry about assimilating new facts. Such an approach has the potential to promote original thinking and rekindle enthusiasm for science, even at the university level. [source] | |||||||||||||