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Historiography
Selected AbstractsFROM REVOLUTION TO MODERNIZATION: THE PARADIGMATIC TRANSITION IN CHINESE HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE REFORM ERAHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2010HUAIYIN LI ABSTRACT Chinese historiography of modern China in the 1980s and 1990s underwent a paradigmatic transition: in place of the traditional revolutionary historiography that bases its analyses on Marxist methodologies and highlights rebellions and revolutions as the overarching themes in modern Chinese history, the emerging modernization paradigm builds its conceptual framework on borrowed modernization theory and foregrounds top-down, incremental reforms as the main force propelling China's evolution to modernity. This article scrutinizes the origins of the new paradigm in the context of a burgeoning modernization discourse in reform-era China. It further examines the fundamental divides between the two types of historiography in their respective constructions of master narratives and their different approaches to representing historical events in modern China. Behind the prevalence of the modernization paradigm in Chinese historiography is Chinese historians' unchanged commitment to serving present political needs by interpreting the past. [source] SUCCESS, TRUTH, AND MODERNISM IN HOLOCAUST HISTORIOGRAPHY: READING SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER THE PUBLICATION OF METAHISTORY,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 2 2009WULF KANSTEINER ABSTRACT This essay provides a close reading of Saul Friedländer's exceptionally successful comprehensive history of the Holocaust from the theoretical perspective of Hayden White's philosophy of history. Friedländer's The Years of Extermination has been celebrated as the first synthetic history of the "Final Solution" that acknowledges the experiences of the victims of Nazi genocide. But Friedländer has not simply added the voices of the victims to a conventional historical account of the Holocaust. Instead, by displacing linear notions of time and space and subtly deconstructing conventional concepts of causality, he has invented a new type of historical prose that performs rather than analyzes the victims' point of view. Friedländer's innovation has particularly radical consequences for the construction of historical explanations. On the one hand, Friedländer explicitly argues that anti-Semitism was the single most important cause of the Holocaust. On the other hand, his transnational, multifaceted history of the "Final Solution" provides a wealth of data that escapes the conceptual grasp of his explicit model of causation. Friedländer chooses this radically self-reflexive strategy of historical representation to impress on the reader the existential sense of disbelief with which the victims experienced Nazi persecution. To Friedländer, that sense of disbelief constitutes the most appropriate ethical response to the Holocaust. Thus the narratological analysis of The Years of Extermination reveals that the exceptional quality of the book, as well as presumably its success, is the result of an extraordinarily creative act of narrative imagination. Or, put into terms developed by White, who shares Friedländer's appreciation of modernist forms of writing, The Years of Extermination is the first modernist history of the Holocaust that captures, through literary figuration, an important and long neglected reality of the "Final Solution." [source] 3. HISTORIOGRAPHY WITHOUT GOD: A REPLY TO GREGORY,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2008TOR EGIL FØRLAND ABSTRACT This reply aims both to respond to Gregory and to move forward the debate about God's place in historiography. The first section is devoted to the nature of science and God. Whereas Gregory thinks science is based on metaphysical naturalism with a methodological corollary of critical-realist empiricism, I see critical, empiricist methodology as basic, and naturalism as a consequence. Gregory's exposition of his apophatic theology, in which univocity is eschewed, illustrates the fissure between religious and scientific worldviews,no matter which basic scientific theory one subscribes to. The second section is allotted to miracles. As I do, Gregory thinks no miracle occurred on Fox Lakes in 1652, but he restricts himself to understanding the actors and explaining change over time, and refuses to explain past or contemporary actions and events. Marc Bloch, in his book The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, is willing to go much further than Gregory. Using his superior medical knowledge to substitute his own explanation of the phenomenon for that of the actors, Bloch dismisses the actors' beliefs that they or others had been miraculously cured, and explains that they believed they saw miraculous healing because they were expecting to see it. In the third section, on historical explanation, I rephrase the question whether historians can accommodate both believers in God and naturalist scientists, asking whether God, acting miraculously or not, can be part of the ideal explanatory text. I reply in the negative, and explicate how the concept of a plural subject suggests how scientists can also be believers. This approach may be compatible with two options presented by Peter Lipton for resolving the tension between religion and science. The first is to see the truth claims of religious texts as untranslatable into scientific language (and vice versa); the other is to immerse oneself in religious texts by accepting them as a guide but not believing in their truth claims when these contradict science. [source] The Fate of Jewish Historiography after the Bible: A New InterpretationHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 2 2004Amram Tropper What caused the eventual decline in later Jewish history of the vibrant historiographical tradition of the biblical period? In contrast to the plethora of historical writings composed during the biblical period, the rabbis of the early common era apparently were not interested in writing history, and when they did relate to historical events they often introduced mythical and unrealistic elements into their writings. Scholars have offered various explanations for this phenomenon; a central goal of this article is to locate these explanations within both the immediate historical setting of Roman Palestine and the overarching cultural atmosphere of the Greco-Roman Near East. In particular, I suggest that the largely ahistorical approach of the rabbis functioned as a local Jewish counterpart to the widespread classicizing tendencies of a contemporary Greek intellectual movement, the Second Sophistic. In both cases, eastern communities, whose political aspirations were stifled under Roman rule, sought to express their cognitive and spiritual identities by focusing on a glorious and idealized past rather than on contemporary history. Interestingly, the apparent lack of rabbinic interest in historiography is not limited to the early rabbinic period. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, Jews essentially did not write their political, diplomatic, or military history. Instead, Jews composed "traditional historiography" which included various types of literary genres among which the rabbinic "chain of transmission" was the most important. The chain of transmission reconstructs (or fabricates) the links that connect later rabbinic sages with their predecessors. Robert Bonfil has noted the similarity between this rabbinic project and contemporary church histories. Adding a diachronic dimension to Bonfil's comparison, I suggest that rabbinic chains of transmission and church histories are not similar though entirely independent phenomena, but rather their shared project actually derives from a common origin, the Hellenistic succession list. The succession list literary genre, which sketches the history of an intellectual discipline, apparently thrived during the Second Sophistic and diffused then into both rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity. Thus, even though historiography was not terribly important to the early rabbis or to most Second Sophistic intellectuals, the succession list schematic, or the history of an intellectual discipline, was evaluated differently. Rabbis and early Christians absorbed the succession list from Second Sophistic culture and then continued to employ this historiographical genre for many centuries to come. [source] History and Historiography in ProcessHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2004Anders Schinkel First page of article [source] Shades of Orientalism: Paradoxes and Problems in Indian HistoriographyHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 2 2003Peter Heehs In Orientalism, Edward Said attempts to show that all European discourse about the Orient is the same, and all European scholars of the Orient complicit in the aims of European imperialism. There may be "manifest" differences in discourse, but the underlying "latent" orientalism is "more or less constant." This does not do justice to the marked differences in approach, attitude, presentation, and conclusions found in the works of various orientalists. I distinguish six different styles of colonial and postcolonial discourse about India (heuristic categories, not essential types), and note the existence of numerous precolonial discourses. I then examine the multiple ways exponents of these styles interact with one another by focusing on the early-twentieth-century nationalist orientalist, Sri Aurobindo. Aurobindo's thought took form in a colonial framework and has been used in various ways by postcolonial writers. An anti-British nationalist, he was by no means complicit in British imperialism. Neither can it be said, as some Saidians do, that the nationalist style of orientalism was just an imitative indigenous reversal of European discourse, using terms like "Hinduism" that had been invented by Europeans. Five problems that Aurobindo dealt with are still of interest to historians: the significance of the Vedas, the date of the vedic texts, the Aryan invasion theory, the Aryan-Dravidian distinction, and the idea that spirituality is the essence of India. His views on these topics have been criticized by Leftist and Saidian orientalists, and appropriated by reactionary "Hindutva" writers. Such critics concentrate on that portion of Aurobindo's work which stands in opposition to or supports their own views. A more balanced approach to the nationalist orientalism of Aurobindo and others would take account of their religious and political assumptions, but view their project as an attempt to create an alternative language of discourse. Although in need of criticism in the light of modern scholarship, their work offers a way to recognize cultural particularity while keeping the channels of intercultural dialogue open. [source] The Predicament Of Ideas In Culture: Translation And HistoriographyHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2003Douglas Howland Rather than a simple transfer of words or texts from one language to another, on the model of the bilingual dictionary, translation has become understood as a translingual act of transcoding cultural material , a complex act of communication. Much recent work on translation in history grows out of interest in the effects of European colonialism, especially within Asian studies, where interest has been driven by the contrast between the experiences of China and Japan, which were never formally colonized, and the alternative examples of peoples without strong, centralized states , those of the Indian subcontinent and the Tagalog in the Philippines , who were colonized by European powers. This essay reviews several books published in recent years, one group of which share the general interpretation that colonial powers forced their subjects to "translate" their local language, sociality, or culture into the terms of the dominant colonial power: because the colonial power controls representation and forces its subjects to use the colonial language, it is in a position to construct the forms of indigenous and subject identity. The other books under review here are less concerned with power in colonial situations than with the fact of different languages, cultures, or practices and the work of "translating" between the two , particularly the efforts of indigenous agents to introduce European ideas and institutions to their respective peoples. [source] The Future of the Philosophy of HistoriographyHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2001Aviezer Tucker This article argues that the perception of decline among philosophers of history reflects the diffused weak academic status of the discipline, as distinct from the booming research activity and demand for philosophy of history that keeps pace with the growth rate of publications in the philosophies of science and law. This growth is justified and rational because the basic problems of the philosophy of history, concerning the nature of historiographical knowledge and the metaphysical assumptions of historiography, have maintained their relevance. Substantive philosophy of history has an assured popularity but is not likely to win intellectual respectability because of its epistemic weaknesses. I suggest focusing on problems that a study of historiography can help to understand and even solve, as distinct from problems that cannot be decided by an examination of historiography, such as the logical structure of explanation (logical positivism)and the relation between language and reality (post-structuralism). In particular, following Quine's naturalized epistemology, I suggest placing the relation between evidence and historiography at the center of the philosophy of historiography. Inspired by the philosophy of law, I suggest there are three possible relations between input (evidence)and output in historiography: determinism, indeterminism, and underdeterminism. An empirical examination of historiographical agreement, disagreement, and failure to communicate may indicate which relation holds at which parts of historiography. The historiographical community seeks consensus, but some areas are subject to disagreements and absence of communication; these are associated with historiographical schools that interpret conflicting models of history differently to fit their evidence. The reasons for this underdetermination of historiography by evidence needs to be investigated further. [source] The History of Children in Australia: An Interdisciplinary HistoriographyHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 10 2010Carla Pascoe Children have long been shadowy or forgotten figures within historical narratives. It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that a critical historiography of children and childhood emerged. In the Australian context, histories of young people were not published until the 1980s. Whilst the historiography of the child is now a burgeoning field, it has been haunted by two major challenges: a lack of sources authored by children themselves; and a tendency amongst adult scholars to romanticise children. This article situates the Australian historiography of children within an international context. Given the difficulties of reconstructing the lives of children in the past, it argues for an interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon the insights of folklore, material culture, geography and oral history. [source] History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future!HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2009Philip J. Stern This article explores recent developments in the historiography of the English East India Company. It proposes that there has been an efflorescence of late in scholarship on the Company that is directly tied both to the resurgence of imperial studies in British history as well as to contemporary concerns such as globalization, border-crossings, and transnationalism. These transformations have in turn begun to change some of the most basic narratives and assumptions about the Company's history. At the same time, they have also significantly widened the number and types of scholars interested in the Company, broadening its appeal beyond ,Company studies' to have relevance for a range of historical concerns, in British domestic history, Atlantic history, global history, as well as amongst literary scholars, geographers, sociologists, economists, and others. [source] Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial IndiaHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2009Catriona Ellis This essay won the 2007 History Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Asia Section. Despite the extensive literature on the history of education in colonial India, historians have confined their arguments to very narrow themes linked to colonial epistemological dominance and education as a means of control, resistance and dialogue. These tend to mirror the debates of the colonial period, particularly regarding the Anglicist-Orientalist controversy. This article argues that such an approach is both gendered and hierarchical, and seeks to fundamentally redress the balance. It looks firstly at formal school education , colonial and indigenous , in both philosophical and technological terms. It then turns to education as experienced by the majority of Indian children outwith the classroom, either formally or within the domestic sphere. The article then looks at the neglected recipients of education, and seeks to re-establish children as agents within these adult-driven agendas. By considering educational discourse and practice, and the emerging historiography of Indian childhood and children, we can begin to establish a more rounded and inclusive picture of what education really meant. [source] Never Ending Stories: Recent Trends in the Historiography of Jammu and KashmirHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2007Vernon Hewitt This article reviews recent historiography on Jammu and Kashmir, showing how it has sought to escape an overemphasis on independence and partition, and has sought to relocate itself free of the histories of India and Pakistan. In doing so, it has tried to critique the official Indian and Pakistani sources, question the homogeneity of Kashmiri identity, and interrogate the aims and objectives of leading Kashmiri nationalists, primarily that of Sheikh Abdullah. It has also sought to identify the multiplicity of Kashmiri voices premised on issues of culture and language. Energised by the recent violence and turmoil within Indian administered Kashmir, new trends in historiography hold out real potential in offering not just fresh insights but also new and innovative solutions, at some risk of losing sight of the ,political' as an subject open to meaningful generalisation and investigation. [source] Ignoring ,History from Below': People's History in the Historiography of SingaporeHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2007Ernest Koh Wee Song The history of Singapore is widely understood as a history of its economic success. From its heyday as a nexus of trade during the imperial era to the ,technotropolis' that boasts high living standards for most of its citizens, Singapore as a historical subject is often viewed through the lens of the ruling elite. By expending the need to acknowledge the historical function of the citizenry in the island's socio-economic development, the policies and personalities of the Singaporean leadership have been erroneously and simplistically used by many as an example of how the sheer genius of a few can triumph in the face of overwhelming adversity. This article seeks to trace tangents in the wider development of Singapore's historiography in order to account for the general disinterest in people's histories of Singapore. [source] British Garden Literature: Historiography and Idiomatic ChangeLITERATURE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2008Rachel Crawford British garden literature, limited in this essay to horticulture, has been published since the advent of printing. The writing of garden history, however, is usually identified with Stephen Switzer's first, historical chapter in his Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation (1715); yet garden histories are a convention of the earliest printed literature on gardens. Because early modern garden literature incorporates different historiographic conventions than modern, this aspect of it has been neglected by critics. In an additional complication, two great idiomatic changes punctuate the timeline of garden histories: the first begins in the decades before the Interregnum, a transformation from a Catholic idiom to one that is Protestant; the second in the latter half of the eighteenth century, from an idiom that was religious, mythical, and legendary to one that is aesthetic. Only in recent decades, with the pressure to reinsert history into literatures generally, have the embedded histories in early modern garden literature once again become legible. [source] Historical Figuration: Poetics, Historiography, and New Genre Studies1LITERATURE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2006W. Scott Howard This essay has four interconnected goals: 1) to reflect upon some of the major theoretical and methodological developments (since about 1950) in the fields of early modern literary studies and history vis-à-vis the question of historicism; 2) to address, within the context of seventeenth-century England, inter-relationships between poetics and historiography; 3) to examine that "interdisciplinarity" specifically in terms of the seventeenth-century English poetic elegy; and 4) to trace (from Plato to Puttenham) and to argue for a specific theoretical aspect of that inter-relationship, which I will call historical figuration. My argument will hinge upon these connecting points, especially the latter two. On the one hand, I will argue that an early modern paradigm shift from theocentric to increasingly secular narrative frameworks for personal and national histories contributes to a transformation in poetic genre. English poets began to formulate a new intra-textual crisis of linguistic signification within the elegy's construction of loss and spiritual consolation as the experience of death and mourning became less theocentric and communal and more secular and individualized during the seventeenth century. This new intra-textuality to elegiac resistance emerges gradually but consistently from approximately the 1620s onward, facilitating the genre's new articulations of consolation situated within and against historical contexts rather than projected toward a transcendental horizon. On the other hand, I will also argue that this distinctive inter-relationship between poetics and historiography may be theorized as historical figuration, which may be linked directly to key contributions to the history of poetic theory from Plato to Puttenham. My two-fold thesis thus attempts to engender and engage what some may see as a trans-discursive poetics of culture. However, I would hesitate to place my argument within the new-historicist camp, but would hope instead that this essay may contribute to the emerging, interdisciplinary sub-field of new genre studies, which seeks to examine literary genres as manifestations of aesthetic forms and social discourses. [source] Historiography and forensic analysis of the Fort King George "skull": Craniometric assessment using the specific population approachAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Christopher M. Stojanowski Abstract In this article, we evaluate the association between the Fort King George "skull" and two Franciscans who were killed during a Guale revolt in 1597 and whose remains were never recovered (Pedro de Corpa and Francisco de Veráscola). The history and historiography of the revolt is summarized to generate a forensic profile for the individuals. The calvaria is described in terms of preservation, taphonomy, possible trauma, age, and sex. Because these factors are consistent with the individuals in question, population affinity is assessed using comparative craniometric analysis. In response to recent criticism of the typological nature of forensic population affinity assessment, we use a population specific approach, as advocated by Alice Brues (1992). Archaeological and historical data inform the occupation history of the site, and data from those specific populations are used in the comparative analysis. Results of linear discriminant function analysis indicate a low probability that the calvaria is a Guale (the precontact inhabitants of southeastern Georgia) or an individual of African descent. Comparison among European and Euro-American populations indicated poor discriminatory resolution; however, the closest match suggests a New World affinity rather than an Old World English, Scottish, or Iberian affinity for the specimen. Future analyses that will provide greater resolution about the identity of the calvaria are outlined. The case highlights the unique challenges of historical forensics cases relative to those of traditional jurisprudence, as well as the potential for using historiography to overcome those challenges in future analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The Cultural Turn in Late Ancient Studies: Gender, Asceticism, and Historiography , Edited by Dale B. Martin and Patricia Cox MillerRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 1 2006David M. Reis No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Great War and Its HistoriographyTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 4 2006Dennis Showalter First page of article [source] History, Nation, and Civil War in Spanish HistoriographyTHE JOURNAL OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Issue 3 2004Stanley G. Payne [source] Comparative Historiography of the Social History of Revolutions: English, French, and RussianTHE JOURNAL OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Issue 3-4 2003Hugh Ragsdale [source] ART HISTORY: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON METHODART HISTORY, Issue 4 2009DANA ARNOLD Dana Arnold is Professor of Architectural History at the University of Southampton, UK. She was editor of Art History from 1997 to 2002 and edits the book series New Interventions in Art History; Companions to Art History; and Anthologies in Art History, all published by Wiley-Blackwell. Her recent monographs include: Rural Urbanism: London Landscapes in the Early Nineteenth Century (2006); Reading Architectural History (2002); Re-presenting the Metropolis: Architecture, Urban Experience and Social Life in London 1800,1840 (2000). Her edited and co-edited volumes include: Biographies and Space (2007); Rethinking Architectural Historiography (2006); Architecture as Experience (2004); Cultural Identities and the Aesthetics of Britishness (2004); Tracing Architecture: The Aesthetics of Antiquarianism (2003); Art and Thought (2003). She is the author of the bestselling Art History: A Very Short Introduction (2004) which has been translated into many languages, including Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Japanese and Spanish and has been reprinted several times. Her monograph on the Spaces of the Hospital is forthcoming from Routledge. Professor Arnold has held research fellowships at Yale University, the University of Cambridge and the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles and has held numerous visiting Professorships. She was a member of the Research Panel for the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and now sits on the Advisory Board of the joint Engineering and Physical Sciences/AHRC initiative Science and Heritage. [source] Diplomacy Interrupted?: Macmahon Ball, Evatt and Labor's Policies in Occupied Japan,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 2 2006Christine de Matos Historiography on the Australian political and diplomatic role in the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945,1952) gives disproportionate attention to the meetings between the Australian Minister for External Affairs, H.V. Evatt, and the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur, in Tokyo during 1947. These meetings are then linked to the subsequent resignation from the Allied Council for Japan (ACJ) of William Macmahon Ball, an Australian academic representing the British Commonwealth, and used to justify the claim that Australian policy towards Occupied Japan was unpredictable and ad hoc. This attention to Ball's resignation has distorted analysis of Australia's role in, and policies towards, Japan during the Occupation. This article argues that there is a need to develop a new historical discourse for the Australian role in the Occupation, one that moves beyond the intrigues of personalities and investigates diplomatic policy practice and its underlying ideals. This, in turn, may encourage other scholars to rethink the wider conduct and practice of foreign policy under the Labor governments of the 1940s. [source] Patterns and Prescriptions in Mexican HistoriographyBULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006Alan Knight This article offers a short resumé of recent Mexican historiography in the national (post-1810) period, noting three clusters of innovative research: post-independence politics; Porfirian economic history; and regional studies of the Mexican Revolution. It then addresses the recent call for historians of Mexico and Latin America to ,reclaim the political', analysing the implications of this kind of bold prescription which, it argues, is misguided in both historiographical and political terms. [source] THE "INS" AND "OUTS" OF HISTORY: REVISION AS NON-PLACEHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2007MARNIE HUGHES-WARRINGTON ABSTRACT Revision in history is conventionally characterized as a linear sequence of changes over time. Drawing together the contributions of those engaged in historiographical debates that are often associated with the term "revision," however, we find our attention directed to the spaces rather than the sequences of history. Contributions to historical debates are characterized by the marked use of spatial imagery and spatialized language. These used to suggest both the demarcation of the "space of history" and the erasure of existing historiographies from that space. Bearing these features in mind, the essay argues that traditional, temporally oriented explanations for revision in history, such as Thomas S. Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, miss the mark, and that a more promising line of explanation arises from the combined use of Michel Foucault's idea of "heterotopias" and Marc Augé's idea of "non-places." Revision in history is to be found where writers use imagery to move readers away from rival historiographies and to control their movement in the space of history toward their desired vision. Revision is thus associated more with control than with liberation. [source] Observations on the Nature and Culture of Environmental HistoryHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2003J. R. McNeill This article aims to consider the robust field of environmental history as a whole, as it stands and as it has developed over the past twenty-five years around the world. It necessarily adopts a selective approach but still offers more breadth than depth. It treats the links between environmental history and other fields within history, and with other related disciplines such as geography. It considers the precursors of environmental history, its emergence since the 1970s, its condition in several settings and historiographies. Finally it touches on environmental history's relationship to social theory and to the natural sciences as they have evolved in recent decades. It concludes that while there remains plenty of interesting work yet to do, environmental history has successfully established itself as a legitimate field within the historical profession, and has a bright future, if perhaps for discouraging reasons. [source] On Currents and Comparisons: Gender and the Atlantic ,Turn' in Spanish AmericaHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2010Bianca Premo This article is part of a History Compass cluster on ,Rethinking Gender, Family and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World'. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ,On Currents and Comparisons: Gender and the Atlantic ,Turn' in Spanish America', Bianca Premo, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 223,237, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00658.x ,Women and Families in Early (North) America and the Wider (Atlantic) World', Karin Wulf, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 238,247, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00659.x ,Family Matters: The Early Modern Atlantic from the European Side', Julie Hardwick, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 248,257, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00660.x The following essay originated as one of these three contributions to a roundtable discussion held at the 14th Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, June 2008. The roundtable, ,Rethinking Gender, Family, and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World', was meant to be as much invitation as inventory and was astonishingly well attended at 08:00 in the morning, with standing room only for a thoughtful, lively audience whose comments, questions, and suggestions are reflected here (although in no way fully represented). As historians of gender and family in the North Atlantic, European, and Iberian worlds, we had hoped to encourage more central and systematic attention to gender within the Atlantic World paradigm by cataloging some recent works in their fields and pointing the way for future studies. Yet, a funny thing happened on the way to the conference. Independently, each of us began to engage with the challenges of simply inserting family and gender into ,the Atlantic' as both as conceptual place and a historical practice. The essays that emerged, therefore, departed from conventional historiographies that survey the state of the field. Rather, these are theoretical and methodological reflections on the implications of de-centering national and colonial narratives about the history of gender. At a time when transnational historical scholarship on early modern women promises to explode, these essays aim to inspire debate about the conceptual utility of the Atlantic as a paradigm for understanding issues of gender, family, and sexuality, as well as its ramifications for feminist scholarship everywhere. [source] Women and Families in Early (North) America and the Wider (Atlantic) WorldHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2010Karin Wulf This article is part of a History Compass cluster on ,Rethinking Gender, Family and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World'. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ,On Currents and Comparisons: Gender and the Atlantic ,Turn' in Spanish America', Bianca Premo, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 223,237, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00658.x ,Women and Families in Early (North) America and the Wider (Atlantic) World', Karin Wulf, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 238,247, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00659.x ,Family Matters: The Early Modern Atlantic from the European Side', Julie Hardwick, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 248,257, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00660.x The following essay originated as one of these three contributions to a roundtable discussion held at the 14th Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, June 2008. The roundtable, ,Rethinking Gender, Family, and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World', was meant to be as much invitation as inventory and was astonishingly well attended at 08:00 in the morning, with standing room only for a thoughtful, lively audience whose comments, questions and suggestions are reflected here (although in no way fully represented). As historians of gender and family in the North Atlantic, European and Iberian worlds, we had hoped to encourage more central and systematic attention to gender within the Atlantic World paradigm by cataloging some recent works in their fields and pointing the way for future studies. Yet, a funny thing happened on the way to the conference. Independently, each of us began to engage with the challenges of simply inserting family and gender into ,the Atlantic' as both as conceptual place and a historical practice. The essays that emerged, therefore, departed from conventional historiographies that survey the state of the field. Rather, these are theoretical and methodological reflections on the implications of de-centering national and colonial narratives about the history of gender. At a time when transnational historical scholarship on early modern women promises to explode, these essays aim to inspire debate about the conceptual utility of the Atlantic as a paradigm for understanding issues of gender, family, and sexuality, as well as its ramifications for feminist scholarship everywhere. [source] A Buddhist Colonization?: A New Perspective on the Attempted Alliance of 1910 Between the Japanese S,t,sh, and the Korean W,njongRELIGION COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2010Hwansoo Kim One of the most infamous events in modern Japanese and Korean Buddhist history was the alliance attempted between the Japanese S,t,sh, (S,t, Sect) and the Korean Wo,njong (Complete Sect) in late 1910, 46 days after Japan annexed Korea. The Japanese Buddhist priests involved have been characterized as colonialists and imperialists trying to conquer Korean Buddhism on behalf of their imperial government while the Korean monks orchestrating the initiative have been cast as traitors, collaborators, and sellers of Korean Buddhism. All the key figures,Takeda (1863,1911), Yi Hoegwang (1862,1933), clergy from the Wo,njong and S,t,sh,, and colonial government officials,are portrayed in historiographies as villains. But the politicized narrative of the alliance has neglected two crucial points among others. First, behind Yi and Takeda was a bilingual Korean monk named Kim Yo,nggi (1878,?) who played a key role in this movement. Second, the S,t,sh, was not enthusiastic about the alliance, which reveals that Takeda's vision for the alliance was at odds with that of the heads of his sect. This article draws upon these two findings in overlooked primary sources,about the influential players, the Japanese and Korean sects' conflicted motives, and the governments' responses,to draw out the complex power relationships and discourses surrounding the attempted alliance. [source] Vom Samentier zur Samenzelle: Die Neudeutung der Zeugung im 19.BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 3 2009Jahrhundert Zeugungstheorien; Vererbung; Samentiere; Samenzellen; Physiologie des 19. Jahrhunderts; Reproduktionstechnologien; Körper- und Geschlechtergeschichte; Mikro- und Makrogeschichte Abstract From Spermatic Animalcules to Sperm Cells: The Reconceptualization of Generation in the 19th Century. At the end of the 18th and still at the beginning of the 19th century most naturalists considered spermatic animalcules to be parasites of the seminal fluid that played no role in procreation. This view was progressively questioned by 19th century physiologists. They gradually redefined the spermatic animals as (cellular) products of the male organism, as agents of fertilization and bearers of the male heredity material. This article discusses this change from two different perspectives: on a microhistorical level, it analyzes the experimental research of the naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729,1799) and of the physiologist Albert Kölliker (1817,1905) in order to show how spermatozoa were turned into a new epistemic object of biology , the sperm cell. Further, it asks how the role of the reconceptualization of spermatic animalcules affected the long-term transformations that gave rise of our modern understanding of heredity, generation and the sexed body. By combining these two perspectives, the article aims to connect historiographies that are often kept separate: the macrohistorical narratives about gender and the body in the modern age and the microhistorical studies of biomedical practices and objects. [source] Defending Byzantine Spain: frontiers and diplomacyEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 3 2010Jamie Wood The centrality of the Reconquista in the historiography of medieval Spain has meant that there has been little examination of the evidence for interaction on and across political boundaries in pre-Islamic Spain. This article re-examines existing theories about the defence of the Byzantine province of Spania that had been established by Justinian in the 550s and was taken by the Visigoths in 625. The two existing and opposing models for the extent, defence, and , therefore , the importance of the province to the empire do not explain the evidence convincingly. Rather, a fluid zone of interaction was established in which diplomacy and ,propaganda' was the primary means by which opposition was articulated. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||