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Historical Perspective (historical + perspective)
Selected AbstractsTRANSFORMATIONS OF CHINA'S POST-1949 POLITICAL ECONOMY IN AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2008R. Bin Wong This article lays out three different historical perspectives on China's post-1978 economic reform era. It argues that historical perspectives allow us to apprehend features of the Chinese economy as they are formed in particular moments and contexts at the same time as we can appreciate the ways in which the possibilities conceived and achieved both affirm certain past practices and reject others. Without such vantage points it is more difficult to explain the manner in which China's economy has changed in the past 30 years. [source] A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN AUSTRALIA: 1883,84 TO 2003,04AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 2 2009Article first published online: 22 JUN 200, Darrel Phillip Doessel Australia; deinstitutionalisation; mental health expenditure; mental health policy; public psychiatric hospitals This paper describes changes in the number of residents and admissions to public psychiatric hospitals in Australia, and in the state of Queensland in particular, from 1883 to 2003. It identifies when the deinstitutionalisation of dedicated psychiatric institutions began in Queensland and finds that the policy described as ,opening the back door' (discharging residents) began around 1952,53, while the policy of ,closing the front door' (reducing admissions) began in 1962,63. Deinstitutionalisation in Queensland thus began earlier than most contemporary writers suggest. [source] A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON INDIGENOUS SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES IN AUSTRALIA, 1971,2001AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2005Jon C. Altman aborigines; Australia; population census; social change; economic change Current debate in Indigenous affairs in Australia often involves the assertion that the last 30 years has been a period of policy failure. This article examines trends across a number of socioeconomic outcomes for Indigenous Australians from the 1967 referendum to the present, using census data. Overall, there has been steady, although not spectacular improvement in outcomes over time. These improvements are especially marked for education, which was coming from an exceptionally low base. This finding is somewhat at odds with the common perception of the ,failure' of Indigenous policy. [source] CLARIFYING APPEALS TO DIGNITY IN MEDICAL ETHICS FROM AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEBIOETHICS, Issue 3 2009RIEKE VAN DER GRAAF ABSTRACT Over the past few decades the concept of (human) dignity has deeply pervaded medical ethics. Appeals to dignity, however, are often unclear. As a result some prefer to eliminate the concept from medical ethics, whereas others try to render it useful in this context. We think that appeals to dignity in medical ethics can be clarified by considering the concept from an historical perspective. Firstly, on the basis of historical texts we propose a framework for defining the concept in medical debates. The framework shows that dignity can occur in a relational, an unconditional, a subjective and a Kantian form. Interestingly, all forms relate to one concept since they have four features in common: dignity refers, in a restricted sense, to the ,special status of human beings'; it is based on essential human characteristics; the subject of dignity should live up to it; and it is a vulnerable concept, it can be lost or violated. We argue that being explicit about the meaning of dignity will prevent dignity from becoming a conversation-stopper in moral debate. Secondly, an historical perspective on dignity shows that it is not yet time to dispose of dignity in medical ethics. At least Kantian and relational dignity can be made useful in medical ethics. [source] XI. THE ROLE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOLARS IN RESEARCH ON AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILDREN: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND PERSONAL REFLECTIONSMONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2006Vonnie C. McLloyd First page of article [source] The Influence of Critical Care Medicine on the Development of the Specialty of Emergency Medicine: A Historical PerspectiveACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 9 2005David Somand MD Abstract Through their largely concurrent development, the specialties of emergency medicine and critical care medicine have exerted a great deal of influence on each other. In this article, the authors trace the commonalities that emergency medicine and critical care medicine have shared and report on the historical relationship between the two specialties. As issues between emergency medicine and critical care medicine continue to emerge, the authors hope to inform the current discussion by bringing to light the controversies and questions that have been debated in the past. [source] From the Corn Laws to Free Trade: Interests, Ideas, and Institutions in Historical Perspective.ECONOMICA, Issue 303 2009By CHERYL SCHONHARDT-BAILEY First page of article [source] Ground Water and Small Research Basins: An Historical PerspectiveGROUND WATER, Issue 7 2003Elon S. Verry No abstract is available for this article. [source] Policy Drivers in UK Higher Education in Historical Perspective: ,Inside Out', ,Outside In' and the Contribution of ResearchHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2006Michael Shattock Where have been the main policy drivers for the development of British higher education over the last 50 years? This article argues that while higher education policy was once driven from the inside outwards, from the late 1970s it has been driven exclusively from the outside inwards. Policy decisions under either regime were rarely driven by research findings especially from within the higher education community. The current imbalance between ,inside-out' and ,outside-in' policy formation is paradoxically most apparent when the higher education system has a more widely diversified funding base than at any time since the 1930s. The key policy challenge is now not what new policies are needed but what new framework should be developed for policy making. [source] Feminist Philosophy in German: A Historical PerspectiveHYPATIA, Issue 2 2005HERTA NAGL-DOCEKAL First page of article [source] Auditor Independence in Canada: A Historical Perspective , From Shareholder Auditors to Modern-Day Audit Committees,ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVES, Issue 1 2006DUNCAN L. GREEN ABSTRACT This paper uses the theoretical framework of Goldman and Barlev (1974) to examine auditor independence in Canada. It traces the historical development of the auditor's role in the 19th century and the beginning of the auditor's relationship with shareholders and management. It shows how, following the separation of management from shareholding, management's ability to influence auditors undermined auditor independence. The paper traces attempts by legislators and regulatory bodies to limit management's influence over auditors and to correct the asymmetry of their relationship. It notes that recent changes to legislation and rules of professional conduct are no longer proactive, but are reactions to corporate scandals in Canada and the United States. The paper argues that although future changes will occur to redress the imbalance, only structural changes are likely to provide a real solution to auditor independence problems. However, it is likely that such changes will be resisted by the accounting profession. [source] A Matter of Time: Examining Collective Memory in Historical Perspective in Postwar BerlinJOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1-2 2005JENNIFER A. JORDAN Clearly the content of memorial culture changes over time. So, however, do the political and bureaucratic channels through which memorial landscapes themselves are created, and thus the avenues through which states (in this case the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic) construct landscapes of official collective memory. Such an analysis reveals not only the changes and continuities in the form and content of official representations, but also the changing relationship between a state, its people, and the collection of officially approved objects in the urban landscape designed to convey representations of a city's and a country's past. Looking closely at these intersections also makes clear that the landscape of official memorials must not be identical with collective memory understood more broadly. [source] From Herbal Roots to Synthetic Medicines: A Historical PerspectiveALCOHOLISM, Issue 1 2010Ting-Kai Li No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Chicago School of Electrocardiography and Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block: An Historical PerspectivePACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001S. SERGE BAROLD First page of article [source] Reconsidering the Northwest European Family System: Living Arrangements of the Aged in Comparative Historical PerspectivePOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 2 2009Steven RugglesArticle first published online: 12 JUN 200 During the past four decades, historians and demographers have argued that historical Northwest Europe and North America had a unique weak-family system characterized by neolocal marriage and nuclear family structure. This analysis uses newly available micro-data from 84 historical and contemporary censuses of 34 countries to evaluate whether the residential behavior of the aged in historical Northwest Europe and North America was truly distinctive. The results show that with simple controls for agricultural employment and demographic structure, comparable measures of the living arrangements of the aged show little systematic difference between nineteenth-century Northwest Europe and North America and twentieth-century developing countries. These findings cast doubt on the hypothesis that Northwest Europeans and North Americans had an exceptional historical pattern of preference for nuclear families. [source] National and Global Agendas on Violence Against Women: Historical Perspective and ConsensusAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 4 2008Mary P. Koss PhD A policy analysis of 11 national and global institutions' violence against women agendas spanning 1990 to 2006 is presented. Analysis revealed 85 distinct recommendations. The highest percentages of them referenced prevention (29%); data, design, and measurement (21%); and psychotherapy and support (19%). Consensus (percentage of recommendations for future activities included in four or more agendas) was highest for advocacy (75%), funding (50%), prevention (48%), and data, design, and measurement (44%). Changes in emphasis over time, aims that have been abandoned, and observations contrasting U.S. and global agendas are also examined. The results create a context to inform the agendas currently in development within psychology, criminal justice, medicine, nursing, public health, and other disciplines. Next steps to guide future policy work include investigation of advocates', practitioners', researchers', and policymakers' perceived progress in implementing existing recommendations, empirical cataloguing of achievements that demonstrate progress toward aims, constituent input on reprioritization of activities, and contemporizing action steps. [source] A Historical Perspective and Future Outlook on Landscape Scale Restoration in the Northwest Wisconsin Pine BarrensRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2000Volker C. Radeloff Abstract The concurrent discussions of landscape scale restoration among restoration ecologists, and of historic disturbance pattern as a guideline for forest management among forest scientists, offer a unique opportunity for collaboration between these traditionally separated fields. The objective of this study was to review the environmental history, early restoration projects, and current plans to restore landscape patterns at broader scales in the 450,000 ha northwest Wisconsin Pine Barrens. The Pine Barrens offer an example of a landscape shaped by fire in the past. In northwestern Wisconsin historically the barrens were a mosaic of open prairie, savanna, and pine forests on very poor, sandy soils. The surrounding region of better soils was otherwise heavily forested. Six restoration sites have been managed since the middle of this century using prescribed burns to maintain the open, barrens habitat. However, these sites are not extensive enough to mimic the shifting mosaic of large open patches previously created by fire. Extensive clear-cuts may be used as a substitute for these large fire patches so that presettlement landscape patterns are more closely approximated in the current landscape. We suggest that such silvicultural treatments can be suitable to restore certain aspects of presettlement landscapes, such as landscape pattern and open habitat for species such as grassland birds. We are aware that the effects of fire and clear-cuts differ in many aspects and additional management tools, such as prescribed burning after harvesting, may assist in further approximating the effect of natural disturbance. However, the restoration of landscape pattern using clear-cuts may provide an important context for smaller isolated restoration sites even without the subsequent application of fire, in this formerly more open landscape. [source] Globalization and Religious Resurgence: An Historical PerspectiveTHE MUSLIM WORLD, Issue 3 2007Majid Tehranian First page of article [source] Something Old, Something New: A Historical Perspective on the Butler ReviewTHE POLITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2004SIMON CASE Simon Case and Catherine Haddon demonstrate the value of contemporary history by looking at the recent Butler Report into intelligence on weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in its historical context. Intelligence failures form the most visible activity of the intelligence services, yet from the policy-maker's perspective it is important that the intelligence process remains undisturbed so that the intelligence product remains useful. The intelligence effort on Iraqi WMD, as with previous changes in intelligence targets, shows the difficulties in establishing good intelligence on a new threat. Increases in demand and the centrality of intelligence put more pressure on the intelligence services. Butler has set a precedent for public awareness and therefore a desire for accountability that must be internalised by government and the intelligence services. The problems experienced over Iraq show the need for continual reappraisal by both producers and users of intelligence products, particularly in light of defence policy changes and the wider machinery of government. [source] The ECG: Predicting Cardiac Events After Myocardial Infarction with A Brief Historical PerspectiveANNALS OF NONINVASIVE ELECTROCARDIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002J. Moss M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Development of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Historical PerspectiveBRAIN PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Bernd W. Scheithauer MD Abstract The classification of brain tumors has undergone numerous changes over the past half century. The World Health Organization has played a key role in the effort. Four versions of its Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System have been published. The present work chronicles their progress, placing emphasis on the historical context of the earliest effort. [source] "That was Then, but This is Now": Historical Perspectives on Intercountry Adoption and Domestic Child Adoption in Australian Public PolicyJOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010DENISE CUTHBERT This paper brings historical perspectives to bear on the ambivalent and contradictory position of adoption in Australian public policy. It examines the divergent histories of Australian domestic and intercountry adoption (ICA) since the mid-1970s and the impact of these histories on adoption policy in Australia. It identifies tendencies in contemporary ICA to repeat elements of pre-reform era domestic adoption. In particular, it is argued that the resistance of ICA to the move to openness in local adoption has been an unacknowledged driver of ICA for many Australian families. We offer corrective readings of the rise of ICA in relation to domestic adoption and conclude by offering alternatives for adoption policy which better align the two kinds of adoption, focusing on the needs of children, as distinct from the desires of adults. [source] Historical Perspectives on Family StudiesJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 2 2000Stephanie Coontz This article explores the relationship of historical research to contemporary family studies. Family history was influenced greatly by fields such as sociology and anthropology, leading it to make several contributions to those fields in turn. The continuing collaboration of these disciplines can significantly enrich current family research, practice, and policy making. History's specific contribution lies in its attention to context. Although historical research confirms sociologic and ethnographic findings on the diversity of family forms, for example, it also reveals that all families are not created equal. The advantage of any particular type of family at any particular time is constructed out of contingent and historically variable social relationships. Historical research allows researchers to deepen their analysis of family diversity and family change by challenging widespread assumptions about what is and what is not truly new in family life. Such research complicates generalizations about the impact of family change and raises several methodological cautions about what can be compared and controlled for in analyzing family variations and outcomes. [source] From Mesopotamia to Iraq: Historical Perspectives on the Middle EastTHE JOURNAL OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2007Paul A. Rahe [source] Historical perspective: Neurological advances from studies of war injuries and illnesses,ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2009Douglas J. Lanska MD Early in the 20th century during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I (WWI), some of the most important, lasting contributions to clinical neurology were descriptive clinical studies, especially those concerning war-related peripheral nerve disorders (eg, Hoffmann-Tinel sign, Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome [GBS]) and occipital bullet wounds (eg, the retinal projection on the cortex by Inouye and later by Holmes and Lister, and the functional partitioning of visual processes in the occipital cortex by Riddoch), but there were also other important descriptive studies concerning war-related aphasia, cerebellar injuries, and spinal cord injuries (eg, cerebellar injuries by Holmes, and autonomic dysreflexia by Head and Riddoch). Later progress, during and shortly after World War II (WWII), included major progress in understanding the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injuries by Denny-Brown, Russell, and Holbourn, pioneering accident injury studies by Cairns and Holbourn, promulgation of helmets to prevent motorcycle injuries by Cairns, development of comprehensive multidisciplinary neurorehabilitation by Rusk, and development of spinal cord injury care by Munro, Guttman, and Bors. These studies and developments were possible only because of the large number of cases that allowed individual physicians the opportunity to collect, collate, and synthesize observations of numerous cases in a short span of time. Such studies also required dedicated, disciplined, and knowledgeable investigators who made the most out of their opportunities to systematically assess large numbers of seriously ill and injured soldiers under stressful and often overtly dangerous situations. Ann Neurol 2009;66:444,459 [source] Perception and illusion: Historical perspectivesJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2005Ian P. Howard No abstract is available for this article. [source] School psychology's significant discrepancy: Historical perspectives on personnel shortagesPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 4 2004Thomas K. Fagan Accurately describing personnel shortages is difficult in the absence of reliable sources and with problems defining terms. Despite periods when employment opportunities were limited, it appears there has never been a time when the supply of school psychologists was sufficient to meet the demand. Recent personnel shortages follow a period of several decades in which the overall growth of the field surged upward. Among the factors to explain recent shortages is an inverse relationship between professional regulation and the supply of future school psychologists in training. The shortage is predicted to continue indefinitely. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 419,430, 2004. [source] SOMATOTYPING, ANTIMODERNISM, AND THE PRODUCTION OF CRIMINOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2007NICOLE RAFTER This study analyzes the work of William H. Sheldon, the psychologist, physician, and advocate of the study of body types. It investigates how he arrived at his much-repeated finding that a correlation exists between mesomorphy (a stocky, muscular body build) and delinquency and how his ideas were validated and perpetuated. It reviews what Sheldon actually said about the causes of crime; identifies his goals in searching for a relationship between body shape and criminality; explains how he found audiences for his biological theory at a time when sociological approaches dominated criminology; and attempts to understand the current criminological ambivalence about the scientific status of Sheldon's work, despite its discreditation decades ago. I argue that the tripartite structure of Sheldon's thought attracted three different audiences,methodologists, social scientists, and supporters,and that it encouraged the supporters to fund his research without reference to the critiques of the social scientists. I also argue that somatotyping was part of a broader antimodernist reaction within international scientific communities against the dislocations of twentieth-century life. To understand the origins, acceptance, and maintenance of criminological ideas, we need a historical perspective on figures of the past. Positivism may inform us about what is true and false, but we also need to know how truth and falsity have been constructed over time and how the ideas of earlier criminologists were shaped by their personal and social contexts. [source] The cognitive phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome: A review of the literature including genetic and hormonal factorsDEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 4 2009Richard Boada Abstract Klinefelter syndrome (KS) or 47,XXY occurs in ,1 in 650 males. Individuals with KS often present with physical characteristics including tall stature, hypogonadism, and fertility problems. In addition to medical findings, the presence of the extra X chromosome can lead to characteristic cognitive and language deficits of varying severity. While a small, but significant downward shift in mean overall IQ has been reported, the general cognitive abilities of patients with KS are not typically in the intellectual disability range. Most studies support that males with KS have an increased risk of language disorders and reading disabilities. Results of other studies investigating the relationship between verbal and nonverbal/spatial cognitive abilities have been mixed, with differing results based on the age and ascertainment method of the cohort studied. Executive function deficits have been identified in children and adults with KS, however, the research in this area is limited and further investigation of the neuropsychological profile is needed. In this article, we review the strengths and weaknesses of previous cognitive and neuropsychological studies in males with KS in childhood and adulthood, provide historical perspective of these studies, and review what is known about how hormonal and genetic factors influence cognitive features in 47,XXY/KS. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:284,294. [source] Advances in pancreatic islet transplantation in humansDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 1 2006Sulaiman A. Nanji With recent advances in methods of islet isolation and the introduction of more potent and less diabetogenic immunosuppressive therapies, islet transplantation has progressed from research to clinical reality. Presently, several international centres have demonstrated successful clinical outcomes with high rates of insulin independence after islet transplantation. Ongoing refinements in donor pancreas procurement and processing, developments in islet isolation and purification technology, and advances in novel immunological conditioning and induction therapies have led to the acceptance of islet transplantation as a safe and effective therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes. This review provides a historical perspective of islet transplantation, outlines the recent advances and current clinical outcomes, and addresses the present challenges and future directions in clinical islet transplantation. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||