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Historical Emergence (historical + emergence)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences75%

Selected Abstracts

PARADIGMS BEHIND (AND BEFORE) THE MODERN CONCEPT OF RELIGION

HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2006
CATHERINE BELL
ABSTRACT This essay identifies five paradigms that are basic to understanding the historical emergence and uses of the generic idea of "religion" in the Christian cultures of Europe and America. The spread of this concept has been sufficiently thorough in recent centuries as to make religion appear to be a "social fact," to use Durkheim's phrase, rather than so many cultural expressions and different social practices. The supremacy of Euro-American culture,and an academy still saturated with Christian ideas,has enjoined other cultures and forms of religiosity to conform to this idea of religion; for these cultures contentment with the status quo can vie with the anxieties of influence, including "modernization." The key paradigms discussed are the following: Christianity as the prototype; religion as the opposite of reason; the modern formulation of "world religions"; the cultural necessity of religion; and critical analysis of the Western "construction" of religion. These paradigms demonstrate the limits on theoretical variety in the field, the difficulty in making real changes in set ways of thinking, and productive foci for interdisciplinary methods of study. [source]

Freud's Oedipus and Kristeva's Narcissus: Three Heterogeneities

HYPATIA, Issue 1 2005
SARA BEARDSWORTH
The paper shows that three heterogeneities in Freud and Kristeva (unconscious/conscious, semiotic/symbolic, and imaginary/symbolic) expose the historical emergence, significance, and demise of psychic structures that present obstacles to our progressive political thinking. The oedipal and narcissistic structures of subjectivity represent the persistence of two past, bad forms of authority: paternal law and maternal authority. Contemporary psychoanalysis reveals a humankind going through the loss of this past in a process that opens up a different future of sexual difference in Western cultures. [source]

Being there: the acceptance and marginalization of part-time professional employees

JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Issue 8 2003
Thomas B. Lawrence
Part-time professional employees represent an increasingly important social category that challenges traditional assumptions about the relationships between space, time, and professional work. In this article, we examine both the historical emergence of part-time professional work and the dynamics of its integration into contemporary organizations. Professional employment has historically been associated with being continuously available to one's organization, and contemporary professional jobs often bear the burden of that legacy as they are typically structured in ways that assume full-time (and greater) commitments of time to the organization. Because part-time status directly confronts that tradition, professionals wishing to work part-time may face potentially resistant work cultures. The heterogeneity of contemporary work cultures and tasks, however, presents a wide variety of levels and forms of resistance to part-time professionals. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model that identifies characteristics of local work contexts that lead to the acceptance or marginalization of part-time professionals. Specifically, we focus on the relationship between a work culture's dominant interaction rituals and their effects on co-workers' and managers' reactions to part-time professionals. We then go on to examine the likely responses of part-time professionals to marginalization, based on their access to organizational resources and their motivation to engage in strategies that challenge the status quo. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Through a Public Darkly: Reconstructing Pragmatist Perspectives in Communication Theory

COMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 4 2008
Chris Russill
This article aims to retrieve the problem-responsive dimension of pragmatist theories in their relevance for the reconceptualization of public participation in communication theory. This dimension is central to pragmatist perspectives on the formation and functioning of publics and I propose that we reconstruct pragmatism as a tradition of communication theory in light of this fact. First, I reexamine the historical emergence of pragmatism in communication theory and I suggest James Carey was unable to challenge positivism or objectivism from within a pragmatist tradition. Second, I retrieve John Dewey's account of inquiry in a manner anticipating its implications for his theory of publics. Third, I resituate the Dewey,Lippmann debate within the context of a pragmatist tradition to demonstrate how deeply their differences turn on problem formulation. In conclusion, I connect the pragmatist tradition to contemporary work on problematization to address the limitations of each perspective. Résumé Dans un public, obscurément : Reconstruire les perspectives pragmatiques des théories de la communication Cet article vise à extraire des théories pragmatistes la dimension adaptée aux problèmes dans leur pertinence pour la reconceptualisation de la participation publique dans les théories de la communication. Cette dimension est centrale aux perspectives pragmatistes dans la formation et le fonctionnement des publics. Je propose que nous reconstruisions le pragmatisme comme tradition des théories communicationnelles en vue de ce fait. D'abord, je réexamine l'émergence historique du pragmatisme dans les théories de la communication et je soumets que James Carey était incapable de contester le positivisme ou l'objectivisme à partir d'une tradition pragmatiste. Ensuite, je récupère l'explication que fait John Dewey de l'interrogation d'une manière qui anticipe ses implications pour sa théorie des publics. Puis, je replace le débat Dewey-Lippman dans le contexte d'une tradition pragmatiste afin de démontrer combien profondes sont leurs différences à propos de la formulation des problèmes. En conclusion, je relie la tradition pragmatiste aux travaux contemporains sur la problématisation afin d'aborder les limites de chaque perspective. Abstract Durch ein öffentliches Dunkel: Die Rekonstruktion von pragmatischen Ansichten in der Kommunikationstheorie Dieser Artikel untersucht die problem-responsive Dimension pragmatischer Theorien hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz für die Rekonzeptualisierung von öffentlicher Teilhabe in der Kommunikationstheorie. Diese Dimension ist zentral innerhalb pragmatischer Ansichten der Formation und des Funktionierens von Öffentlichkeiten. Im Lichte dieser Tatsache schlage ich deshalb vor, den Pragmatismus als eine Tradition der Kommunikationstheorie zu betrachten. Erstens untersuche ich die historische Entstehung von Pragmatismus in der Kommunikationstheorie und schlage vor, dass James Carey außerstande war, den Positivismus oder Objektivismus aus einer pragmatischen Tradition heraus herauszufordern. Zweitens betrachte ich John Dewey's Herangehensweise auf eine Art, die seine Implikationen für seine Theorie der Öffentlichkeiten antizipiert. Drittens, verorte ich die Dewey-Lippman Debatte neu im Kontext einer pragmatischen Tradition, um zu zeigen wie tief greifend sich ihre Unterschiede auf die Problemformulierung auswirken. Zusammenfassend, verbinde ich die pragmatische Tradition mit aktuellen Arbeiten zur Problematisierung, um die Beschränkungen jeder Perspektive aufzuzeigen. Resumen A Través de un Público Misterioso: Reconstruyendo Perspectivas Pragmáticas de la Teoría de la Comunicación Este artículo tiene por objetivo recuperar la dimensión problema-respuesta de las teorías pragmáticas en su relevancia para la reconceptualización de la participación pública en la teoría de la comunicación. Esta dimensión es central en las perspectivas pragmáticas sobre la formación y el funcionamiento de los públicos, y propongo que reconstruyamos el pragmatismo como una tradición de la teoría de la comunicación en respuesta a ese hecho. Primero, re-examino la emergencia histórica del pragmatismo en la teoría de la comunicación y sugiero que James Carey fue incapaz de desafiar el positivismo u objetivismo dentro de la tradición pragmática. Segundo, recupero la explicación de investigación de John Dewey anticipando sus implicancias en su teoría de los públicos. Tercero, restituyo el debate de Dewey,Lippmann dentro del contexto de la tradición pragmática para demonstrar cómo sus profundas diferencias se convierten en problemas de formulación. En conclusión, conecto la tradición pragmática con el trabajo contemporáneo sobre la problematización para tratar las limitaciones de cada perspectiva. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source]