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High Surfactant Concentrations (high + surfactant_concentration)
Selected AbstractsAmmonium oxotrifluorotitanate: morphology control and conversion to anatase TiO2PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 10 2008Lei Zhou Abstract Uniform ammonium oxotrifluorotitanate (NH4TiOF3) mesocrystals were synthesized from an aqueous solution containing (NH4)2TiF6 and H3BO3 in presence of nonionic surfactant. Effects of various reaction conditions on the morphology of the NH4TiOF3 mesocrystals were examined by electron microscopy techniques. Results indicate that static solution, high surfactant concentration and low reaction temperature enhance the formation of uniform NH4TiOF3 mesocrystals with regular shapes. By sintering in atmosphere, the NH4TiOF3 mesocrystals were converted to anatase TiO2, which retain the original shapes of the NH4TiOF3 precursor due to similarities on their atom structures. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Producing Supramolecular Functional Materials Based on Fiber Network ReconstructionADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 14 2009Shaokun Tang Abstract Here, the creation of new supramolecular functional materials based on the reconstruction of three-dimensional interconnecting self-organized nanofiber networks by a surfactant is reported. The system under investigation is N -lauroyl- L -glutamic acid di- n -butylamide in propylene glycol. The architecture of networks is implemented in terms of surfactants, e.g. sorbitan monolaurate. The elastic performance of the soft functional material is either weakened or strengthened (up to 300% for the current system) by reconstructing the topology of a fiber network. A topology transition of gel fiber network from spherulite-like to comb-like to spherulite-like is performed with the introduction of this surfactant. The Span 20 molecules are selectively adsorbed on the side surfaces of the crystalline fibers and promote the nucleation of side branches, giving rise to the transformation of the network architecture from spherulite-like topology to comb-like topology. At high surfactant concentrations, the occurrence of micelles may provide an increasing number of nucleation centers for spherulitic growth, leading to the reformation of spherulite-like topology. An analysis on fiber network topology supports and verifies a perfect agreement between the topological behavior and the rheological behavior of the functional materials. The approach identified in this study opens up a completely new avenue in designing and producing self-supporting supramolecular functional materials with designated macroscopic properties. [source] Synthesis of oily core-hybrid shell nanocapsules through interfacial free radical copolymerization in miniemulsion: Droplet formation and nucleationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 3 2010Z. H. Cao Abstract Nanocapsules with an oily core and an organic/inorganic hybrid shell were elaborated by miniemulsion (co)polymerization of styrene, divinylbenzene, ,-methacryloyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane, and N -isopropyl acrylamide. The hybrid copolymer shell membrane was formed by polymerization-induced phase separation at the interface of the oily nanodroplets with water. It was shown that the size, size distribution, and colloidal stability of the miniemulsion droplets were extremely dependent on the nature of the oil phase, the monomer content and the surfactant concentration. The less water-soluble the hydrocarbon template and the higher the monomer content, the better the droplet stability. The successful formation of nanocapsules with the targeted core-shell morphology (i.e., a liquid core surrounded by a solid shell) was evidenced by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Both nanocapsules and nanoparticles were produced by polymerization of the miniemulsion droplets. The proportion of nanoparticles increased with increasing monomer concentration in the oil phase. These undesirable nanoparticles were presumably formed by homogeneous nucleation as we showed that micellar nucleation could be neglected under our experimental conditions even for high surfactant concentrations. The introduction of ,-methacryloyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane was considered to be the main reason for homogeneous nucleation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 593,603, 2010 [source] Transition from microemulsion to emulsion polymerization: Mechanism and final propertiesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 20 2004Kevin D. Hermanson Abstract Microemulsion and emulsion polymerization can have some similarities in starting conditions and polymerization mechanisms, but the resulting latices are unalike in particle size and molecular weight. Here we show that polymerizations can be formulated that display the characteristics often separately associated with microemulsion or emulsion polymerization. Kinetic modeling and particle size measurements show that emulsion polymerizations with initial concentrations close to the microemulsion,emulsion phase boundary demonstrate relatively fast consumption of monomer droplets and produce smaller particles. Because of their high surfactant concentrations, none of the emulsion polymerizations examined demonstrate the classical Smith,Ewart kinetics usually associated with emulsion polymerization. Instead these emulsion polymerizations have a long period of particle nucleation that subsides only after the disappearance of monomer droplets. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5253,5261, 2004 [source] | ||||||||||