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High Speed (high + speed)
Selected AbstractsTitelbild: Ultradur® High Speed.CHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 6 2009Quelle: BASF SE. (Chem. Ing. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction in asthma with high resolution dynamic volume computerized tomography of the larynxRESPIROLOGY, Issue 8 2009Peter W. HOLMES ABSTRACT Background and objective: Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) often masquerades as asthma and reports have suggested that up to 30% of patients with asthma may have coexistent VCD. Diagnosis of VCD is difficult, in part because it involves laryngoscopy which has practical constraints, and there is need for rapid non-invasive diagnosis. High speed 320-slice volume CT demonstrates laryngeal function during inspiration and expiration and may be useful in suspected VCD. Methods: Endoscopy and high resolution 320-slice dynamic volume CT were used to examine and compare laryngeal anatomy and movement in a case of subglottic stenosis and in a patient with confirmed VCD. Nine asthmatics with ongoing symptoms and suspected VCD also underwent 320-slice dynamic volume CT. Tracheal and laryngeal anatomy and movement were evaluated and luminal areas were measured. Reductions in vocal cord luminal area >40%, lasting for >70% duration of inspiration/expiration, were judged to be consistent with VCD. Results: Studies of subglottic tracheal stenosis validated anatomical similarities between endoscopy and CT images. Endoscopy and 320-slice volume CT also provided comparable dynamic images in a patient with confirmed VCD. A further nine patients with a history of severe asthma and suspected VCD were studied using CT. Four patients had evidence of VCD and the median reduction of luminal area during expiration was 78.2% (range 48.2,92.5%) compared with 10.4% (range 4.7,30%) in the five patients without VCD. Patients with VCD had no distinguishing clinical characteristics. Conclusions: Dynamic volume CT provided explicit images of the larynx, distinguished function of the vocal cords during the respiratory cycle and could identify putative VCD. The technique will potentially provide a simple, non-invasive investigation to identify laryngeal dysfunction, permitting improved management of asthma. [source] Algorithm for Accurate Three-Dimensional Scene Graph Updates in High-Speed Animations of Previously Simulated Construction OperationsCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2009Prasant V. Rekapalli Early efforts resulted in a scene graph and frame update algorithm that was capable of converting discrete information from simulation models into smooth and continuous 3D animations. That algorithm did not account for high speed or concurrent animation because the need to do so was not anticipated. Recent advances in computing power and an interest in using the technology for next generation applications now demand accurate high speed and concurrent animations. This article presents the design of the original algorithm at a previously undocumented level of detail and specificity, and that allows for the analysis of its shortcomings when used at high speeds or concurrently with simulation. Two subsequent but still inadequate designs of the algorithm are also presented and analyzed in detail so that they can serve as an illustration of the path toward the final design and place it in proper context. The article concludes with the final design and evaluation of the algorithm, which is accurate at very high animation speeds and supports concurrent animation of simulation models. [source] Strikingly fast microtubule sliding in bundles formed by Chlamydomonas axonemal dynein,CYTOSKELETON, Issue 6 2010Susumu Aoyama Abstract Chlamydomonas axonemal extracts containing outer-arm dynein bundle microtubules when added in the absence of ATP. The bundles dissociate after addition of ATP (Haimo et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:5759,5768, 1979). In the present study, we investigated the ATP-induced bundle dissociation process using caged ATP. Application of ,0.5 mM ATP induced microtubule sliding at ,30 ,m·s,1, which was 1.5 times faster than the microtubule sliding observed in protease-treated axonemes and five times faster than microtubule gliding on glass surfaces coated with outer-arm dynein. Bundles formed by mutant dynein molecules that lack one of the three heavy chains (HCs) displayed similar high-speed intermicrotubule sliding. These results suggest that Chlamydomonas outer-arm dynein molecules, when aligned, can translocate microtubules at high speed and that the high-speed sliding under load-free conditions does not require the complete set of the three HCs. It is likely that each of the three HCs has the ability to produce high-speed sliding, which should be an important property for their cooperation. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Spherical sliding isolation bearings with adaptive behavior: Experimental verificationEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 2 2008Daniel M. Fenz Abstract This paper describes an experimental program to examine the force,displacement behavior of a class of multi-spherical sliding bearings. The primary goal of the experiments is to test the validity of the theory developed in a companion paper that describes the behavior of these devices. Experimental work consisted of testing the three primary variations of these bearings in several configurations of different friction and displacement capacities. Most tests were carried out at slow speeds; however, some testing was also conducted at high speed (up to approximately 400,mm/s) to examine the behavior under dynamic conditions. The results of experimental testing were generally found to be in very good agreement with the analytical results. It is shown that the forces and displacements at which transitions in stiffness occur are predictable and therefore controllable in design. Furthermore, the underlying principles of operation were confirmed by the fact that starting and stopping of sliding on the different surfaces occurred as expected from theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The worldwide airline network and the dispersal of exotic species: 2007,2010ECOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2009Andrew J. Tatem International air travel has played a significant role in driving recent increases in the rates of biological invasion and spread of infectious diseases. By providing high speed, busy transport links between spatially distant, but climatically similar regions of the world, the worldwide airline network (WAN) increases the risks of deliberate or accidental movements and establishment of climatically sensitive exotic organisms. With traffic levels continuing to rise and climates changing regionally, these risks will vary, both seasonally and year-by-year. Here, detailed estimates of air traffic trends and climate changes for the period 2007-2010 are used to examine the likely directions and magnitudes of changes in climatically sensitive organism invasion risk across the WAN. Analysis of over 144 million flights from 2007-2010 shows that by 2010, the WAN is likely to change little overall in terms of connecting regions with similar climates, but anticipated increases in traffic and local variations in climatic changes should increase the risks of exotic species movement on the WAN and establishment in new areas. These overall shifts mask spatially and temporally heterogenous changes across the WAN, where, for example, traffic increases and climatic convergence by July 2010 between parts of China and northern Europe and North America raise the likelihood of exotic species invasions, whereas anticipated climatic shifts may actually reduce invasion risks into much of eastern Europe. [source] The combination of flow injection with electrophoresis using capillaries and chipsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1 2009Wen-juan Lü Abstract The technique of combined flow injection CE (FI-CE) integrates the essential favorable merits of FI and CE. It utilizes the various excellent on-line sample pretreatments and preconcentration (such as cloud point extraction, SPE, ion-exchange, dynamic pH junction and head-column field-amplified sample stacking technique) of FI, which has the advantages of high speed, accuracy, precision and avoiding manual handling of sample and reagents. Therefore, the coupling of FI-CE is an attractive technique; it can significantly expand the application of CE and has achieved many publications since its first appearance. The basic principles, instrumental developments and applications of FI-CE system from 2006 to 2008 are reviewed. [source] A microfabricated hybrid device for DNA sequencingELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 21 2003Shaorong LiuArticle first published online: 6 NOV 200 Abstract We have created a hybrid device of a microfabricated round-channel twin-T injector incorporated with a separation capillary in order to extend the straight separation distance for high speed and long readlength DNA sequencing. Semicircular grooves on glass wafers are obtained using a photomask with a narrow line-width and a standard isotropic photolithographic etching process. Round channels are made when two etched wafers are face-to-face aligned and bonded. A two-mask fabrication process has been developed to make channels of two different diameters. The twin-T injector is formed by the smaller channels whose diameter matches the bore of the separation capillary, and the "usual" separation channel, now called the connection channel, is formed by the larger ones whose diameter matches the outer diameter of the separation capillary. The separation capillary is inserted through the connection channel all the way to the twin-T injector to allow the capillary bore flush with the twin-T injector channels. The total dead-volume of the connection is estimated to be , 5 pL. To demonstrate the efficiency of this hybrid device, we have performed four-color DNA sequencing on it. Using a 200 ,m twin-T injector coupled with a separation capillary of 20 cm effective separation distance, we have obtained readlengths of 800 plus bases at an accuracy of 98.5% in 56 min, compared to about 650 bases in 100 min on a conventional 40 cm long capillary sequencing machine under similar conditions. At an increased separation field strength and using a diluted sieving matrix, the separation time has been reduced to 20 min with a readlength of 700 bases at 98.5% base-calling accuracy. [source] Use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe to assess the effects of an all-weather waxed track and a crushed sand track at high speed trot: Preliminary studyEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009D. Robin Summary Reasons for performing study: Track surface quality is considered a risk factor of musculoskeletal injuries. Ground reaction force (GRF) measurement is a relevant approach to study the interaction between the hoof and the ground. Force plates are not adapted to compare different surfaces at high speed. A 3D dynamometric horseshoe (DHS), using 4 triaxial piezoelectric sensors, has been developed and validated. Objectives: To use the DHS to compare the effects of 2 track surfaces, an all-weather waxed track and a crushed sand track, on the GRF in trotter horses under training conditions. Methods: The right forelimb of 3 French Trotters was equipped with the DHS. Two tracks were tested in a straight line: a crushed sand track (S) and an all-weather waxed track (W). For each session, trials were repeated 3 times in a Latin square design. The speed of the runs was set at 10 m/s and recorded synchronously. For each trial, data acquisition was performed at 600 Hz and 10 consecutive strides were analysed. Statistical differences were tested using a general linear model procedure. Results: The amplitude of the maximal longitudinal braking force (Fx) was significantly lower on W compared to S. This event happened about 6% later in the stance phase on W. The magnitude of the GRF at impact decreased on W. The average speed and the mean stance phase duration were not statistically different on both surfaces. The stride length was about 6 cm longer on S. Conclusion and potential relevance: This study demonstrates the ability and sensitivity of the DHS to discriminate track surfaces by measuring the GRF at high speed. These preliminary results show that the loading rate, the amplitude of horizontal braking and shock at impact are attenuated on W, which suggests a reduction of stresses in the distal limb. [source] Influence of track surface on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon loading in two horses at high speed trotEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009N. Crevier-Denoix Summary Reasons for performing study: Although track surfaces are a risk factor of tendon injuries, their effects on tendon loading at high speed are unknown. Using a noninvasive ultrasonic technique, it is now possible to evaluate the forces in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in exercise conditions. Objectives: To compare the effects of an all-weather waxed track (W) vs. a crushed sand track (S), on the SDFT loading in the trotter horse at high speed. Methods: Two trotter horses were equipped with the ultrasonic device (1 MHz ultrasonic probe, fixed on the palmar metacarpal area of the right forelimb). For each trial, data acquisition was made at 400 Hz and 10 consecutive strides were analysed. In each session, the 2 track surfaces were tested in a straight line. The speed was imposed at 10 m/s and recorded. The right forelimb was also equipped with a dynamometric horseshoe and skin markers. The horse was filmed with a high-speed camera (600 Hz); all recordings were synchronised. Statistical differences were tested using the GLM procedure (SAS; P<0.05). Results: Maximal tendon force was significantly lower on W compared with S. In addition to maximal force peaks around mid-stance, earlier peaks were observed, more pronounced on S than on W, at about 13%(horse 2) and 30% (both horses) of the stance phase. Comparison with kinematic data revealed that these early peaks were accompanied by plateaux in the fetlock angle-time chart. For high tendon forces, the tendon maximal loading rate was significantly lower on W than on S. Conclusions and potential clinical relevance: The all-weather waxed track appears to induce a lesser and more gradual SDFT loading than crushed sand. The SDFT loading pattern at high speed trot suggests proximal interphalangeal joint movements during limb loading. [source] Effect of conditioning horses with short intervals at high speed on biochemical variables in bloodEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S36 2006A. LINDNER Summary Reasons for performing study: There is limited published work on the effect of training using intensive and short intervals of exercise to condition horses for racing. Objectives: To examine the effect of conditioning horses 1, 2 or 3 x a week using 2 short fast exercise intervals on blood lactate (LA), plasma ammonia (NH3) and urea (urea) as well as creatine kinase (CK) activity. Methods: Thoroughbreds (age 4,5 years) were conditioned at near maximal speed (12,14 m/sec) over 100 m, on 2 occasions separated by a 10 min period at walk, on dirt track (conditioning exercise; CE) during a 6 week conditioning period (CP). The CE was undertaken either once (5 horses), twice (5 horses) or 3 times a week (4 horses) during a CP. Before, every 2 weeks during and after the CP, blood was drawn during the CE at 0, 2 and 4 min after each run and additionally 6 min after the 2nd run to measure blood LA and determine the maximal LA post exercise (LAmax). Plasma NH3 was measured in the same samples and the maximal NH3 post exercise (NH3max) determined. Additional blood samples were taken from the horses when stabled before the CE, and 12 and 24 h after to measure urea and CK activity in plasma. Results: There was no differential effect of the number of weekly CE on LAmax, NH3max, LA and NH3 immediately after exercise (LAO and NH30). Conditioning did not have an effect on LAmax and LAO after the 1st interval (P>0.05), but LAO after the 2nd interval was lower after conditioning. NH3max after the 1st and 2nd exercise interval decreased in response to the conditioning, but not NH3 immediately after exercise (P>0.05). Median plasma CK activity 12 h after exercise was higher than before exercise and returned to pre-exercise levels 24 h post exercise when horses were exercised once and twice/week. In contrast, the median plasma CK activity of horses exercising 3 times/week remained at the pre-exercise level 12 and 24 h post exercise (P>0.05). Conclusion: Conditioning horses with 2 intervals of 100 m at near maximal speed had a positive effect on blood LA and plasma NH3. Potential relevance: With the type of exercise examined, the fitness of racing horses can be maintained and eventually improved. In further studies the effect of increasing the number of runs in one exercise session should be investigated. [source] Subventricular zone-derived neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb is modulated by matrix remodellingEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 7 2007Serena Bovetti Abstract In the rodent brain neural progenitor cells are born in the subventricular zone and migrate along a pathway called the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into several classes of interneurones. In the adult, tangential migration in the RMS takes place in ,chains' of cells contained within glial tubes. In contrast, neonatal neuroblasts along the RMS lack these defined glial tubes and chains, migrating instead as individual cells. Time-lapse confocal microscopy of neuroblasts at each of these ages shows that individual cells migrate in a saltatory manner with bursts of high speed followed by periods of slower speed. Tangential migration within a glial tube is 20% faster than migration as individual cells. Neuroblasts may also interact and modify the extracellular matrix during migration through expression of a family of proteins, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs are present and active along the subventricular zone,olfactory bulb pathway. In the presence of inhibitors of MMPs, neuroblast migration rates were reduced only when cells migrate individually. Chain migration in the adult was unaffected by MMP inhibitors. Taken together, these data suggest that MMPs only influence migration as individual cells and not as chains. [source] High-speed-range enhancement of switched reluctance motor with continuous mode for automotive applicationsEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 7 2008M. Rekik Abstract This paper describes an original method for the elaboration of control laws for the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) for high-speed operation. In this case, the control optimisation relies on the choice of optimal turn-on and turn-off angles to ensure, in general, high global efficiency, in classical supply mode with full-wave voltage. Then, after showing the influence of number of turns, a new supply mode called the continuous mode is described. This mode, used with a higher number of turns, allows to reduce the inverter current rating and hence silicon requirements without compromising performance at high speed. This makes the SRM competitive compared to other technologies (synchronous and induction motors). The simulation results for a 12/8 SRM are presented and compared to those for an induction motor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Design of a Multistage Optical Packet SwitchEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Issue 5 2000Carla Raffaelli Optical packet switching is considered as a means to achieve high speed networking in future optical multi-service networks, Optical switches of limited size are feasible with present-day photonic technology, so solutions for the design and implementation of large switches are proposed here. They are based on a multistage architecture built using small switching modules with output queuing, organised according to a Clos topology. Many degrees of freedom are available for switch design and they are exploited to achieve performance optimisation in relation to packet loss. Simulation and analytical tools are developed to evaluate switch architecture performance. Results and application examples are given to show the feasibility of the multistage architecture for optical networking. [source] Effect of Injection Parameters on Velocity and Temperature Distributions of Alumina-Titania In-Flight Particles in Atmospheric Plasma SprayingADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 8 2004S. Guessasma Three injection parameters (carrier gas flow rate, injector diameter and injection distance) were correlated to the characteristic distributions in the case of alumina titania in-flight particles. A high speed two color pyrometer was implemented to measure, at the centre of the particle flow, individual in-flight particle characteristics, which were used to build velocity and temperature distributions. Results showed that mean characteristic variations were explained by distribution width flattening and centre shift. These were not significant compared to energetic parameter effects. [source] Volume Organization of Polymer and Hybrid Solar Cells as Revealed by Electron TomographyADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 19 2010Svetlana S. van Bavel Abstract Polymer and hybrid solar cells have the potential to become the leading technology of the 21st century in conversion of sun light to electrical energy because their ease processing from solution producing printable devices in a roll-to-roll fashion with high speed and low cost. The performance of such devices critically depends on the nanoscale organization of the photoactive layer, which is composed of at least two functional materials: the electron donor and the electron acceptor forming a so-called bulk heterojunction; however, control of its volume morphology still is a challenge. In this context, advanced analytical tools are required that are able to provide information on the local volume morphology of the photoactive layer with nanometer resolution. In this report electron tomography is introduced as the technique able to explore the 3D morphology of polymer and hybrid solar cells and the first results achieved are critically discussed. [source] Turbulence modelling of problem aerospace flowsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 3 2006Paul G. Tucker Abstract Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier,Stokes (URANS) and detached eddy simulation (DES) related approaches are considered for high angle of attack NACA0012 airfoil, wing,flap, generic tilt-rotor airfoil and double-delta geometry flows. These are all found to be problem flows for URANS models. For DES fifth-order upwinding is found too dissipative and the use of, for high speed flows, instability prone centred differencing essential. An existing hybrid ILES,RANS modelling approach, intended for flexible geometry, relatively high numerical dissipation codes is tested along with differential wall distance algorithms. The former gives promising results. The standard turbulence modelling approaches are found to give perhaps a surprising results variation. Results suggest that for the problem flows, the explicit algebraic stress and Menter shear stress transport (SST) URANS models are more accurate than the economical Spalart,Allmaras (SA). However, the explicit algebraic stress model (EASM) in its k,, form is impractically expensive to converge. Here, SA predictions lack a rotation correction term and this is likely to improve these results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Fast ping-pong arbitration for input,output queued packet switchesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 7 2001H. Jonathan Chao Abstract Input,output queued switches have been widely considered as the most feasible solution for large capacity packet switches and IP routers. In this paper, we propose a ping-pong arbitration scheme (PPA) for output contention resolution in input,output queued switches. The challenge is to develop a high speed and cost-effective arbitration scheme in order to maximize the switch throughput and delay performance for supporting multimedia services with various quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. The basic idea is to divide the inputs into groups and apply arbitration recursively. Our recursive arbiter is hierarchically structured, consisting of multiple small-size arbiters at each layer. The arbitration time of an n -input switch is proportional to log4,n/2, when we group every two inputs or every two input groups at each layer. We present a 256×256 terabit crossbar multicast packet switch using the PPA. The design shows that our scheme can reduce the arbitration time of the 256×256 switch to 11 gates delay, demonstrating the arbitration is no longer the bottleneck limiting the switch capacity. The priority handling in arbitration is also addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Combination of a urease inhibitor and a plant essential oil to control coliform bacteria, odour production and ammonia loss from cattle wasteJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007V.H. Varel Abstract Aim:, To evaluate urea hydrolysis, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (odour) and coliforms in cattle waste slurries after a urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and a plant oil component (thymol) were added. Methods and Results:, Faeces from cattle fed a diet of 70% corn silage and 30% alfalfa haylage, urine and distilled water in the ratio 50 : 35 : 15 were blended at high speed for 1 min. Triplicate aliquots of 750 ml were amended with NBPT plus or minus thymol and reblended for 1 min, and were poured into 1·6 l wide-mouth jars covered 90% with a lid. After 56 days, thymol (2000 mg kg,1 waste) in combination with NBPT (80 mg kg,1 waste) retained 5·2 g of an initial 9·2 g of urea in cattle waste slurries, compared with less than 1 g of urea retained when NBPT was the only additive (P < 0·05). Another experiment using excreta from cattle fed 76·25% high moisture corn, 19·25% corn silage and a 4·5% supplement, blended at a low speed, gave a similar response with urea hydrolysis; and the two treatments, thymol alone and thymol in combination with NBPT, reduced VFA production (P < 0·01) and eliminated all coliform bacteria by day 1. A third experiment indicated coliforms disappeared in the no addition treatment after 8 days; however, they were viable at 6·6 × 104 CFU g,1 waste beyond 35 days in the NBPT treatment. Conclusions:, Thymol supplements the effect of NBPT by increasing the inhibitory period for hydrolysis of urea in cattle waste slurries and nitrogen retention in the waste. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Thymol and NBPT offer the potential to reduce odour and pathogens in cattle manure, and increase the fertilizer value. [source] Reactions to a Motor-Vehicle Accident in Relation to Mitigating Circumstances and the Gender and Moral Worth of the Driver,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2000NORMAN T. FEATHER Male and female students (N= 153) at the Flinders University of South Australia read scenarios describing a motor-vehicle accident that varied mitigating circumstances (driving on a slippery road vs. driving at high speed), gender of driver, and the moral worth of the driver (very dependable and trustworthy vs. not dependable and a bit untrustworthy). Results showed that mitigation affected judgments about the driver's responsibility, seriousness of the offense, driver's deservingness of penalty imposed, harshness of penalty, positive affect about the penalty, and sympathy for the driver, consistent with a social cognitive process model (Feather, 1996c, 1998). Moral worth affected judgments about the driver's moral character, harshness of penalty, and liking and sympathy for the driver. Participants attributed higher moral character to the female driver and also reported more liking for the female driver. There was some limited evidence for an in-group gender bias. [source] Recent developments in Fourier Domain Mode Locked lasers for optical coherence tomography: Imaging at 1310 nm vs.JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS, Issue 6-7 20091550 nm wavelength Abstract We report on recent progress in Fourier domain mode-locking (FDML) technology. The paper focuses on developments beyond pushing the speed of these laser sources. After an overview of improvements to FDML over the last three years, a brief analysis of OCT imaging using FDML lasers with different wavelengths is presented. For the first time, high speed, high quality FDML imaging at 1550 nm is presented and compared to a system at 1310 nm. The imaging results of human skin for both wavelengths are compared and analyzed. Sample arm optics, power on the sample, heterodyne gain, detection bandwidth, colour cut levels and sample location have been identical to identify the influence of difference in scattering and water absorption. The imaging performance at 1310 nm in human skin is only slightly better and the results suggest that water absorption only marginally affects the penetration depth in human skin at 1550 nm. For several applications this wavelength may be preferred. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Prediction of the gap of electromagnetic band gap structures in a parallel-plate waveguide environmentMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 8 2010Shahrooz Shahparnia Abstract In this article the design, fabrication, and testing of several electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures used to mitigate switching noise in high speed printed circuit boards is presented. Some features of these surfaces are considered as variables and results from different band gap prediction techniques are compared to actual fabricated parallel plate waveguides. The strength and weaknesses of these prediction techniques is shown and the power of full wave analysis to predict the band gap of these EBG structures and the limitation of simple L - C models are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1792,1795, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25327 [source] SMILIB: Rapid Assembly of Combinatorial Libraries in SMILES NotationMOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 7 2003Andreas Schüller Abstract A software tool was developed for fast combinatorial library enumeration (SMILIB). Its particular features are its simplicity to use, high flexibility in constructing combinatorial libraries and high speed of library construction. SMILIB offers the possibility to construct very large combinatorial libraries using the flexible and portable SMILES format. Libraries are generated at rates of approximately 30,000 molecules per minute. Combinatorial building blocks are attached to scaffolds by means of linkers rather than to concatenate them directly. This allows for creation of easily customized libraries using linkers of different size and chemical nature. A web interface for a limited web-based version of the software is available at URL: www.modlab.de. An unlimited binary version of SMILIB for command line execution on Linux systems is available from this URL. [source] Technology Advances and Tanker Spill PreventionNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001Cdr. G. Rodgers USCGR (Ret.) ABSTRACT Goals to alert the bridge watch for imminent grounding or collision with shallow underwater dangers, have long been stymied by lags in active sonar technology. Thus "lower hemisphere" designs for shallow underwater search have been unable to exploit solutions useful topside for the "upper hemisphere" guarded by radar and other technology. While the radar environment normally exhibits single path, direct line-of-sight conditions for prime targets, the shallow water sonar environment is cluttered by a mix of echoes and multipath returns for identical ranges. Thus we first must accommodate to a quirky hydroacoustic environment as a major design subsystem for any shallow water navigational sonar. Secondly, for large carriers found in the world tanker fleet, there is recognition that some simple backfit solution is needed for any electroacoustic interface, the sonar transducer. Commercial carriers have not been designed or built with special hull considerations such as sonar domes and recesses; therefore, this second vital subsystem requires particular design attention for projecting hydro-acoustic energy and receiving return echoes. Several recent patents are on file which apply to this problem. Thirdly, signal processing considerations provide a set of design-critical factors. High speed digital signal processors (DSPs) of recent "parallel" design offer opportunities to search at high speed and to unravel the confusing mix of acoustic energy found in shallow water returns. Past hurdles are endemic for these three critical subsystems: hydroacoustic environment, electroacoustic transducer design, and signal processing, but now these seem most amenable to technology transfer. [source] Effect of orientation and crystallinity on the photodegradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibersPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008H. Fashandi In this research, photodegradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers was investigated with emphasis on the morphological state of yarns. Two kinds of yarns, FDY (Fully Drawn Yarn) and POY (Partially Oriented Yarn), with different molecular orientation and crystallinity were applied in this research. FDY is spun in the same way as POY and subsequently drawn at high speed and then entangled before winding up. This sample has higher molecular orientation and crystallinity than the POY sample. Several analytical methods were applied in this study: viscometry, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, UV,Visible spectrophotometry, and mechanical testing. Viscometry was used to determine molecular weight as a monitoring factor for degradation. X-ray diagrams showed higher crystallinity for FDY samples during weathering process by irradiation. Results of mechanical testing indicated that the tenacity of the FDY fibers had less deterioration in comparison with the POY ones. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers [source] Synthesis of sub-micrometer core,shell rubber particles with 1,2-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator and deformation mechanisms of modified polystyrene under various conditionsPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2009Rujun Dai Abstract BACKGROUND: Sub-micrometer core-shell polybutadiene- graft -polystyrene (PB- g -PS) copolymers with various ratios of polybutadiene (PB) core to polystyrene (PS) shell were synthesized by emulsion grafting polymerization with 1,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. These graft copolymers were blended with PS to prepare PS/PB- g -PS with a rubber content of 20 wt%. The mechanical properties, morphologies of the core-shell rubber particles and deformation mechanisms under various conditions were investigated. RESULTS: Infrared spectroscopic analysis confirmed that PS could be grafted onto the PB rubber particles. The experimental results showed that a specimen with a ,cluster' dispersion state of rubber particles in the PS matrix displayed better mechanical properties. Transmission electron micrographs suggested that crazing only occurred from rubber particles and extended in a bridge-like manner to neighboring rubber particles parallel to the equatorial plane at a high speed for failure specimens, while the interaction between crazing and shear yielding stabilized the growing crazes at a low speed in tensile tests. CONCLUSION: AIBN can be used as an initiator in the graft polymerization of styrene onto PB. The dispersion of rubber particles in a ,cluster' state leads to better impact resistance. The deformation mechanism in impact tests was multi-crazing, and crazing and shear yielding absorbed the energy in tensile experiments. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] The interplay between speed, kinetics, and hand postures during primate terrestrial locomotionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Biren A. Patel Abstract Nonprimate terrestrial mammals may use digitigrade postures to help moderate distal limb joint moments and metapodial stresses that may arise during high-speed locomotion with high-ground reaction forces (GRF). This study evaluates the relationships between speed, GRFs, and distal forelimb kinematics in order to evaluate if primates also adopt digitigrade hand postures during terrestrial locomotion for these same reasons. Three cercopithecine monkey species (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, Erythrocebus patas) were videotaped moving unrestrained along a horizontal runway instrumented with a force platform. Three-dimensional forelimb kinematics and GRFs were measured when the vertical force component reached its peak. Hand posture was measured as the angle between the metacarpal segment and the ground (MGA). As predicted, digitigrade hand postures (larger MGA) are associated with shorter GRF moment arms and lower wrist joint moments. Contrary to expectations, individuals used more palmigrade-like (i.e. less digitigrade) hand postures (smaller MGA) when the forelimb was subjected to higher forces (at faster speeds) resulting in potentially larger wrist joint moments. Accordingly, these primates may not use their ability to alter their hand postures to reduce rising joint moments at faster speeds. Digitigrady at slow speeds may improve the mechanical advantage of antigravity muscles crossing the wrist joint. At faster speeds, greater palmigrady is likely caused by joint collapse, but this posture may be suited to distribute higher GRFs over a larger surface area to lower stresses throughout the hand. Thus, a digitigrade hand posture is not a cursorial (i.e. high speed) adaptation in primates and differs from that of other mammals. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Examination of the three-dimensional geometry of cetacean flukes using computed tomography scans: Hydrodynamic implicationsTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Frank E. Fish Abstract The flukes of cetaceans function in the hydrodynamic generation of forces for thrust, stability, and maneuverability. The three-dimensional geometry of flukes is associated with production of lift and drag. Data on fluke geometry were collected from 19 cetacean specimens representing eight odontocete genera (Delphinus, Globicephala, Grampus, Kogia, Lagenorhynchus, Phocoena, Stenella, Tursiops). Flukes were imaged as 1 mm thickness cross-sections using X-ray computer-assisted tomography. Fluke shapes were characterized quantitatively by dimensions of the chord, maximum thickness, and position of maximum thickness from the leading edge. Sections were symmetrical about the chordline and had a rounded leading edge and highly tapered trailing edge. The thickness ratio (maximum thickness/chord) among species increased from insertion on the tailstock to a maximum at 20% of span and then decreasing steadily to the tip. Thickness ratio ranged from 0.139 to 0.232. These low values indicate reduced drag while moving at high speed. The position of maximum thickness from the leading edge remained constant over the fluke span at an average for all species of 0.285 chord. The displacement of the maximum thickness reduces the tendency of the flow to separate from the fluke surface, potentially affecting stall patterns. Similarly, the relatively large leading edge radius allows greater lift generation and delays stall. Computational analysis of fluke profiles at 50% of span showed that flukes were generally comparable or better for lift generation than engineered foils. Tursiops had the highest lift coefficients, which were superior to engineered foils by 12,19%. Variation in the structure of cetacean flukes reflects different hydrodynamic characteristics that could influence swimming performance. Anat Rec, 290:614,623, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Turbulent length-scales in the marine atmospheric mixed layerTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 566 2000P. Durand Abstract The spectra of turbulence signals can be characterized by several independent scales. To provide a parametrization of these spectra requires knowledge of the relationships between these scales. This paper focuses on three independent scales: the integral scale (which is influenced by the low-frequency behaviour of the spectra); the wavelength of the spectrum peak (which characterizes the energy-containing domain); and the dissipation scale (which is relevant for the inertial subrange). First, we present definitions of these various scales, and the possible relationships between them. The profiles of the scales were computed from airborne measurements made in the atmospheric mixed layer over the open ocean, in a region where horizontal homogeneity can be assumed, at least for several tens of km. Furthermore, the diurnal cycle being very weak in this oceanic area, and aircraft moving at high speed through the air mass, stationarity is well verified on the runs, and Taylor's hypothesis may be used. The meteorological conditions correspond to a slightly unstable mixed layer, with weak to moderate winds. In a first part, we analyse the integral scales of various parameters on a 180-km run and demonstrate that these parameters cannot be computed with any soundness from horizontal-wind, temperature and moisture signals, because of the continuous increase in the spectral energy when moving towards lower frequencies. For the same reasons, the spectrum peak and the corresponding wavelength cannot be determined for these parameters. The computation of the integral and energy-containing scale is therefore restricted to the vertical velocity, and to the various covariances. The turbulence field is characterized by a stretching of the eddies along the mean wind direction which results in greater integral and energy-containing scales (but not in greater dissipation scales) when computed for along-wind runs than for the cross-wind runs. The profiles of the various scales increase with altitude and are well defined in the lower half of the mixed layer, but are much more scattered in the upper half. This behaviour is related to the source of turbulence, which lies in the surface buoyancy flux in the lower half of the mixed layer, and comes from higher altitude sources in the upper half. The integral scales have values comparable with those found in previous work, except for parameters related to temperature fluctuations, which have lower values. The ratio of the energy-containing scale to the integral scale, which determines the sharpness of the ,spectral knee', varies considerably from one parameter to another, and sometimes with altitude. This demonstrates that a single unique parametrization cannot be defined for turbulence spectra. As a consequence, the eddy-exchange coefficients, which depend on a characteristic length-scale, should vary from one parameter to another. This would then have to be taken into account in model parametrization based on mixing length-scales. [source] FORCE RIPPLE COMPENSATION OF LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORSASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL, Issue 1 2005Christof Röhrig ABSTRACT Linear synchronous motors are finding expanded use in high-performance applications where high speed and high accuracy is essential. The main problem in improving the tracking performance of linear synchronous motors is the presence of force ripple caused by mismatched current waveforms and unbalanced motor phases or amplifier gains. This paper presents a method to optimize the waveform of the phase currents in order to generate smooth force. The optimized current waveforms produces minimal copper losses and maximize motor efficiency. The waveforms are implemented in a waveform generator of the motion controller and approximated with Fourier series. The optimization method consist of three stages. In every stage, different harmonics of the force ripple are reduced. A comparison of the tracking performance with optimized waveforms and with sinusoidal waveforms shows the effectiveness of the proposed method. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||