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High Intake (high + intake)
Selected AbstractsSoy, fat and other dietary factors in relation to premenstrual symptoms in Japanese womenBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Chisato Nagata Objective To evaluate the relations of intakes of soy, fat and other dietary components to premenstrual symptoms. Design Cross sectional study. Setting Three colleges and two nursing schools. Population One hundred and eighty-nine Japanese women aged 19 to 34 years. Methods Intakes of nutrients and foods, including soy products and isoflavones, were estimated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Change in menstrual cycle symptoms were assessed by the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ). Main outcome measures Spearman rank correlation of soy and other dietary factors with changes in MDQ scores between the follicular and the premenstrual phases after controlling for age, marital status, exercise, smoking status, age at menarche and number of days of bleeding. Results Neither soy product nor isoflavone intake was significantly associated with change in MDQ score in the premenstrual phase. Intakes of total, saturated and monounsaturated fats were significantly correlated with change in scores for total MDQ and subscale ,pain' in the premenstrual phase after controlling for the covariates. Intake of cereals/potatoes/starches was significantly inversely correlated with a change in total MDQ score in the premenstrual phase. Conclusions High intake of fats and low intake of foods with high concentration of carbohydrate may be associated with premenstrual symptoms. [source] Food groups and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in an Asian populationCANCER, Issue 11 2002Adeline Seow M.D. Abstract BACKGROUND Singapore Chinese have experienced a rapid transition toward a pattern of disease in which lifestyle-related, chronic, degenerative diseases are major public health concerns. The rates of colorectal carcinoma have increased 2-fold over the last 3 decades. It has long been known that dietary factors play a role in the risk of this disease, although studies in Asian populations, with their unique dietary intake, have been few. METHODS The authors conducted a population-based case-control study that included 121 Chinese patients with colorectal carcinoma and 222 healthy control participants who provided information on usual intake of major food groups in the preceding 3 years, physical activity, family history of colorectal carcinoma, and demographic variables through an in-person questionnaire. RESULTS High intake of red meat, but not other meats, indicated a predisposition to risk of colorectal carcinoma (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for the highest tertile vs. the lowest tertile, 2.2; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.1,4.2). A low vegetable intake also was associated with a higher risk, and the combined effect appeared to be additive. Those in the highest tertile of meat intake and the lowest quartile of vegetable intake had an OR of 2.6 (95%CI, 1.0,6.7). The authors observed a slight, albeit nonsignificant, positive association with foods high in refined sugars. There was no association observed with fruit or soy-legume intake in this study. Among nondietary variables, a family history of colorectal carcinoma conferred a significant increase in risk (OR, 6.7; 95% CI 2.4,18.7). CONCLUSIONS Meat intake and vegetable intake were associated significantly with risk of colorectal carcinoma in this Asian population, and further studies on the effects of changes in these specific types of food may shed light on how best to reduce the rapid increase in rates in similar populations. Cancer 2002;95:2390,6. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10971 [source] Trans Fatty Acids, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 DiabetesNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 8 2006Andrew O. Odegaard BA Type 2 diabetes, a growing global health problem, has a complex etiology involving many interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Essential to the development of the disease is insulin resistance of the peripheral tissues. Insulin resistance may be partly modified by the specific types of dietary fatty acids. Trans fatty acids (TFAs), created through the transformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids from their natural cis form to the trans form, are abundant in the Western diet. TFAs take on similar properties as saturated fats, and appear to be more atherogenic. High intakes of saturated fats may promote insulin resistance. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that high intakes of TFAs would have similar, or stronger, effects. In this review, all current evidence on the topic of TFAs, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes is summarized and interpreted. Although there is some support from observational and experimental studies for the hypothesis that high intakes of TFAs may increase the risk for type 2 diabetes, inconsistencies across studies and methodological problems make it premature to draw definitive conclusions at this time. More experimental research in humans is needed to further address this question. [source] Diet in late pregnancy and glucose-insulin metabolism of the offspring 40 years laterBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 7 2000A. W. Shiell Statistician Objective To determine how diets of women in pregnancy influence the glucose-insulin metabolism of their offspring in adult life. Design A follow up study of men and women born during 1948,1954 whose mothers had taken part in a survey of diet in late pregnancy. Setting Aberdeen, Scotland. Population One hundred and sixty-eight men and women born in the Aberdeen Maternity Hospital. Main outcome measure Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, fasting and after a standard oral glucose challenge. Results The offspring of women who had high intakes of fat and protein in late pregnancy had a reduced plasma insulin increment between fasting and 30 min with a 7.0% decrease in increment (P= 0.007) per 10 g increase in protein intake and a 4.9% decrease (P= 0.002) per 10 g increase in fat intake. This was independent of the mother's body mass index or weight gain in pregnancy. A low maternal body mass index in early or late pregnancy was associated with a raised fasting plasma insulin concentration with a decrease of 2.4% (P= 0.05) per 1 kg/m2 increase of maternal body mass. Conclusion High intakes of protein and fat during pregnancy may impair development of the fetal pancreatic beta cells and lead to insulin deficiency in the offspring. The offspring of thin mothers tend to be insulin resistant. [source] Hostility, drinking pattern and mortalityADDICTION, Issue 1 2008Stephen H. Boyle ABSTRACT Aims This study examined the association of hostility to drinking pattern and whether this association mediated the relation of hostility to mortality. Participants and design Subjects were 3326 current drinkers from the Vietnam Experience Study cohort who were followed for vital status. Setting United States. Measurements Hostility was measured by an abbreviated version of the Cook,Medley Hostility Scale (ACM). The alcohol variables were total monthly intake of alcohol, drinking frequency, drinks per drinking day and drinking , 5 drinks on at least one occasion in the past month (i.e. heavy episodic drinking). Findings Regression analyses showed associations between the ACM and total monthly intake of alcohol (P < 0.0001), drinks per drinking day (P < 0.0001) and heavy episodic drinking (P < 0.0001), but not with frequency of drinking days. Hostility, drinks per drinking day, heavy episodic drinking and total monthly alcohol intake were also associated with all-cause mortality (all Ps < 0.0001). Further analyses showed that drinking pattern, particularly drinks per drinking day, may account partially for the relation of hostility to mortality. Conclusions High hostility is associated with elevated mortality and a deleterious drinking pattern characterized by relatively high intake per drinking occasion. Drinking pattern could help explain the relationships between hostility and health. [source] Threshold elemental ratios for carbon versus phosphorus limitation in DaphniaFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2005THOMAS R. ANDERSON Summary 1. The transition from carbon (C) to phosphorus (P) limited growth in Daphnia depends not only on the C : P ratio in seston, i.e. food quality, but also on food quantity. Carbon is commonly believed to be limiting at low food because of the energetic demands of basal metabolism. The critical C : P ratio in seston (otherwise known as the threshold elemental ratio, TER) above which P is limiting would then be high when food is scarce. 2. A new model that differentiates between the C : P requirements for growth and maintenance is presented that includes terms for both C and P in basal metabolism. At low food the calculated TERs for Daphnia of around 230 are only slightly higher than values of 200 or so at high intake. Seston C : P often exceeds 230, particularly in oligotrophic lakes where phytoplankton concentration is low and detritus dominates the diet, indicating the potential for limitation by P. 3. The analysis highlights the importance of P, as well as C, in maintenance metabolism and the overall metabolic budget, such that food quality is of importance even when intake is low. Further measurements of C and P metabolism at low food, in particular basal respiration and excretion rates, are needed in order to improve our understanding of the interacting roles of food quantity and quality in zooplankton nutrition. [source] Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of breast cancer: A 22-year follow-upINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 9 2008Davaasambuu Ganmaa Abstract The relation between consumption of coffee, tea and caffeine and risk of breast cancer remains unsettled. We examined data from a large, long-term cohort study to evaluate whether high intake of coffee and caffeine is associated with increased risk of breast cancer. This was a prospective cohort study with 85,987 female participants in the Nurses' Health Study. Consumption of coffee, tea and caffeine consumption was assessed in 1980, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998 and the follow-up continued through 2002. We documented 5,272 cases of invasive breast cancer during 1,715,230 person-years. The multivariate relative risks (RRs) of breast cancer across categories of caffeinated coffee consumption were: 1.0 for <1cup/month (reference category), 1.01 (95% confidence interval: 0.92,1.12) for 1 month to 4.9 week, 0.92 (0.84,1.01) for 5 week to 1.9 days, 0.93 (0.85,1.02) for 2,3.9 days, 0.92 (0.82,1.03) for ,4 cups per day (p for trend = 0.14). Intakes of tea and decaffeinated coffee were also not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer. RRs (95% CI) for increasing quintiles of caffeine intake were 1.00, 0.98 (0.90,1.07), 0.92 (0.84,1.00), 0.94 (0.87,1.03) and 0.93 (0.85,1.01) (p for trend = 0.06). A significant inverse association of caffeine intake with breast cancers was observed among postmenopausal women; for the highest quintile of intake compared to the lowest RR 0.88 (95% CI = 0.79,0.97, p for trend = 0.03). We observed no substantial association between caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea consumption and risk of breast cancer in the overall cohort. However, our results suggested a weak inverse association between caffeine-containing beverages and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2002Christine M. Kasum Abstract We examined the association between whole-grain intake and incident upper aerodigestive tract cancer in a cohort of 34,651 postmenopausal, initially cancer-free women. We also studied established risk factors for upper aerodigestive cancers, including fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. A mailed questionnaire at baseline in 1986 included a food-frequency questionnaire and assessment of other cancer risk factors. During the 14-year follow-up period, 169 women developed cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. For all upper aerodigestive cancers together, significant inverse associations were observed for the highest compared to the lowest tertile of whole grains [relative risk (RR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34,0.81] and yellow/orange vegetables (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.39,0.87). In addition, those in the highest compared to lowest tertile of fiber intake from whole grain were less likely to develop upper aerodigestive tract cancer (RR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.37,0.84); fiber intake from refined grain was not significantly associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Findings were generally similar for oropharyngeal (n = 53), laryngeal (n = 21), nasopharyngeal/salivary (n = 18), esophageal (n = 21) and gastric (n = 56) cancers, though numbers of cases were too small for statistical testing within individual cancers. These findings confirm previous observations that high intake of fruits and vegetables and that intake of whole grains and the fiber derived from them may reduce risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Mitogenic and Apoptotic Signaling by Carotenoids: Involvement of a Redox MechanismIUBMB LIFE, Issue 1 2001Paola Palozza Abstract The potential for carotenoids to modulate tumor growth is currently under investigation. Although epidemiological studies evidence that a high intake of vegetables, rich in carotenoids, decreases cancer incidence and mortality, clinical trials demonstrate that supplementation of ,-carotene to chronic smokers or to asbestos workers increases the risk for lung cancer. These contradictory findings have renewed interest in elucidating the mechanism of action of carotenoids in biological systems. In this review, we show evidence for mitogenic and apoptotic effects of carotenoids and we support the hypothesis that these molecules may act as anticarcinogens or as procarcinogens through a redox mechanism. In particular, we report demonstrations for the anti-oxidant or pro-oxidant effects of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo, focusing our attention on the relationship existing between cell growth and redox status. [source] Comparison of dietary fat and fatty acid intake estimated by the duplicate diet collection technique and estimated dietary recordsJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 6 2003L. M. Brady Abstract Introduction A high saturated fatty acid intake is a well recognized risk factor for coronary heart disease development. More recently a high intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in combination with a low intake of the long chain n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid has also been implicated as an important risk factor. Aim To compare total dietary fat and fatty acid intake measured by chemical analysis of duplicate diets with nutritional database analysis of estimated dietary records, collected over the same 3-day study period. Methods Total fat was analysed using soxhlet extraction and subsequently the individual fatty acid content of the diet was determined by gas chromatography. Estimated dietary records were analysed using a nutrient database which was supplemented with a selection of dishes commonly consumed by study participants. Results Bland & Altman statistical analysis demonstrated a lack of agreement between the two dietary assessment techniques for determining dietary fat and fatty acid intake. Conclusion The lack of agreement observed between dietary evaluation techniques may be attributed to inadequacies in either or both assessment techniques. This study highlights the difficulties that may be encountered when attempting to accurately evaluate dietary fat intake among the population. [source] EFFECT OF NaCl AND WATER CONTENT ON EXPANSION AND COLOR OF CASSAVA AND POTATO STARCHES ON BAKINGJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 6 2009A. FARAHNAKY ABSTRACT Due to the importance of the role of NaCl in starch-based systems, the effect of NaCl and water content on specific volume, color parameters and moisture loss of cassava and potato starches was studied and response surface methodology was used to find and estimate any nonlinearity between the parameters under study. Glass transition (Tg) is one of the main factors determining the quality parameters of toasted and baked samples. Therefore, Tg of two starch systems (cassava and potato) at low water levels (<20%) as affected by NaCl and water content was investigated. Using experimental modeling, equations were obtained to relate expansion, color change and moisture loss of baked samples to salt level and water content. Differential scanning calorimetry-measured Tg showed that NaCl had negative impact on glass/rubber transition temperature of starch,salt mixtures compared with the samples without NaCl. This could have practical implications in baking, toasting and extrusion processing of starch-based systems. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Due to concerns over health-related issues of high intake of salt by the consumers, recently, the reduction of salt in different food products has become the focus of many industrial projects, conferences and workshops. In breakfast cereals, other than starch type, other added ingredients such as sugar and salt can have profound effects on the physical characteristics of final products. The inclusion of salt in breakfast cereals has some important technological roles, e.g., structure formation and flavor and color generation. Salt plays a key role in the expansion of low-moisture extruded starch-based products. Using the findings of this paper, one may quantify the effects of salt level on expansion and color of baked, toasted or extruded starch-based cereal products and relate the changes to the glass rubber transition of the system. [source] Lutein in patients with cataracts and age-related macular degeneration: a long-term supplementation studyJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 9 2001B Olmedilla Abstract Lutein, a non-provitamin A xanthophyll, is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables frequently consumed. In human serum, lutein is transported by lipoproteins and selectively accumulated in certain tissues (eg the retina). Epidemiological studies suggest that high intake and serum levels of lutein are associated with a lower risk of cataracts and age-related maculopathy. Subjects diagnosed with cataracts (CA; n,,=,5) or age-related macular degeneration (ARMD; n,,=,5) agreed to take three lutein capsules per week. Each capsule potentially provided about 12,mg of all- trans -lutein, 3,mg of 13/15- cis -lutein and 3.3,mg of ,-tocopherol, as revealed by HPLC. Zeaxanthin was not detected. Average supplementation time was 13 months (range 4,20 months) for ARMD subjects and 26 months (range 16,36 months) for CA subjects. Blood samples for carotenoid analysis were collected every 3 months, coinciding with ophthalmological revision. In serum, concentrations of lutein, 13- cis -lutein and two ketocarotenoids increased significantly. Maximum increments were observed at 3,6 months, reaching levels above the 95th percentile of the reference population (>0.44,µmol,l,1). Ophthalmological evaluation showed an average increment in visual acuity of 0.4, and glare sensitivity also improved. No significant side effects such as hypercarotenemia, carotenodermia or changes in biochemical or haematological profile were observed. Thus, lutein supplementation at achievable dietary levels increased and maintained serum lutein levels, which were associated with an improvement in the visual function of the patients. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source] A Mediterranean diet rich in virgin olive oil may reverse the effects of the -174G/C IL6 gene variant on 3-year body weight changeMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue S1 2010Cristina Razquin Abstract Only a few studies have analyzed the effects of the potential interaction between the -174G/C polymorphism of IL6 gene and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) on adiposity indexes. Our aim was to investigate the interplay between the -174G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene and a Mediterranean-style diet on body weight changes after 3 years of nutritional intervention in a high cardiovascular risk population. A total of 737 participants, aged 55,80 years were assigned to a low-fat diet or to a Mediterranean-style diet group with high intake of virgin olive oil (VOO) or nuts. Anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline and after 3-year follow-up. The -174G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene was genotyped. Minor allele frequency (C) was 0.39. At baseline, the CC genotype was associated with higher measures of adiposity. After 3 years, a significant interaction (p=0.028) was found between the polymorphism (GG+GC versus CC) and the nutritional intervention: CC subjects following the MD+VOO had the lowest body weight gain. In conclusion, at baseline, CC subjects for the -174G/C polymorphism of IL6 had the highest body weight and BMI. However, after 3 years of nutritional intervention with MD+VOO, these subjects were predicted to have the greatest reduction in body weight. [source] Monounsaturated Fat and Cardiovascular RiskNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 2006Jose López-Miranda MD On the basis of the information discussed in this review, we can conclude that the effects of a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from olive oil include a wide range of healthy benefits beyond improvement in cholesterol levels, suggesting that this type of diet has great potential in preventing cardiovascular disease. MUFA-enriched diets reduce insulin requirements and decrease plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in type 2 diabetic patients, unlike high-saturated fatty acid and low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets. Moreover, some data show that this dietary model could have a hypotensive effect. There is also substantial evidence that oleic-enriched low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is more resistant to oxidative modifications and that dietary MUFA may influence various components and functions related to the endothelium. These include endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and a reduced capacity of oleicenriched LDL to promote the adhesion and chemotaxis of monocytes. On the other hand, a MUFA diet decreases the prothrombotic environment, modifying platelet adhesion, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Its reducing effect on PAI-1 plasma levels is of particular relevance. This wide range of anti-atherogenic effects could explain the low rate of cardiovascular mortality found in Mediterranean countries, where there is a moderate to high supply of dietary MUFA. Future studies need to focus on uncovering the mechanisms by which the Mediterranean diet exerts its beneficial effects [source] Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesityOBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 1 2009N. J. Olsen Summary The prevalence of obesity has increased in the past 30 years, and at the same time a steep increase in consumption of soft drinks has been seen. This paper reviews the literature for studies on associations between intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity, relative to adjustment for energy intake. Conclusions from previous reviews have been inconsistent, but some included many cross-sectional studies or studies supported by sugar industry. A literature search was performed for prospective and experimental studies using Medline and Scirus. Fourteen prospective and five experimental studies were identified. The majority of the prospective studies found positive associations between intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity. Three experimental studies found positive effects of calorically sweetened beverages and subsequent changes in body fat. Two experimental studies did not find effects. Eight prospective studies adjusted for energy intake. Seven of these studies reported associations that were essentially similar before and after energy adjustment. In conclusion, a high intake of calorically sweetened beverages can be regarded as a determinant for obesity. However, there seems to be no support that the association between intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity is mediated via increased energy intake, and alternative biological explanations should be explored. [source] DNA Adduct Levels and Intestinal Lesions in Congenic Rapid and Slow Acetylator Syrian Hamsters Administered the Food Mutagens 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridine (PhIP) or 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5- f]quinoline (IQBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 6 2000Inger-Lise Steffensen Epidemiological studies indicate that rapid acetylators with a high intake of well-done red meat have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Arylamine N -acetyltransferase enzymes (E.C. 2.3.1.5) activate carcinogenic heterocyclic amines found in the crust of fried meat via O -acetylation of their N -hydroxylamines to reactive intermediates that bind covalently to DNA and produce mutations. Syrian hamsters as well as humans express two N -acetyltransferase isozymes (NAT1 and NAT2) which differ in substrate specificity and genetic control. Nucleic acid substitutions in the NAT2 gene segregate individuals into rapid, intermediate and slow acetylator phenotypes. In the present paper, we examined the role of the polymorphic NAT2 acetylator genotype in carcinogenesis induced by the food mutagens 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridine (PhIP) or 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5- f]quinoline (IQ) by comparing Syrian hamster lines congenic at the NAT2 locus. No differences were found between rapid and slow acetylator congenic hamsters in levels of intestinal PhIP-DNA adducts. In contrast to previous studies in rats, no carcinogen-related induction of the preneoplastic lesions aberrant crypt foci or tumors was found in the intestines of rapid and slow acetylator congenic Syrian hamsters administered PhIP or IQ. [source] Flavonoids and thyroid diseaseBIOFACTORS, Issue 3-4 2003Daan Van Der Heide Abstract The most potent natural plant-derived compounds that can affect thyroid function, thyroid hormone secretion and availability to tissues is the group of flavonoids, i.e. plant pigments. They are present in our daily food, such as vegetables, fruits, grains, nuts, wine, and tea. Epidemiological studies suggest beneficial effects on health of flavonoids, which are commonly attributed to their activity as antioxidants. Experimental studies in vitro, however, showed inhibition of organification in thyroid cells and follicles by several flavonoids. Studies in vivo and vitro with synthetic and natural flavonoids showed displacement of T4 from transthyretin leading to disturbances in thyroid hormone availability in tissues. Radioactive labeled flavonoids appeared to be eliminated rapidly from the body mainly through excretion in the feces. In pregnant rats synthetic flavonoids cross the placenta and accumulate in the fetal compartment, including the fetal brain. Therefore, a high intake of flavonoids is contraindicated. In conclusion: flavonoids show strong interference with many aspects of thyroid hormone synthesis and availability. [source] Intake of vitamin C and E in pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia: prospective study among 57 346 womenBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 7 2009ĹK Klemmensen Objective, It has been suggested that vitamin C, alone or in combination with vitamin E, may protect against pre-eclampsia, whereas the safety of high-dose vitamin E supplements has been questioned. We investigated dietary intakes of vitamins C and E to see if they correlated with the incidence of pre-eclampsia. Design, Prospective cohort study. Setting, The Danish National Birth Cohort; a population-based pregnancy cohort; analyses were based on 57 346 pregnancies. Methods, Vitamin intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire completed in gestational week 25, recording intake from diet and supplements during the previous four weeks. Pre-eclampsia diagnoses were obtained from the Danish National Patient Registry; we worked with two entities, ,pre-eclampsia (all types)' and ,severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP'. We adjusted for confounding factors by logistic regression. Main outcome measures, A small increase in the incidence of severe disease was also seen in the group of women (64, n = 49 373) with a high intake of vitamin E from supplements and dietary sources. Results, The incidence of ,pre-eclampsia (all types)' did not correlate with dietary vitamin C and E intake. There was a decreasing trend (P = 0.01) in the incidence of ,severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP' with increasing dietary vitamin C intake; with an intake of 130,170 mg/day as reference, odds ratios ranged from 1.21 (95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.75) for an intake below 70 mg/day to 0.70 (0.40 to 1.23) for an intake exceeding 275 mg/day (total n = 57 346). For vitamin E intake aggregated from diet and supplements (n = 49 373), with an intake of 10.5,13.5 mg/day as reference, the ,severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP' odds ratio was 1.46 (1.02 to 2.09) for an intake exceeding 18 mg/day. Conclusions, Low dietary intake of vitamin C was associated with a trend towards an increased incidence of either severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP. A small increase in the incidence of severe disease was also seen in the group of women with a high intake of vitamin E from supplements and dietary sources. [source] Dietary Habits and Risk of Lung Cancer Death in a Large-scale Cohort Study (JACC Study) in Japan by Sex and Smoking HabitCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2001Kotaro Ozasa Lung cancer has increased and is the leading cause of cancer death among Japanese males. The associations of dietary habits with the risk of lung cancer death were evaluated by sex and smoking habits in this study. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study, a cohort established in 1988,90 and consisting of 42 940 males and 55 308 females was observed for lung cancer deaths up to the end of 1997. During the observation period, 446 males and 126 females died of lung cancer. A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used as the baseline survey. Hazard ratios for dietary factors were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model. Among males, a high intake of ham and sausages, cheese, green-leafy vegetables, oranges, and other fruits significantly and dose-dependently decreased the risk of lung cancer death. Among females, a high intake of miso-soup, ham and sausages, and liver significantly and almost dose-dependently increased the risk. Vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidative and carcinogenic agents reduced the risk of lung cancer deaths among male smokers more than among female nonsmokers. The results among female nonsmokers were partially consistent with the hypothesis that high fat consumption increases the risk of lung cancer, especially that of adenocarcinoma. [source] Trans fatty acids and cancers: AFSSA recommendationsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2007Mariette Gerber Abstract The results of epidemiological studies were too few and inconsistent to enable a conclusion to be drawn as to whether dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) including conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) were beneficial or detrimental to the various sites of cancer studied. The effect of CLA isomers has only been studied in animal models, and mainly on mammary tumours. CLA , particularly the 9c,11t CLA , exerted an inhibitory effect on the initiation and development of these tumours, whereas a similar effect has not been observed in humans, whose intake level is much lower than the threshold required for an antitumour effect to be detectable in rodents. The aforementioned effect has been obtained in animal models at prolonged and high intakes, from 0.5 to 2% of the total energy intake, which corresponds approximately to 5,10,g/day in humans. The underlying mechanisms have not been identified and are probably indirect and multiple. [source] Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2007Edward Giovannucci Abstract Risk factors for prostate cancer could differ for various sub-groups, such as for "aggressive" and "non-aggressive" cancers or by grade or stage. Determinants of mortality could differ from those for incidence. Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, we re-examined 10 factors (cigarette smoking history, physical activity, BMI, family history of prostate cancer, race, height, total energy consumption, and intakes of calcium, tomato sauce and ,-linolenic acid) using multivariable Cox regression in relation to multiple subcategories for prostate cancer risk. These were factors that we previously found to be predictors of prostate cancer incidence or advanced prostate cancer in this cohort, and that have some support in the literature. In this analysis, only 4 factors had a clear statistically significant association with overall incident prostate cancer: African,American race, positive family history, higher tomato sauce intake (inversely) and ,-linolenic acid intake. In contrast, for fatal prostate cancer, recent smoking history, taller height, higher BMI, family history, and high intakes of total energy, calcium and ,-linolenic acid were associated with a statistically significant increased risk. Higher vigorous physical activity level was associated with lower risk. In relation to these risk factors, advanced stage at diagnosis was a good surrogate for fatal prostate cancer, but high-grade (Gleason , 7 or Gleason , 8) was not. Only for high calcium intake was there a close correspondence for associations among high-grade cancer, advanced and fatal prostate cancer. Tomato sauce (inversely) and ,-linolenic acid (positively) intakes were strong predictors of advanced cancer among those with low-grade cancers at diagnosis. Although the proportion of advanced stage cancers was much lower after PSA screening began, risk factors for advanced stage prostate cancers were similar in the pre-PSA and PSA era. The complexity of the clinical and pathologic manifestations of prostate cancer must be considered in the design and interpretation of studies. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dietary carotenoids and risk of colon cancer: Case-control studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2004André Nkondjock Abstract Some epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables with a high carotenoid content may protect against colon cancer (CC). The evidence, however, is not completely consistent. Given the inconsistencies in findings in previous studies and continued interest in identifying modifiable risk factors for CC, a case-control study of French-Canadian in Montreal, Canada, was undertaken to examine the possible association between dietary carotenoids and CC risk and to investigate whether this association varies in relation to lifestyle factors such as smoking or diet, and particularly the high consumption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). A total of 402 colorectal cases (200 males and 202 females) and 688 population-based controls matched for age, gender and place of residence were interviewed. Dietary intake was assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire that collected information on over 200 food items and recipes. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in unconditional logistic regression models. After adjustment for important variables such as total energy intake, no association was found between dietary intake of carotenoids and CC risk. For women with high intakes of LCPUFA, an inverse association was found between lutein + zeaxanthin and CC risk. ORs were 0.41; 95%CI (0.19,0.91), p=0.03 for eicosapentaenoic acid, and OR=0.36, 95%CI (0.19,0.78), p=0.01 for docosahexaenoic acid, when the upper quartiles of intake were compared to the lower. Among never-smokers, a significantly reduced risk of CC was associated with intake of ,-carotene [OR=0.44, 95%CI (0.21,0.92) and p=0.02], whereas an inverse association was found between lycopene intake and CC risk [OR=0.63, 95%CI (0.40,0.98) and p=0.05] among smokers. The results of our study suggest that a diet rich in both lutein + zeaxanthin and LCPUFAs may help prevent CC in French-Canadian females. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposureMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 11 2009Helen E. Kvalem Abstract Dietary patterns were related to intake and blood concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and selected non-dioxin-like-PCBs (ndl-PCBs). Intake calculations were based on an extensive food frequency questionnaire and a congener-specific database on concentrations in Norwegian foods. The study (2003) applied a two-step inclusion strategy recruiting representative (n=73) and high consumers (n=111) of seafood and game. Estimated median intakes of sum PCDD/PCDFs and dl-PCBs of the representative and high consumers were 0.78 and 1.25 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg bw/day, respectively. Estimated median intakes of ndl-PCBs (sum chlorinated biphenyl (CB)-28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) were 4.26 and 6.40 ng/kg bw/day. The median blood concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs/dl-PCBs were 28.7 and 35.1 pg TEQ/g lipid, and ndl-PCBs (sum of CB-101, 138, 153 and 180) 252 and 299 ng/g lipid. The Spearman correlations between dietary intake and serum concentration were r=0.34 (p=0.017) for dl-compounds and r=0.37 (p<0.001) for ndl-PCBs. Oily fish was the major source of dl-compounds and ndl-PCBs in high and representative consumers. Four dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Two were related to high intakes, one dominated by oily fish ((,-3)), the other by fish liver and seagull eggs ("northern coastal"). Only the latter was closely associated with high blood concentrations of dioxins and PCBs. [source] Health benefits of dietary fiberNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 4 2009James W Anderson Dietary fiber intake provides many health benefits. However, average fiber intakes for US children and adults are less than half of the recommended levels. Individuals with high intakes of dietary fiber appear to be at significantly lower risk for developing coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and certain gastrointestinal diseases. Increasing fiber intake lowers blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. Increased intake of soluble fiber improves glycemia and insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic and diabetic individuals. Fiber supplementation in obese individuals significantly enhances weight loss. Increased fiber intake benefits a number of gastrointestinal disorders including the following: gastroesophageal reflux disease, duodenal ulcer, diverticulitis, constipation, and hemorrhoids. Prebiotic fibers appear to enhance immune function. Dietary fiber intake provides similar benefits for children as for adults. The recommended dietary fiber intakes for children and adults are 14 g/1000 kcal. More effective communication and consumer education is required to enhance fiber consumption from foods or supplements. [source] Trans Fatty Acids, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 DiabetesNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 8 2006Andrew O. Odegaard BA Type 2 diabetes, a growing global health problem, has a complex etiology involving many interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Essential to the development of the disease is insulin resistance of the peripheral tissues. Insulin resistance may be partly modified by the specific types of dietary fatty acids. Trans fatty acids (TFAs), created through the transformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids from their natural cis form to the trans form, are abundant in the Western diet. TFAs take on similar properties as saturated fats, and appear to be more atherogenic. High intakes of saturated fats may promote insulin resistance. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that high intakes of TFAs would have similar, or stronger, effects. In this review, all current evidence on the topic of TFAs, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes is summarized and interpreted. Although there is some support from observational and experimental studies for the hypothesis that high intakes of TFAs may increase the risk for type 2 diabetes, inconsistencies across studies and methodological problems make it premature to draw definitive conclusions at this time. More experimental research in humans is needed to further address this question. [source] Trends in Diet, Nutritional Status, and Diet-related Noncommunicable Diseases in China and India: The Economic Costs of the Nutrition TransitionNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 12 2001Dr. Barry M. Popkin Ph.D Undernutrition is being rapidly reduced in India and China. In both countries the diet is shifting toward higher fat and lower carbohydrate content. Distinct features are high intakes of foods from animal sources and edible oils in China, and high intakes of dairy and added sugar in India. The proportion of overweight is increasing very rapidly in China among all adults; in India the shift is most pronounced among urban residents and high-income rural residents. Hypertension and stroke are relatively higher in China and adult-onset diabetes is relatively higher in India. Established economic techniques were used to measure and project the costs of undernutrition and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in 1995 and 2025. Current WHO mortality projections of diet-related noncommunicable diseases, dietary and body composition survey data, and national data sets of hospital costs for healthcare, are used for the economic analyses. In 1995, China's costs of undernutrition and costs of diet-related noncommunicable diseases were of similar magnitude, but there will be a rapid increase in the costs and prevalence of diet-related noncommunicable diseases by 2025. By contrast with China, India's costs of undernutrition will continue to decline, but undernutrition costs did surpass overnutrition diet-related noncommunicable disease costs in 1995. India's rapid increase in diet-related noncommunicable diseases and their costs projects similar economic costs of undernutrition and overnutrition by 2025. [source] Diet in late pregnancy and glucose-insulin metabolism of the offspring 40 years laterBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 7 2000A. W. Shiell Statistician Objective To determine how diets of women in pregnancy influence the glucose-insulin metabolism of their offspring in adult life. Design A follow up study of men and women born during 1948,1954 whose mothers had taken part in a survey of diet in late pregnancy. Setting Aberdeen, Scotland. Population One hundred and sixty-eight men and women born in the Aberdeen Maternity Hospital. Main outcome measure Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, fasting and after a standard oral glucose challenge. Results The offspring of women who had high intakes of fat and protein in late pregnancy had a reduced plasma insulin increment between fasting and 30 min with a 7.0% decrease in increment (P= 0.007) per 10 g increase in protein intake and a 4.9% decrease (P= 0.002) per 10 g increase in fat intake. This was independent of the mother's body mass index or weight gain in pregnancy. A low maternal body mass index in early or late pregnancy was associated with a raised fasting plasma insulin concentration with a decrease of 2.4% (P= 0.05) per 1 kg/m2 increase of maternal body mass. Conclusion High intakes of protein and fat during pregnancy may impair development of the fetal pancreatic beta cells and lead to insulin deficiency in the offspring. The offspring of thin mothers tend to be insulin resistant. [source] | ||||||||||||||||