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High Fat (high + fat)
Terms modified by High Fat Selected AbstractsInsulitis in type 2 diabetesDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 2008M. Böni-Schnetzler Islets of patients with type 2 diabetes have the feature of an inflammatory process reflected by the presence of cytokines, immune cells, ,-cell apoptosis, amyloid deposits and fibrosis. Indeed, ,-cells from patients with type 2 diabetes display inflammatory markers, including increased interleukin (IL)-1, expression. Furthermore, increased islet-associated macrophages are observed in human type 2 diabetic patients and in most animal models of diabetes. Importantly, increased numbers of macrophages are detectable very early in high fat,fed mice islets, before the onset of diabetes. These immune cells are most likely attracted by islet-derived chemokines, produced in response to metabolic stress, and under the control of IL-1,. It follows that modulation of intra-islet inflammatory mediators, in particular IL-1,, may prevent insulitis in type 2 diabetes and therefore presents itself as a possible causal therapy with disease-modifying potential. [source] Exenatide prevents fat-induced insulin resistance and raises adiponectin expression and plasma levelsDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 10 2008L. Li Background:, Exenatide (exendin-4) can reduce blood glucose levels, increase insulin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity through mechanisms that are not completely understood. Methods:, In the present study, we examined the effects of exenatide treatment on glucose tolerance (intravenous glucose tolerance test), insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic,hyperinsulinaemic clamps), insulin signalling (insulin receptor substrate 1 tyrosine phosphorylation) and adipocytokine levels (visfatin and adiponectin) in high fat,fed rats. Results:, Administration of exenatide (0.5 or 2.0 ,g/kg twice daily × 6 weeks) prevented high-fat diet (HFD),induced increases in body weight, plasma free fatty acids, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Exenatide also prevented HFD-induced deterioration in peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity, insulin clearance, glucose tolerance and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in fat and skeletal muscles. Interestingly, plasma visfatin levels decreased in exenatide-treated rats, whereas expression and plasma levels of adiponectin increased. Conclusions:, These results indicate that chronic exenatide treatment enhances insulin sensitivity and protects against high fat,induced insulin resistance. [source] Is postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia in relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects a consequence of insulin resistance?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 2 2005A. Kriketos Abstract Background, Higher postprandial triglyceride responses reported in first degree relatives of people with type 2 diabetes (REL) were postulated to be the result of an early, possibly intrinsic, defect in oral lipid handling. The postprandial triglyceride response to high fat meals (HFM) in normal subjects is reduced by the insulin response to dietary carbohydrate (CHO) in the meal. The aims of this study were to examine whether (1) insulin resistance is associated with an intrinsic defect in triglyceride handling in insulin-resistant REL and (2) insulin resistance is associated with altered triglyceride handling after HFM with high CHO content. Materials and methods, Postprandial responses to a HFM in normolipidaemic, normoglycaemic REL were compared with subjects without a family history of diabetes mellitus (CON). Over 6 h, the insulin, glucose, triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) responses after a high fat (80 g fat), low CHO (HFM-LC; 20 g CHO, 4250 kJ) meal and a high fat, high CHO (HFM-HC; 100 g CHO, 5450 kJ) meal were examined. Results, The 10 (7F/3M) REL were significantly more insulin-resistant, determined by glucose infusion during a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp than the 10 (5F/5M) CON (glucose infusion rate 44·6 ± 4·9 vs. 60·0 ± 4·8 µmol min,1 kg FFM,1, P = 0·037). Subjects were similar for age and body mass index (BMI). The triglyceride increments after the HFM-LC were similar in both, peaking at 180,240 min (,0·77 ± 0·11 mmol L,1), demonstrating no postprandial defect in REL, despite insulin resistance. There was a significantly lower postprandial triglyceride response in CON following the HFM-HC compared with the HFM-LC, but not in REL. In contrast, the higher insulin level during the HFM-HC was associated with significantly greater NEFA level suppression than in the HFM-LC (2·13 ± 0·51 vs. 0·70 ± 0·35 mmol L,1, P = 0·03), only in the REL. Conclusions, These results are inconsistent with a primary aetiological role for postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia in already insulin resistant type 2 diabetic REL, but raise the possibility that this potentially atherogenic manifestation is secondary to insulin resistance lessening VLDL production and/or release from the liver. [source] Postprandial triglycerides in response to high fat: role of dietary carbohydrateEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 1 2004Eric C. Westman No abstract is available for this article. [source] Effects of estrogen and androgen deprivation on the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in male Sprague,Dawley ratsHEPATOLOGY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Yanjun Mu Aim:, We studied the mechanisms of estrogen/androgen involvement in the induction of NASH by treating Sprague,Dawley (SD) rats fed with a normal or high fat (HF) diet by depriving them of endogenous estrogens/androgens. Methods:, Male adult SD rats (n = 10/group) on normal or HF diets were treated for 75 days either with tamoxifen (Tam) or flutamide (Flu) or Tam + Flu in order to induce NASH. We analyzed histopathologically the liver samples from the treated groups for NASH, checked the serum biochemical and lipid profile markers and finally analyzed the signal pathways underlying the molecular mechanisms for the induction process of NASH. Results:, Deprivation of endogenous estrogens and/or androgens (Tam or Flu or Tam + Flu) without the HF diet did not induce NASH. Tam or Tam + Flu induced NASH, compared to milder lesions without fibrosis in HF diet and Flu-treated liver. Serum alanine aminotransferase or lipid profile markers further proved the Tam, Flu or Tam + Flu effects on the induction of NASH in conjunction with a HF diet. Tam treatment predominantly downregulated the ER, and FAS and upregulated UCP2 and TNF-,. Conclusions:, Deprivation of endogenous estrogen/androgens in conjunction with a HF diet may induce NASH where the downregulated ER, and FAS, and upregulated UCP2 and TNF-, could be involved in their molecular pathomechanism pathways. These results could suggest the potential negative roles of estrogenic/androgenic depriving compounds in the induction of NASH, along with obesity. [source] Comparison of the characteristics of set type yoghurt made from ovine milk of different fat contentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2007Stelios Kaminarides Summary Characteristics of four types of yoghurt made from ovine milk containing 6.6%, 3.8%, 2.3%, or 0.9% fat respectively were studied. The yoghurt produced from ovine milk with high fat had the highest flavour and texture scores, fat and total solids content and firmness, but the lowest syneresis, lactic acid and galactose content. Low-fat yoghurts can be successfully produced from homogenised ovine milk and these yoghurts did not significantly differ from that of full fat yoghurt in values for ash, lactose, citric acid, pyruvic acid, pH and non-protein nitrogen. The HPLC procedure that was used for the determination of lactose was appropriate for the simultaneous determination of galactose and organic acids in milk or yoghurt. A total of sixteen volatile compounds were identified in ovine yoghurt and the main volatile flavour compounds in yoghurt on 2 days were acetic acid, acetaldehyde, acetone, diacetyl, 2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 3-methyl-2-butanone. [source] Diet-induced central obesity and insulin resistance in rabbitsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1 2008S. Zhao Summary The present study was designed to examine whether rabbits fed a diet containing high fat and sucrose could develop obesity and insulin resistance (IR), the major pathophysiological features of metabolic syndrome. Male Japanese white rabbits were fed either a normal chow diet (control) or high fat and sucrose diet (HFSD) for 36 weeks. Plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose and insulin were measured. To evaluate glucose metabolism, we performed an intravenous glucose tolerance test. In addition, we compared adipose tissue accumulation in HFSD-fed rabbits with that in normal rabbits. HFSD constantly and significantly led to an increase in body weight of HFSD-fed rabbits, caused by significantly higher visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Although there were no differences in plasma TG, TC, glucose, insulin levels and blood pressure between the two groups, HFSD-fed rabbits showed impaired glucose clearance associated with higher levels of insulin secretion compared to control rabbits. Our results showed that HFSD induced IR and increased adipose accumulation in rabbits, suggesting that HFSD-fed rabbits may become a model for research on human IR and obesity. [source] Resting energy expenditure and body composition of Labrador Retrievers fed high fat and low fat dietsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5-6 2006S. Yoo Summary A high dietary fat intake may be an important environmental factor leading to obesity in some animals. The mechanism could be either an increase in caloric intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure. To test the hypothesis that high fat diets result in decreased resting energy expenditure (REE), we measured REE using indirect calorimetry in 10-adult intact male Labrador Retrievers, eating weight-maintenance high-fat (HF, 41% energy, average daily intake: 8018 ± 1247 kJ/day, mean ± SD) and low-fat (LF, 14% energy, average daily intake: 7331 ± 771 kJ/day) diets for a 30-day period. At the end of each dietary treatment, body composition measurements were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean ± SD REE was not different between diets (4940 ± 361 vs. 4861 ± 413 kJ/day on HF and LF diets respectively). Measurements of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) also did not differ between diets (FFM: 26.8 ± 2.3 kg vs. 26.3 ± 2.5 kg; FM: 3.0 ± 2.3 vs. 3.1 ± 1.5 kg on HF and LF diets respectively). In summary, using a whole body calorimeter, we found no evidence of a decrease in REE or a change in body composition on a HF diet compared with LF diet. [source] Families, food, and pester power: beyond the blame game?JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 4 2007David Marshall Given the moral and medical panic surrounding rising rates of childhood obesity, there has been much debate about who on what is to be blamed, with parents and HFSS (high fat, salt, and sugar) food advertising often censured for their role. In this paper, we review the literature on childhood obesity and pester power, and the broader context of consumer socialization within the family. We then discuss findings from a questionnaire and focus group study of 8,11 year old children in New Zealand exploring aspects of their advertising experiences and everyday snack food consumption. HFSS food ads were well-represented in their repertoire of favorite ads, and they reported being influenced by these. However, their accounts of snacking highlighted the extent to which their actual consumption was shaped by parental agendas and concerns. Although they gravitated towards less healthy snack foods, fruit, and vegetables were included in their categorization and repertoire of snacks, perhaps reflecting the level of monitoring and gatekeeping exerted by their parents, who established ground rules for snacking and in many cases directly controlled their access to snack foods, although the limits imposed varied according to context. The children were generally accepting of this, although they drew on a range of strategies and tactics to access their preferred snacks. We conclude by considering the implications of this study for parents who seek to provide their children with a healthy diet and others concerned about health and public policy, and we suggest some avenues for developing knowledge in this area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) does not Improve Glucose Tolerance, Serum Insulin, or Blood Lipid Profiles in a Rat Model of Type-2 DiabetesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2008M.S. Islam ABSTRACT:, The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a low (0.5%) and a high (2.0%) dietary dose of freeze-dried Chinese cabbage (CC) (Brassica campestris L.) powder in a type-2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats. Five-week-old male Sprague,Dawley rats were fed a high fat (HF)-containing diet for 2 wk then randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 animals, namely: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DBC), Chinese cabbage low (CCL, 0.5%), and Chinese cabbage high (CCH, 2.0%) groups. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 40 mg/kg body weight) in all groups except the NC group. After 4 wk feeding of experimental diets, although food intake was not different among the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups, body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the CCH group compared to the DBC group. Relatively higher serum insulin concentrations and better glucose tolerance were observed in the CC-fed groups compared to the DBC group; however, the results were not significantly different. Fasting blood glucose, blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), liver weight, and liver glycogen levels were not influenced by the CC-containing diets. Additionally, hypertriglyceridemic tendencies were observed in the CC-fed groups compared to the NC and DBC groups, while difference observed for total-, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterols between the groups were negligible. Results of this study suggest that up to 2% dietary dose of freeze-dried CC is not significantly effective to reduce diabetes-related symptoms in an HF diet-fed STZ-induced T2D model of rats. [source] Efficacy of dietary treatments for epilepsyJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 2 2010E. G. Neal Abstract The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high fat, restricted carbohydrate regime that has been used as a treatment for seizures since the 1920s, when it was designed to induce a similar metabolic response to fasting. A modification of this early classical version of the KD was introduced in the 1970s using medium chain triglycerides as an alternative fat source. More recently, two alternative, less-restrictive dietary treatments have been developed: the modified Atkins diet and the low glycaemic index diet. There are many case reports and observational studies reporting successful use of the KD, and a growing number of studies reporting similar success with the modified Atkins protocol. A recent randomised controlled trial has shown a significant benefit of the KD compared to no change in treatment. The use of these dietary therapies in the UK is supported by literature evidence, although often is limited by a lack of resources; increasing awareness and knowledge is fundamental to ensure availability for those individuals with intractable epilepsy who may benefit from them. [source] Moderate Alcohol Consumption Aggravates High-Fat Diet Induced Steatohepatitis in RatsALCOHOLISM, Issue 3 2010Yan Wang Background:, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) develops in the absence of chronic and excessive alcohol consumption. However, it remains unknown whether moderate alcohol consumption aggravates liver inflammation in pre-existing NASH condition. Methods:, Sprague-Dawley rats were first fed ad libitum with Lieber-DeCarli high-fat diet (71% energy from fat) for 6 weeks to induce NASH, as demonstrated previously. Afterwards, these rats were continuously fed with high-fat diet (HFD, 55% total energy from fat) or high fat plus alcohol diet (HFA, 55% energy from fat and 16% energy from alcohol) for an additional 4 weeks. Pathological lesions including fat accumulation and inflammatory foci in liver were examined and graded. Lipid peroxidation and apoptotic hepatocytes in the liver were assessed. The mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-, (TNF,) and TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1), Fas death receptor (Fas) and Fas ligant (FasL), IL-1, and IL-12 were determined by real-time PCR. Protein levels of total and cleaved caspase-3, CYP2E1, Bax, and Bcl-2 were measured by western blotting. Results:, The number of hepatic inflammatory foci and apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly increased in rats fed with HFA as compared with those in HFD-fed rats. The aggravated inflammatory response and cellular apoptosis mediated by HFA were associated with elevated mRNA expression of Fas/FasL and cleaved caspase-3 protein. Although no significant differences were observed between HFD and HFA groups, the levels of lipid peroxidation, Bax and Bcl-2 protein concentration, and mRNA levels of other inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in these 2 groups than those in the control group. Conclusions:, These data suggest that even moderate alcohol consumption can cause more hepatic inflammation and cellular apoptosis in a pre-existing NASH condition. [source] Dietary Steatotic Liver Attenuates Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in MiceMICROCIRCULATION, Issue 1 2006YOSHIYA ITO ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether hepatic steatosis is susceptible to acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Methods: Male C57Bl/6 mice were fed a "Western-style" diet (high fat and high carbohydrate) for 4 months to develop severe hepatic steatosis with mild increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. These were compared to mice fed a standard chow diet. Results: Treatment with APAP (300 mg/kg, orally) to mice fed a regular chow increased ALT levels (519-fold) and caused hepatic centrilobular injury at 6 h. APAP increased hepatic cytochrome-P (CYP)-2E1 mRNA levels (17-fold). In vivo microscopic studies showed that APAP caused a 30% decrease in sinusoidal perfusion and the infiltration of red blood cells into the space of Disse. Electron microscopy demonstrated that numerous gaps were formed in sinusoidal endothelial cells. Mice fed the "Western-style" diet were protected from APAP hepatotoxicity as evidenced by 89% decrease in ALT levels and less centrilobular injury, which was associated with 42% decrease in CYP2E1 mRNA levels. The APAP-induced liver microcirculatory dysfunction was minimized in mice fed the "Western-style" diet. Conclusions: These results suggest that hepatic steatosis elicited by the "Western-style" diet attenuated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting CYP2E1 induction and by minimizing sinusoidal endothelial cell injury, leading to protection of liver microcirculation. [source] Nutritional evaluation of some Nigerian wild seedsMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 2 2004Ganiyu Oboh Abstract Some wild seeds, namely Parkia biglobosa, Tetracarpidum conophorum, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Irvingia gabonensis, Afzelia africana, Prosporis africana and Monodora myristica, were randomly collected from various parts of Nigeria and analyzed with regard to their proximate, mineral, antinutrient composition and zinc bioavailability. The results revealed that the seeds had high protein (6.5,24.2%), fat (19.0,58.5%), mineral (Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, Na, K, P) and phytate (1043.6,2905.2 mg/100 g) contents, while the cyanide content was low (3.7,6.4 mg/kg). However, Co, Pb and Ni were not detected in all the samples. The calculated [Ca] [phytate]/[Zn] molar ratios (which is the best index for predicting Zn bioavailability) for all the seeds revealed that Parkia biglobosa, Irvingia gabonensis and Prosporis africana had a calculated molar ratio above 0.50 mol/kg (critical level), thus indicating reduced bioavailability of Zn to a critical level. In view of the high fat, protein, mineral and low cyanide contents, the high phytate content would not be expected to reduce bioavailability of Zn in some of the wild seeds (Afzelia africana, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Monodora myristica). These wild seeds could be good nutrient sources if integrated fully into human and animal nutrition. However, further studies will be carried out on the protein quality and toxicological potentials of these wild seeds. [source] Caloric Restriction and Calcium's Effect on Bone Metabolism and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Premenopausal WomenNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 12 2004Tim L. Radak DrPH Obesity results in numerous preventable deaths and comorbidities. Unfortunately, a reduction of body weight has been correlated with a reduction in bone mass, the reasons for which have not been fully elucidated. The importance of maximizing peak bone mass during premenopausal years is well known. Most studies demonstrate a positive relationship between calcium intake and bone mass. However, during caloric restriction, which is commonly used for weight loss, calcium intake has shown mixed results. Calcium from dairy sources has received additional attention, beyond its importance to bone, for its role in regulating body weight and composition. Dairy foods are perceived as high fat, and therefore, are generally minimized or avoided during caloric restriction. The current calcium intake for premenopausal women is significantly below recommendations, and even if met during caloric restriction, may not be adequate. This review underscores the need for maintaining at least adequate intake levels of calcium, if not more, during weight loss regimens to minimize potential long-term detrimental effects on bone metabolism. [source] Inhibition of the progression of type 2 diabetes in the C57BL/6J mouse model by an anti-diabetes herbal formulaPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2003Wendell D. Winters Abstract The effects of a speci,cally prepared anti-diabetic herbal formula (ADHF) on the course of established diet-induced type 2 diabetes in animal subjects has been studied. In a C57BL/6J mouse model for diet induced type 2 diabetes, intervention for 12 weeks using ADHF as a diet supplement resulted in a signi,cant inhibition of diabetes related changes in major organs usually targeted by type 2 diabetes and a signi,cant reduction in circulating levels of glucose and insulin. Young male mice were randomly assigned to receive ad libitum exposure to either a standard rodent chow diet or to a high fat, high simple sugar, low ,bre diet (diabetes induction diet), respectively for 8 weeks. All mice fed the induction diet developed abnormally high blood glucose levels at 8 weeks. Animals with con,rmed diet induced diabetic blood glucose levels were again randomly assigned into one of three groups (10 subjects per group), one group was thereafter fed only the diabetes induction diet and the other two groups were thereafter fed the diabetes induction diet into which ADHF had been mixed at 4% or at 8% ,nal concentrations. Normal mice were also randomized into two groups that were fed either a regular diet alone or 8% ADHF mixed in the regular diet. Blood glucose levels markedly increased over the 20 weeks of study in the diabetic mice fed the diabetes induction diet only. In contrast, diabetic mice fed induction diet into which 4% or 8% ADHF had been incorporated showed signi,cantly decreased blood glucose and insulin levels over the time of the study. Additional parameters signi,cantly reduced in diabetic mice fed ADHF included insulin resistance and histopathological changes in the pancreas and liver. This is the ,rst report to our knowledge to show in vivo evidence for signi,cantly decreased circulating glucose and insulin levels and a signi,cant reduction of progressive damage to major target organs by the addition of an herbal diet supplement to a diabetes induction diet proven to be capable of causing and maintaining type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The molecular mechanism underlying the reduction in abdominal fat accumulation by licorice flavonoid oil in high fat diet-induced obese ratsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Kazuhisa HONDA ABSTRACT Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been widely used in traditional medicines, and its flavonoid oil (LFO) decreases abdominal adipose tissue weight in mammals. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the decrease in abdominal adipose tissue weight by LFO. LFO significantly decreased the mRNA levels of rate-limiting enzymes in the hepatic fatty acid synthetic pathway, whereas LFO significantly increased the mRNA levels of a rate-limiting enzyme in the hepatic fatty acid oxidative pathway. LFO significantly decreased the mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) (a transcription factor that promotes hepatic fatty acid synthesis), whereas the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, (PPAR-,) (a transcription factor that promotes hepatic fatty acid oxidation) was significantly increased. All our findings suggest that the decrease in abdominal adipose tissue weight by LFO is mediated by the transcriptional regulation of SREBP-1c and PPAR-, in the liver. Thus, we infer that the natural ingredient LFO is a promising candidate for use as a feed additive to reduce abdominal fat accumulation in domestic animals. [source] Using a complex non-TDN based model (the DVE/OEB system) to predict microbial protein synthesis, endogenous protein, degradation balance, and total truly absorbed protein supply of different varieties of cereal oats for ruminantsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Peiqiang YU ABSTRACT Recently a new super-genotype of oat has been developed in the Crop Development Center called CDC SO-I (,SuperOat': low lignin and high fat). In a previous study, we evaluated total metabolizable protein using a TDN-based model-NRC-2001 which is popular in North America. However, the TDN-based NRC model is not accepted universally. The objectives of this study were to use a complex non-TDN based model, the DVE/OEB system, to evaluate potential nutrient supply to ruminants from the SuperOat in comparison with two normal varieties of oats (CDC Dancer and Derby) in western Canada. The quantitative predictions were made in terms of: (i) truly absorbed rumen synthesized microbial proteins in the small intestine; (ii) truly absorbed rumen undegraded feed protein in the small intestine; (iii) endogenous protein in the digestive tract; (iv) total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine; and (v) protein degraded balance. Results showed that using the DVE/OEB system to predict the potential nutrient supply, it was found that the SuperOat had similar truly absorbed rumen synthesized microbial protein levels (61, 63, 59 g/kg DM, P > 0.05, for SuperOat, CDC Dancer and Derby, respectively), higher truly absorbed rumen undegraded feed protein than CDC Dancer (22 vs. 17 g/kg DM P < 0.05, for SuperOat, CDC Dancer, respectively), but similar to Derby (22 vs. 21 g/kg DM; P > 0.05), and similar endogenous protein (16, 16, 18 g/kg DM; P > 0.05). Total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine is only numerically higher in the SuperOat (67 vs. 65, 62 g/kg DM, P > 0.05, for CDC Dancer and Derby, respectively). However, the protein degraded balance was significantly different (P < 0.05) with a positive value for the SuperOat (7.0 g/kg DM) and negative values for two normal varieties (,1.5, ,6.8 g/kg DM for CDC Dancer and Derby, respectively). In conclusion, the model predicted significantly different protein degradation balance. The SuperOat had positive degradation balance but other two normal varieties had negative protein degraded balance However, the SuperOat had similar total absorbed protein value to the two normal varieties of oats. [source] Induction of Intestinal Tumors and Lymphomas in C57BL/6N Mice by a Food-borne Carcinogen, 2-Amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridineCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2002Masako Ochiai 2-Amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridine (PhIP) is the most abundant heterocyclic amine contained in cooked meat and fish. Although PhIP has been demonstrated to induce various types of tumors in rats, lymphomas predominated in mice using the CDF1 strain. To investigate the carcinogenic activity of PhIP on other organs in mice with a different genetic background, PhIP was administered to C57BL/6N mice. After a 40-week administration of 300 ppm of PhIP in a high-fat diet followed by continuous feeding with a high fat diet, C57BL/6N mice developed adenomas and adenocarcinomas in the small intestine, the incidences being 52% in males and 68% in females at weeks 95 and 70, respectively. Lymphomas of B-cell origin also developed in both sexes as frequently as in the CDF1 strain, incidences being 48% in males and 32% in females. Although the incidence in PhIP-treated female mice did not differ from that in the control mice, lymphomas developed significantly earlier in the PhIP-treated mice. The present study demonstrated that the intestinal tract is another potential target of PhIP-induced carcinogenesis in mice, and that the carcinogenic activity of PhIP could be affected by the genetic background of the animals. [source] Health-Affecting Compounds in BrassicaceaeCOMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, Issue 2 2009Muhammad Jahangir ABSTRACT:,Brassicaceae vegetables are considered to be a staple food in many areas all over the world. Brassica species are not only known for their high fat and protein contents for human and animal consumption, but Brassicaceae vegetables are recognized as a rich source of nutrients such as vitamins (carotenoids, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, folic acid), minerals (Cu, Zn, P, Mg, among others), carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose), amino acids (for example, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-histidine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, and L-valine), and different groups of phytochemicals such as indole phytoalexins (brassinin, spirobrassinin, brassilexin, camalexin, 1-methoxyspirobrassinin, 1-methoxyspirobrassinol, and methoxyspirobrassinol methyl ether), phenolics (such as feruloyl and isoferuloylcholine, hydroxybenzoic, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p -coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids, anthocyanins, quercetin, and kaempferol), and glucosinolates (mainly glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin, gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, glucobrassicin, gluconasturtiin, and neoglucobrassicin). All of these phytochemicals contribute to the reported antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and cardiovascular protective activities of Brassica vegetables. However, not all members of this family are equal from a nutritional viewpoint, since significant qualitative variations in the phytochemical profiles of Brassica species and varieties suggest differences in the health-promoting properties among these vegetables. In this article, Brassica phytochemicals with their nutritional value and health-promoting activities are discussed to give an overview of the literature for Brassica as a staple crop. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||