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High Expectations (high + expectation)
Selected AbstractsCoping with domestic violence: Control attributions, dysphoria, and hopelessnessJOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 2 2000Caroline M. Clements Abstract We investigated the influence of control judgments and coping style on emotional reactions to domestic violence utilizing the framework of hopelessness theory. We assessed abuse severity, control attributions, coping, dysphoric symptoms, and hopelessness in 70 battered women recruited from 12 domestic violence agencies. Respondents reported dysphoria but not hopelessness. Increased reports of dysphoria were associated with higher levels of self-blame and avoidance coping and lower levels of problem-focused coping. Increased problem-focused coping was associated with decreased hopelessness. Perceived control over current abuse was not related to dysphoria. High expectations for control over future events were associated with decreased dysphoria. We discuss our results in terms of their application to attributional accounts of emotional reactions to battering. [source] Opinions of Swedish citizens, health-care politicians, administrators and doctors on rationing and health-care financingHEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 2 2002Per Rosén Objective ,To compare the views of citizens and health-care decision-makers on health-care financing, the limits of public health-care, and resource allocation. Design ,A postal survey based on a randomized sample of adults taken by the national registration and stratified samples of health-care politicians, administrators, and doctors in five Swedish counties. Participants ,A total number of 1194 citizens (response rate 60%) and 427 decision-makers (response rate 69%). Results ,The general public have high expectations of public health-care, expectations that do not fit with the decision-makers' views on what should be offered. To overcome the discrepancy between demand and resources, physicians prefer increased patient fees and complementary private insurance schemes to a higher degree than do the other respondents. Physicians take a more favourable view of letting politicians on a national level exert a greater influence on resource allocation within public health-care. A majority of physicians want politicians to assume a greater responsibility for the exclusion of certain therapies or diagnoses. Most politicians, on the other hand, prefer physicians to make more rigorous decisions as to which medical indications should entitle a person to public health-care. Conclusions ,The gap between public expectations and health-care resources makes it more important to be clear about who should be accountable for resource-allocation decisions in public health-care. Significant differences between physicians' and politicians' opinions on financing and responsibility for prioritization make the question of accountability even more important. [source] Destruction of microstructure in archaeological bone: a case study from PortugalINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Mary Jackes Abstract Sampling of archaeological human bone may not be justified, contrary to former high expectations regarding adult age assessment based on histomorphometry. The alterations in buried bone as a result of bacterial action are readily visible in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). An understanding of the chemical and structural changes to cortical bone requires work at the level of a few microns. This paper reports on problems encountered during analyses of samples of human bone from Mesolithic (ca. 8000 calbp) shell midden sites at Muge in central Portugal, and the methods used to try and overcome these problems. We believe we have shown that these Mesolithic bones are partly comprised of bacterially reprecipitated mineral, which has had collagen removed, with consequent obliteration of bone microstructure. We conclude that microbial destruction of the structure of archaeological bone can be a serious impediment to analysis of the characteristics of the population represented by those skeletal remains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tourism, livelihoods and protected areas: opportunities for fair-trade tourism in and around National parksINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 5 2001Harold Goodwin The development and implementation of ,alternative livelihood projects' by donor agencies and conservation organisations has become one of the most commonly-applied management prescriptions to alleviate existing or potential conflicts between protected areas and local livelihoods. The use of these projects is a common feature of so-called Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs). In most cases, the promotion of these initiatives are undertaken as extensions of protected area programmes and often take place in buffer zones. Examples of projects that seek to improve local livelihoods in and around protected areas are common, and many of them have a tourism component. However, the results of tourism components of ICDPs have often been disappointing with local people benefiting little from tourism revenues. Nevertheless, many national parks are major tourist attractions in rural, and often marginal, areas and do offer significant opportunities for indigenous enterprise development. People living in and around these protected areas often have high expectations of what tourism could offer them. Using data collected in the south east lowveld of Zimbabwe for the DFID Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development project an analysis of local people's expectations of tourism is presented. The survey covered nine villages and there are significant differences in the responses. Local people were asked about their experience of tourism and their aspirations, including their preferred ways of earning money from tourism. Finally an analysis of their perceptions of the barriers to their involvement in the industry is presented. The paper then addresses the ways in which a national park or conservancy might respond to these aspirations and seek to involve local people in tourism enabling them to secure all or part of their livelihood from tourism related employment or entrepreneurial activity. An analysis of the preferences of tourists surveyed in Gonarezhou about activities, which they would wish to participate in if they were available, is presented. The paper concludes with an analysis of the opportunities for the managers of state, communal or privately owned land to create and support opportunities for local people to participate in the tourism industry and to benefit from fairly traded tourism. These strategies include marketing and business development support, regulation and price management. [source] The Science of Communicating the Art of Esthetic Dentistry.JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2000Part I: Patient-Dentist-Patient Communication ABSTRACT Many contemporary restorative procedures are primarily esthetically driven, and patients have high expectations. It is imperative for the restorative dentist to understand patients' desires and expectations prior to initiating irreversible therapy. It is equally important for patients to understand the anatomic and technical limitations inherent with restorative therapy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This article describes several relatively straightforward techniques that can assist in dentist-patient-dentist communication and allow the patient to visualize a reasonable facsimile of the definitive result prior to initiation of irreversible therapy. By using these techniques where indicated, the frustrating cycle of rejection and failure may be avoided. [source] Methodological and statistical issues in pharmacogenomicsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010Bas J. M. Peters Abstract Pharmacogenomics strives to explain the interindividual variability in response to drugs due to genetic variation. Although technological advances have provided us with relatively easy and cheap methods for genotyping, promises about personalised medicine have not yet met our high expectations. Successful results that have been achieved within the field of pharmacogenomics so far are, to name a few, HLA-B*5701 screening to avoid hypersensitivity to the antiretroviral abacavir, thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genotyping to avoid thiopurine toxicity, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping for better dosing of the anticoagulant warfarin. However, few pharmacogenetic examples have made it into clinical practice in the treatment of complex diseases. Unfortunately, lack of reproducibility of results from observational studies involving many genes and diseases seems to be a common pattern in pharmacogenomic studies. In this article we address some of the methodological and statistical issues within study design, gene and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selection and data analysis that should be considered in future pharmacogenomic research. First, we discuss some of the issues related to the design of epidemiological studies, specific to pharmacogenomic research. Second, we describe some of the pros and cons of a candidate gene approach (including gene and SNP selection) and a genome-wide scan approach. Finally, conventional as well as several innovative approaches to the analysis of large pharmacogenomic datasets are proposed that deal with the issues of multiple testing and systems biology in different ways. [source] Expectations, performance, and citizen satisfaction with urban servicesJOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2004Gregg G. Van Ryzin The expectancy disconfirmation model has dominated private-sector research on customer satisfaction for several decades, yet it has not been applied to citizen satisfaction with urban services. The model views satisfaction judgments as determined,not just by product or service performance,but by a process in which consumers compare performance with their prior expectations. Using data from a New York City citizen survey, this study finds that citizen expectations, and especially the disconfirmation of expectations,factors that previously have not been considered in empirical studies of the determinants of citizen satisfaction,play a fundamental role in the formation of satisfaction judgments regarding the quality of urban services. Interestingly, the modeling results suggest that urban managers should seek to promote not only high-quality services, but also high expectations among citizens. Additional implications for research and public management practice are discussed. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. [source] Characteristics of professional development that effect change in secondary science teachers' classroom practicesJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 6 2005Bobby Jeanpierre We studied the outcome of a professional development opportunity that consisted of 2-week-long resident institutes for teams consisting of a secondary science teacher and two students. The science content of the National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded professional development institute was monarch butterfly ecology. The first institute took place in Minnesota during the summer, and the second in Texas during the fall. Staff scientists provided intense instruction in inquiry, with numerous opportunities for participants to conduct short inquiry-based research projects. Careful attention was paid to introducing each step of the full inquiry process, from asking questions to presenting research findings. All participants conducted independent team full inquiry projects between the two institutes. Project findings show that the number of teachers providing opportunities for their students to conduct full inquiry increased significantly after their participation. A mixed-methodology analysis that included qualitative and quantitative data from numerous sources, and case studies of 20 teachers, revealed that the characteristics of the program that helped teachers successfully translate inquiry to their classrooms were: deep science content and process knowledge with numerous opportunities for practice; the requirement that teachers demonstrate competence in a tangible and assessable way; and providers with high expectations for learning and the capability to facilitate multifaceted inquiry experiences. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] NLPIR: A theoretical framework for applying natural language processing to information retrievalJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Lina Zhou The role of information retrieval (IR) in support of decision making and knowledge management has become increasingly significant. Confronted by various problems in traditional keyword-based IR, many researchers have been investigating the potential of natural language processing (NLP) technologies. Despite widespread application of NLP in IR and high expectations that NLP can address the problems of traditional IR, research and development of an NLP component for an IR system still lacks support and guidance from a cohesive framework. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework called NLPIR that aims at integrating NLP into IR and at generalizing broad application of NLP in IR. Some existing NLP techniques are described to validate the framework, which not only can be applied to current research, but is also envisioned to support future research and development in IR that involve NLP. [source] Mobilizing the Law in China: "Informed Disenchantment" and the Development of Legal ConsciousnessLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 4 2006Mary E. Gallagher This article critically examines the development of legal consciousness among legal aid plaintiffs in Shanghai. It is based on 16 months of research at a large legal aid center and in-depth interviews with 50 plaintiffs. Chinese legal aid plaintiffs come to the legal process with high expectations about the possibility of protecting their rights; however, they also have only a vague and imprecise knowledge of legal procedure and their actual codified rights. Through this process of legal mobilization, plaintiffs' legal consciousness changes in two separate dimensions: changes in one's feelings of efficacy and competency vis-à-vis the law, and changes in one's perception/evaluation of the legal system. Put another way, the first dimension is "How well can I work the law?" and the second is "How well does the law work?" In this study I observe positive changes in feelings of individual efficacy and competency that are combined with more negative evaluations/perceptions of the legal system in terms of its fairness and effectiveness. The positive feelings of efficacy and voice provided by the legal process encourage labor dispute plaintiffs in the post-dispute period to plan new lawsuits and to help friends and relatives with their legal problems. Disenchantment with the promises of the legal system does not lead to despondency, but to more critical, informed action. This study provides new evidence on the nature of China's developing legal system with a focus on the social response to the state-led "rule of law" project. [source] mTOR inhibitors: An overviewLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 6 2001Peter Neuhaus MD Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin are a new class of immunosuppressants. In contrast to other macrolides, such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine A, they do not inhibit calcineurin and thus signal I of T-cell activation. By inhibiting signal III, the mechanism of action and side effects of sirolimus (rapamycin) and its derivative RAD are distinct from other immunosuppressants. Reports of synergism with cyclosporine A and tacrolimus in preclinical and clinical studies, avoidance of nephrotoxicity, and possible treatment or prevention of chronic allograft rejection are leading to high expectations for this new class of immunosuppressants. Furthermore, studies evaluating tolerance induction are being conducted. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical results published to date and exploits the future value of sirolimus and RAD for clinical transplantation. [source] Surfing the "model minority" wave of success: How the school context shapes distinct experiences among Vietnamese youthNEW DIRECTIONS FOR YOUTH DEVELOPMENT, Issue 100 2003Gilberto Q. Conchas Vietnamese students must contend with the burden of the myth of being a model minority. As a result of adults' high expectations of them, Vietnamese youth receive structural and ideological advantages over other nonwhite racial groups. Further, the students themselves reinforce the model minority image as they attempt to attain educational mobility. The authors examine the role of two distinct school contexts within the same school that shape the academic outcomes of Vietnamese students contending with the pressures of being considered members of the model minority. [source] Outcome Effectiveness of Community Health Workers: An Integrative Literature ReviewPUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 1 2002Susan M. Swider Ph.D. Community health workers (CHWs) are promoted as a mechanism to increase community involvement in health promotion efforts, despite little consensus about the role and its effectiveness. This article reviews the databased literature on CHW effectiveness, which indicates preliminary support for CHWs in increasing access to care, particularly in underserved populations. There are a smaller number of studies documenting outcomes in the areas of increased health knowledge, improved health status outcomes, and behavioral changes, with inconclusive results. Although CHWs show some promise as an intervention, the role can be doomed by overly high expectations, lack of a clear focus, and lack of documentation. Further research is required with an emphasis on stronger study design, documentation of CHW activities, and carefully defined target populations. [source] Jung and White and the God of terrible double aspectTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Ann C. Lammers Abstract:, This paper discusses theoretical, historical and personal issues in the ill-fated friendship and intellectual collaboration between C.G. Jung and the Dominican scholar Victor White, O.P., based on primary documents in their correspondence, 1945 to 1960. The collaboration of Jung and White began with high expectations but fell into painful disagreements about the nature of God, the problem of evil, and shadow aspects of the Self. They made a rapid commitment to their working alliance based on personal and professional hopes, but paying scant attention to their divergent underlying assumptions. White hoped to build theoretical and practical connections between Jungian psychology and Catholic theology for the sake of modern Catholics. Jung needed learned theological support as he explored the psychological meanings of Christian symbols, including the central symbol of Christ. At the grandest level, they both hoped to transform the Christian West, after the moral disaster of World War II. Their collaboration was risky for both men, especially for White in his career as a Dominican, and it led to considerable suffering. The Self is prominent in the relationship, symbolically present in the text of the correspondence and consciously forming their major topic of debate. From the start, the Self is an archetypal field, drawing the friends into their visionary task at the risk of unconscious inflation. Later the Self is revealed with its shadow as a burden, a puzzle, and a basis for estrangement. Finally, with the intervention of feminine wisdom, mortal suffering is transformed by an attitude of conscious sacrifice. Translations of Abstract À partir de documents fondamentaux issus de la correspondance de C.G.Jung et de l'érudit Dominicain Victor White, entre 1945 et 1960, l'article traite de questions théoriques, historiques et personnelles autour de leur amitié et de leur collaboration intellectuelle, à l'issue funeste. La collaboration de Jung et de White était fort prometteuse à ses débuts, mais elle versa dans de douloureux différends au sujet de la nature divine, du problème du mal et de la dimension d'ombre du Soi. Tous deux s'engagèrent, hâtivement en ne prêtant guère d'attention aux divergences de base sous-jacentes, dans une alliance de travail fondée sur des attentes personnelles et professionnelles. White espérait jeter des passerelles théoriques et pratiques entre la psychologie jungienne et la théologie catholique, à l'adresse des catholiques modernes. Jung, quant à lui, avait besoin d'un soutien théorique savant dans son exploration de la signification psychologique des symboles chrétiens et notamment du symbole central du Christ. A un niveau plus ambitieux, tous deux espéraient transformer l'Occident chrétien après le désastre moral de la seconde guerre mondiale. La collaboration était risquée pour les deux hommes et plus particulièrement pour White dans sa carrière de Dominicain, et elle engendra des souffrances considérables. Le Soi est omniprésent dans cette relation, présent symboliquement dans le texte de la correspondance, et consciemment comme sujet majeur de leur débat. Dès le début, le Soi agit en toile de fond archétypique, poussant les amis vers leur tâche visionnaire au risque d'une inflation inconsciente. Plus tard, le Soi se révèle avec son ombre comme un fardeau, une énigme et le noyau de leur désunion. Finalement, l'intervention de la sagesse féminine transforme la souffrance mortelle en une attitude de sacrifice conscient. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die theoretischen, historischen und persönlichen Aspekte der unter einem schlechten Stern stehenden Freundschaft und intellektuellen Zusammenarbeit zwischen C.G. Jung und Victor White O.P., einem gelehrten Dominikaner, diskutiert. Die Arbeit basiert auf den Originaldokumenten ihrer Korrespondenz zwischen 1945 und 1960. Die gemeinsame Arbeit von Jung und White begann mit hohen Erwartungen, mündete aber in schmerzvolle Uneinigkeit über die Natur Gottes, das Problem des Bösen und Schattenaspekte des Selbst. Sie bekannten sich sehr schnell zu ihrer Zusammenarbeit aufgrund persönlicher und beruflicher Hoffnungen, schenkten ihren zugrunde liegenden unterschiedlichen Annahmen aber wenig Aufmerksamkeit. White hoffte, eine theoretische und praktische Verbindung zwischen Jungs Psychologie und der katholischen Theologie zum Nutzen der fortschrittlichen Katholiken herzustellen. Jung brauchte kenntnisreiche theologische Unterstützung zur Untersuchung der psychologischen Bedeutung der christlichen Symbole einschließlich des zentralen Symbols, Christus. Auf dem Höhepunkt ihrer Arbeit hofften beide, nach der moralischen Katastrophe des 2. Weltkrieges den christlichen Westen zu transformieren. Ihre Zusammenarbeit bedeutete für beide Männer ein Risiko, besonders für White in seiner Laufbahn als Dominikaner, und führte zu beträchtlichem Leiden. In ihrer Beziehung kam erhebliche Bedeutung dem Selbst zu, das symbolisch im Text ihrer Korrespondenz präsent ist und auf der bewussten Ebene den Hauptinhalt ihrer Debatte bildet. Von Anfang an ist das Selbst ein archetypisches Feld, das die Freunde in ihren visionären Absichten bestimmt - mit dem Risiko einer unbewussten Inflation. Später wird das Selbst mit seinem Schatten als Bürde, als Rätsel und als Grundlage der Entfremdung enthüllt. Schließlich wird das menschliche Leiden mithilfe weiblicher Weisheit durch eine Haltung bewussten Opferns transformiert. In questo lavoro vengono discussi i problemi teorici, storici e personali nella sfortunata amicizia e nella collaborazione intellettuale tra C.G.Jung e l'allievo domenicano Victor White, O.P., basati su documenti originali della loro corrispondenza dal 1945 al 1960. La collaborazione tra Jung e White iniziò con grandi aspettative ma finì in un doloroso disaccordo sulla natura di Dio, sul problema del male e sugli aspetti ombra del Sé. Essi misero subito un grande impegno nella loro alleanza basata su speranze personali e professionali, prestando però insufficiente attenzione alla divergenza dei loro assunti di base. White sperava di costruire connessioni teoriche e pratiche fra la psicologia junghiana e la teologia cattolica a vantaggio dei cattolici moderni. Jung aveva bisogno di apprendere supporti teologici mentre stava indagando sui significati psicologici dei simboli Cristiani, compreso il simbolo centrale di Cristo. Al livello massimo entrambi speravano di trasformare l'Occidente Cristiano dopo il disastro morale della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. La loro collaborazione risultò rischiosa per entrambi,soprattutto per White nella sua carriera di Domenicano e comportò notevoli sofferenze. Il Séè prominente nella relazione, presente simbolicamente nel teso della corrispondenza e informa consciamente il loro interesse principale nel dibattito. All'inizio il Séè un campo archetipico che trascina gli amici nel loro lavoro visionario, a rischio di una inflazione inconscia. Più avanti il Sé si rivela con la sua ombra come un peso, un puzzle e una base per l'alienazione. Infine, con l'intervento della saggezza femminile, la sofferenza mortale viene trasformata in un atteggiamento di consapevole sacrificio. En este trabajo se exploran problemas teóricos, históricos y personales surgidos de la infortunada relación y colaboración intelectual entre C.G. Jung y el estudiosos Dominico Victor White, O.P., basada en los primeros documentos y correspondencia, 1945 hasta 1960. La colaboración entre Jung y White comenzó con grandes expectativas pero calló en dolorosos desacuerdos sobre la naturaleza de Dios, el problema del mal, y los aspectos sombríos del Self. Se habían apresurado a comprometerse en su alianza laboral fundados en sus intereses profesionales y personales, sin embargo le dieron poca importancia a los prejuicios ocultos. White esperaba elaborar conexiones teóricas y pragmáticas entre la psicología Junguiana y la teología Católica para beneficio de los católicos modernos. Jung necesitaba adquirir soporte teológico en su investigación del significado de los símbolos Cristianos, incluyendo el símbolo central de Cristo. En el nivel mas elevado ambos esperaban transformar el Occidente Cristiano, después del desastre moral de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El trabajo conjunto era riesgoso para ambos hombres, especialmente para White en su carrera como Dominico, y o condujo a un considerable sufrimiento. El Self es predominante en la relación. Está presente simbólicamente en el texto de su correspondencia y conscientemente siendo el mayor tópico para de debate. Desde el comienzo, el Self es un campo arquetipal, conduciendo a los amigos dentro de su meta visionaria, a riesgo de de una inflación inconsciente. Posteriormente se revela en la sombra como una carga, un embrollo, y el fundamento para el alejamiento. Finalmente, con la intervención de la sabiduría femenina, el mortal sufrimiento es transformado en una actitud de sacrificio consciente. [source] 1,026 Experimental treatments in acute strokeANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2006Victoria E. O'Collins B.Sci Objective Preclinical evaluation of neuroprotectants fostered high expectations of clinical efficacy. When not matched, the question arises whether experiments are poor indicators of clinical outcome or whether the best drugs were not taken forward to clinical trial. Therefore, we endeavored to contrast experimental efficacy and scope of testing of drugs used clinically and those tested only experimentally. Methods We identified neuroprotectants and reports of experimental efficacy via a systematic search. Controlled in vivo and in vitro experiments using functional or histological end points were selected for analysis. Relationships between outcome, drug mechanism, scope of testing, and clinical trial status were assessed statistically. Results There was no evidence that drugs used clinically (114 drugs) were more effective experimentally than those tested only in animal models (912 drugs), for example, improvement in focal models averaged 31.3 ± 16.7% versus 24.4 ± 32.9%, p > 0.05, respectively. Scope of testing using Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) criteria was highly variable, and no relationship was found between mechanism and efficacy. Interpretation The results question whether the most efficacious drugs are being selected for stroke clinical trials. This may partially explain the slow progress in developing treatments. Greater rigor in the conduct, reporting, and analysis of animal data will improve the transition of scientific advances from bench to bedside. Ann Neurol 2006 [source] | ||||||||||||||||