High

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Kinds of High

  • all-time high
  • cm high
  • concentration high
  • diet high
  • individual high
  • m high
  • pacific subtropical high
  • participant high
  • structural high
  • subtropical high
  • topographic high
  • very high

  • Terms modified by High

  • high Reynold number
  • high ability
  • high absorption
  • high abundance
  • high acceptance
  • high accretion rate
  • high accumulation
  • high accuracy
  • high activation energy
  • high activity
  • high adherence
  • high adsorption capacity
  • high affinity
  • high affinity ige receptor
  • high affinity receptor
  • high age
  • high agreement
  • high alcohol consumption
  • high alkalinity
  • high allelic diversity
  • high altitude
  • high ambient temperature
  • high amount
  • high amplitude
  • high angle
  • high anisotropy
  • high antibody titer
  • high antioxidant activity
  • high anxiety
  • high arctic
  • high aspect ratio
  • high assimilation
  • high association
  • high attrition
  • high availability
  • high b value
  • high barrier
  • high binding affinity
  • high binding capacity
  • high bioavailability
  • high biodiversity
  • high biomass
  • high birth rate
  • high blood cholesterol
  • high blood flow
  • high blood pressure
  • high bmi
  • high body mass index
  • high bone turnover
  • high bootstrap support
  • high bootstrap value
  • high brightness
  • high burden
  • high c ratio
  • high ca
  • high ca2+
  • high calcium
  • high calcium intake
  • high capacity
  • high catalytic activity
  • high catalytic efficiency
  • high cell density
  • high cell density culture
  • high cell viability
  • high cellularity
  • high chance
  • high char yield
  • high chemical
  • high chemical yield
  • high cholesterol
  • high cholesterol diet
  • high cis
  • high clearance
  • high co2
  • high co2 concentration
  • high coefficient
  • high coloration efficiency
  • high commercial value
  • high comorbidity
  • high compatibility
  • high competition
  • high complexity
  • high complication rate
  • high compressive strength
  • high computational cost
  • high concentration
  • high concordance
  • high conductivity
  • high confidence
  • high conflict
  • high connectivity
  • high conservation
  • high conservation value
  • high consistency
  • high consumption
  • high content
  • high contrast
  • high contrast ratio
  • high contribution
  • high convergence rate
  • high conversion
  • high cooling rate
  • high copy number
  • high correlation
  • high correlation coefficient
  • high correspondence
  • high corrosion resistance
  • high cost
  • high count
  • high court
  • high cover
  • high coverage
  • high cr
  • high crystallinity
  • high cure rate
  • high curie temperature
  • high current
  • high current density
  • high current efficiency
  • high cytotoxicity
  • high d-dimer level
  • high degree
  • high demand
  • high density
  • high density lipoprotein
  • high density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • high density polyethylene
  • high density population
  • high depressive symptom
  • high detection rate
  • high diagnostic accuracy
  • high diastereo
  • high diastereoselectivity
  • high dielectric constant
  • high dielectric permittivity
  • high dilution
  • high dimension
  • high dimensional
  • high discriminatory power
  • high disease activity
  • high dislocation density
  • high dispersion
  • high divergence
  • high diversity
  • high dosage
  • high dose
  • high dose chemotherapy
  • high ductility
  • high durability
  • high early
  • high economic
  • high education
  • high ee
  • high ee value
  • high effectiveness
  • high efficacy
  • high efficiency
  • high elasticity
  • high electric field
  • high electrical conductivity
  • high electrical resistance
  • high electrocatalytic activity
  • high electron density
  • high electron mobility
  • high electron mobility transistor
  • high electrostatic field
  • high elevation
  • high enantiomeric excess
  • high enantiomeric purity
  • high enantioselectivity
  • high end
  • high endemicity
  • high endemism
  • high endothelial venule
  • high energetic cost
  • high energy
  • high energy barrier
  • high energy density
  • high energy density material
  • high energy electron diffraction
  • high energy resolution
  • high environmental temperature
  • high estimate
  • high ethical standards
  • high expectation
  • high explanatory power
  • high explosive
  • high exposure
  • high expression
  • high expression level
  • high extent
  • high extraction efficiency
  • high ezh2 expression
  • high failure rate
  • high false positive rate
  • high false-positive rate
  • high fat
  • high fat diet
  • high fat meal
  • high fecundity
  • high fertility
  • high fever
  • high fidelity
  • high field
  • high field strength
  • high field strength element
  • high fitness
  • high flexibility
  • high flow
  • high flow rate
  • high fluorescence
  • high fluorescence quantum yield
  • high flux
  • high food availability
  • high food level
  • high force
  • high fraction
  • high frequency
  • high frequency component
  • high frequency data
  • high frequency oscillation
  • high frequency ultrasound
  • high gain
  • high galactic latitude
  • high gas velocity
  • high gene flow
  • high genetic differentiation
  • high genetic divergence
  • high genetic diversity
  • high genetic similarity
  • high genetic variability
  • high genotypic diversity
  • high glass transition temperature
  • high glass-transition temperature
  • high gleason score
  • high glucose
  • high glucose concentration
  • high glucose condition
  • high glucose level
  • high grade
  • high grade dysplasia
  • high gradient
  • high group
  • high growth
  • high growth rate
  • high growth temperature
  • high hardness
  • high heritability
  • high heterogeneity
  • high heterozygosity
  • high histological grade
  • high homology
  • high hope
  • high humidity
  • high hydrophobicity
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • high identifier
  • high identity
  • high ifn
  • high impact
  • high impact polystyrene
  • high importance
  • high incidence
  • high income
  • high income country
  • high increase
  • high index
  • high infection rate
  • high inflation
  • high inhibition
  • high inhibitory activity
  • high intake
  • high intensity
  • high interest
  • high interindividual variability
  • high internal consistency
  • high internal reliability
  • high investment
  • high ionic conductivity
  • high ionic strength
  • high iron content
  • high irradiance
  • high island
  • high isolated yield
  • high k
  • high k+
  • high l
  • high latitude
  • high level
  • high level evidence
  • high level expression
  • high leverage
  • high ligation
  • high light
  • high light condition
  • high light intensity
  • high light level
  • high likelihood
  • high linearity
  • high linkage disequilibrium
  • high lipid diet
  • high lipophilicity
  • high load
  • high loading
  • high local concentration
  • high magnetic field
  • high magnetization
  • high magnification
  • high magnitude
  • high mass accuracy
  • high mass resolution
  • high mean value
  • high mechanical strength
  • high melting temperature
  • high metabolic rate
  • high metal concentration
  • high metallicity
  • high metastatic potential
  • high methodological quality
  • high migration rate
  • high mitotic activity
  • high mobility
  • high mobility group box
  • high mobility group box chromosomal protein
  • high modulus
  • high moisture
  • high moisture content
  • high molar mass
  • high molecular
  • high molecular weight
  • high molecular weight complex
  • high molecular weight compound
  • high molecular weight dna
  • high molecular weight poly
  • high molecular weight polyethylene
  • high molecular weight polymer
  • high molecular weight protein
  • high morbidity
  • high mortality
  • high mortality rate
  • high motivation
  • high mountain
  • high mountain area
  • high mutation rate
  • high mvd
  • high myopia
  • high n
  • high need
  • high negative predictive value
  • high neuroticism
  • high nitrate
  • high nitrate concentration
  • high nitrogen
  • high nitrogen content
  • high nonlinearity
  • high nuclear grade
  • high number
  • high nutrient concentration
  • high nutrient level
  • high nutritional value
  • high nutritive value
  • high occurrence
  • high oil content
  • high only
  • high optical purity
  • high optical transparency
  • high oral dose
  • high order
  • high organic matter content
  • high oxidative stress
  • high p
  • high pa
  • high parasite load
  • high parity
  • high participation rate
  • high patient satisfaction
  • high peak
  • high penetrance
  • high percentage
  • high performance
  • high performance concrete
  • high performance liquid chromatographic
  • high performance liquid chromatographic method
  • high performance liquid chromatography
  • high performance thin-layer chromatography
  • high performer
  • high permeability
  • high persistence
  • high ph
  • high ph value
  • high ph.
  • high phosphorus concentration
  • high pi
  • high plain
  • high plasma level
  • high point
  • high polarity
  • high polymorphism
  • high population
  • high population density
  • high porosity
  • high positive
  • high positive correlation
  • high positive end-expiratory pressure
  • high positive predictive value
  • high possibility
  • high potassium
  • high potency
  • high potential
  • high power
  • high power amplifier
  • high power density
  • high power field
  • high power laser
  • high ppv
  • high precision
  • high predation risk
  • high predictability
  • high predictive ability
  • high predictive power
  • high predictive value
  • high premium
  • high presence
  • high pressure
  • high pressure liquid chromatography
  • high pressure processing
  • high pressure treatment
  • high prevalence
  • high prevalence area
  • high prevalence rate
  • high prey density
  • high price
  • high priority
  • high probability
  • high product yield
  • high production
  • high production rate
  • high productivity
  • high profile
  • high proliferation index
  • high proliferative activity
  • high propensity
  • high proportion
  • high protein
  • high protein concentration
  • high protein content
  • high protein diet
  • high proton conductivity
  • high pumping rate
  • high purity
  • high quality
  • high quality care
  • high quality data
  • high quality evidence
  • high quality image
  • high quality studies
  • high quantity
  • high quantum efficiency
  • high quantum yield
  • high r
  • high r2 value
  • high rainfall
  • high range
  • high rate
  • high rate capability
  • high rate constant
  • high rating
  • high ratio
  • high reaction rate
  • high reactivity
  • high recovery
  • high recruitment
  • high recurrence rate
  • high redshift
  • high reflectivity
  • high refractive index
  • high regardless
  • high regio
  • high regioselectivity
  • high relatedness
  • high relative humidity
  • high relevance
  • high reliability
  • high repeatability
  • high repetition rate
  • high reproducibility
  • high reproductive rate
  • high reproductive success
  • high resistance
  • high resistivity
  • high resolution
  • high resolution analysis
  • high resolution image
  • high resolution imaging
  • high resolution limited area model
  • high resolution transmission electron microscopy
  • high resolution x-ray diffraction
  • high resolving power
  • high responder
  • high response
  • high response rate
  • high retention
  • high return
  • high ridge
  • high right atrium
  • high risk
  • high risk area
  • high risk group
  • high risk groups
  • high risk hpv
  • high risk patient
  • high risk population
  • high road
  • high safety margin
  • high salinity
  • high salt
  • high salt concentration
  • high salt diet
  • high salt intake
  • high satisfaction
  • high school
  • high school athlete
  • high school dropout
  • high school education
  • high school girl
  • high school grade
  • high school graduate
  • high school level
  • high school student
  • high school teacher
  • high school youth
  • high schools
  • high score
  • high se
  • high sea
  • high secure hospital
  • high security
  • high security hospital
  • high sedimentation rate
  • high selectivity
  • high self-esteem
  • high selfing rate
  • high sensitive c-reactive protein
  • high sensitivity
  • high sensitivity c-reactive protein
  • high separation efficiency
  • high sequence divergence
  • high sequence homology
  • high sequence identity
  • high sequence similarity
  • high serum concentration
  • high serum level
  • high severity
  • high shear
  • high shear rate
  • high shear stress
  • high signal
  • high signal change
  • high signal intensity
  • high significance
  • high silica content
  • high similarity
  • high site fidelity
  • high snr
  • high social anxiety
  • high socio-economic status
  • high socioeconomic status
  • high solid concentration
  • high solid loading
  • high solubility
  • high spatial
  • high spatial frequency
  • high spatial resolution
  • high spatial variability
  • high species diversity
  • high species richness
  • high specific activity
  • high specific surface area
  • high specificity
  • high spectral efficiency
  • high spectral resolution
  • high speed
  • high spin
  • high stability
  • high stage
  • high stake
  • high standard
  • high standards
  • high state
  • high status
  • high stereoselectivity
  • high stiffness
  • high stocking density
  • high stocking rate
  • high strain
  • high strain rate
  • high strength
  • high strength concrete
  • high stress
  • high stress level
  • high structural quality
  • high substrate concentration
  • high success rate
  • high sucrose concentration
  • high support
  • high surface area
  • high surfactant concentration
  • high surgical risk
  • high surgical risk patient
  • high survival
  • high survival rate
  • high susceptibility
  • high symmetry
  • high technology
  • high technology firm
  • high telomerase activity
  • high temperature
  • high temperature annealing
  • high temperature application
  • high temperature condition
  • high temperature treatment
  • high temporal
  • high temporal resolution
  • high tendency
  • high tensile strength
  • high thermal
  • high thermal conductivity
  • high thermal stability
  • high thermostability
  • high threshold
  • high throughput
  • high throughput analysis
  • high throughput screening
  • high tide
  • high titer
  • high titre
  • high tolerance
  • high topography
  • high total
  • high toughness
  • high toxicity
  • high trait anxiety
  • high transaction cost
  • high transfection efficiency
  • high transmittance
  • high transparency
  • high triplet energy
  • high tumor burden
  • high tumor grade
  • high turbidity
  • high turnover
  • high turnover number
  • high turnover rate
  • high uncertainty
  • high unemployment
  • high uptake
  • high use
  • high user
  • high utility
  • high utilization
  • high v
  • high vacuum
  • high value
  • high variability
  • high variance
  • high variation
  • high velocity
  • high versatility
  • high viability
  • high viral load
  • high virulence
  • high viscosity
  • high volatility
  • high voltage
  • high volume
  • high volume fraction
  • high vulnerability
  • high wage
  • high water
  • high water content
  • high water level
  • high water solubility
  • high water temperature
  • high wind speed
  • high workload
  • high yield
  • high yield synthesis
  • high yielding

  • Selected Abstracts


    DOES VIVIPARITY EVOLVE IN COLD CLIMATE REPTILES BECAUSE PREGNANT FEMALES MAINTAIN STABLE (NOT HIGH) BODY TEMPERATURES?

    EVOLUTION, Issue 8 2004
    Richard Shine
    Abstract Viviparity (live bearing) has evolved from egg laying (oviparity) in many lineages of lizards and snakes, apparently in response to occupancy of cold climates. Explanations for this pattern have focused on the idea that behaviorally thermoregulating (sun-basking) pregnant female reptiles can maintain higher incubation temperatures for their embryos than would be available in nests under the soil surface. This is certainly true at very high elevations, where only viviparous species occur. However, comparisons of nest and lizard temperatures at sites close to the upper elevational limit for oviparous reptiles (presumably, the selective environment where the transition from oviparity to viviparity actually occurs) suggest that reproductive mode has less effect on mean incubation temperatures than on the diel distribution of those temperatures. Nests of the oviparous scincid lizard Bassiana duperreyi showed smooth diel cycles of heating and cooling. In contrast, body temperatures of the viviparous scincid Eulamprus heatwolei rose abruptly in the morning, were high and stable during daylight hours, and fell abruptly at night. Laboratory incubation experiments mimicking these patterns showed that developmental rates of eggs and phenotypic traits of hatchling B. duperreyi were sensitive to this type of thermal variance as well as to mean temperature. Hence, diel distributions as well as mean incubation temperatures may have played an important role in the selective forces for viviparity. More generally, variances as well as mean values of abiotic factors may constitute significant selective forces on life-history evolution. [source]


    Acute signalling responses to intense endurance training commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen

    EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010
    Wee Kian Yeo
    We have previously demonstrated that well-trained subjects who completed a 3 week training programme in which selected high-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions were commenced with low muscle glycogen content increased the maximal activities of several oxidative enzymes that promote endurance adaptations to a greater extent than subjects who began all training sessions with normal glycogen levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate acute skeletal muscle signalling responses to a single bout of HIT commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen stores in an attempt to elucidate potential mechanism(s) that might underlie our previous observations. Six endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes performed a 100 min ride at ,70% peak O2 uptake (AT) on day 1 and HIT (8 × 5 min work bouts at maximal self-selected effort with 1 min rest) 24 h later (HIGH). Another six subjects, matched for fitness and training history, performed AT on day 1 then 1,2 h later, HIT (LOW). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after HIT. Muscle glycogen concentration was higher in HIGH versus LOW before the HIT (390 ± 28 versus 256 ± 67 ,mol (g dry wt),1). After HIT, glycogen levels were reduced in both groups (P < 0.05) but HIGH was elevated compared with LOW (229 ± 29 versus 124 ± 41 ,mol (g dry wt),1; P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of 5,AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increased after HIT, but the magnitude of increase was greater in LOW (P < 0.05). Despite the augmented AMPK response in LOW after HIT, selected downstream AMPK substrates were similar between groups. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was unchanged for both groups before and after the HIT training sessions. We conclude that despite a greater activation AMPK phosphorylation when HIT was commenced with low compared with normal muscle glycogen availability, the localization and phosphorylation state of selected downstream targets of AMPK were similar in response to the two interventions. [source]


    New Traversability Indices and Traversability Grid for Integrated Sensor/Map-Based Navigation

    JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 3 2003
    Homayoun Seraji
    This paper presents new measures of terrain traversability at short range and long range of a mobile robot; namely, local and global traversability indices. The sensor-based local traversability index is related by a set of linguistic rules to large obstacles and surface softness within a short range of the robot measured by on-board sensors. The map-based global traversability index is obtained from the terrain topographic map, and is based on major surface features such as hills and lakes within a long range of the robot. These traversability indices complement the mid-range sensor-based regional traversability index introduced earlier. Each traversability index is represented by four fuzzy sets with the linguistic labels {POOR, LOW, MODERATE, HIGH}, corresponding to surfaces that are unsafe, moderately-unsafe, moderately-safe, and safe for traversal, respectively. The global terrain analysis also leads to the new concepts of traversability map and traversability grid for representation of terrain quality based on the global map information. The traversability indices are used in two sensor-based traverse-local and traverse-regional behaviors and one map-based traverse-global behavior. These behaviors are integrated with a map-based seek-goal behavior to ensure that the mobile robot reaches its goal safely while avoiding both sensed and mapped terrain hazards. This provides a unified system in which the two independent sources of terrain quality information, i.e., prior maps and on-board sensors, are integrated together for reactive robot navigation. The paper is concluded by a graphical simulation study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]


    EFFECTS OF EXTRUSION CONDITIONS ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A MUTANT RICE CULTIVAR, GOAMI2 , HIGH IN NONDIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES

    JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 5 2008
    I. CHOI
    ABSTRACT A mutant rice Goami2, a cultivar high in nondigestible carbohydrates (NDCs), was extrusion-cooked at feed moisture (20, 25%), screw speed (200, 300 rpm) and barrel temperature (110, 120 and 130C). Effects of extrusion conditions on the physical and functional properties were investigated. NDCs were determined by total dietary fiber (TDF) and resistant starch (RS) contents. Increasing moisture resulted in an increment of density, water absorption index (WAI) and hardness, and a decrement in expansion and water solubility index (WSI). A higher barrel temperature decreased the hardness and increased the WSI probably due to a higher proportion of gelatinized starch. Extrusion caused a reduction in TDF in the extrudates, as well as a significant decrease in RS contents. However, extrudates processed at moisture (%), screw speed (rpm) and barrel temperature (C) combinations of 25/200/110 and 25/200/120 showed no significant difference in TDF contents compared with its raw rice. Multiple regression models showed that feed moisture had the most pronounced effect on extrudate qualities, followed by barrel temperature and screw speed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Rice, being one of the primary dietary sources of carbohydrates worldwide, is the major energy and nutritional sources. In recent years, demands have been increasing for rice with a wide range of value-added properties, such as enhanced nutrient, aroma, color and rice kernel shape, including functional properties. Goami2 is a mutant rice of Ilpumbyeo, a high japonica rice cultivar, and has been revealed to have higher nondigestible fractions. However, Goami2 rice has unsuitable properties for traditional cooking because of the difficulty of gelatinization, which might result in a hard texture of cooked rice compared with that of ordinary rice. On the basis of its nutritional and functional benefits, exploiting the possible utilization of Goami2 for processed food products would increase the potential consumption of Goami2 for various food products. [source]


    THE MOUNTAINS ARE HIGH AND THE EMPEROR IS FAR AWAY: SANCTITY OF CONTRACT IN CHINA

    AMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL, Issue 3 2003
    Patricia Pattison
    First page of article [source]


    FORECASTING STOCK INDEX VOLATILITY: COMPARING IMPLIED VOLATILITY AND THE INTRADAY HIGH,LOW PRICE RANGE

    THE JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007
    Charles Corrado
    Abstract The intraday high,low price range offers volatility forecasts similarly efficient to high-quality implied volatility indexes published by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) for four stock market indexes: S&P 500, S&P 100, NASDAQ 100, and Dow Jones Industrials. Examination of in-sample and out-of-sample volatility forecasts reveals that neither implied volatility nor intraday high,low range volatility consistently outperforms the other. [source]


    Social Acceleration: Ethical and Political Consequences of a Desynchronized High,Speed Society

    CONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 1 2003
    Hartmut Rosa
    First page of article [source]


    Seeing Diplomacy through Banker's Eyes: The World Bank, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Crisis, and the Aswan High Dam

    DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 3 2002
    Amy L. S. Staples
    [source]


    The Effects of Random and Discrete Sampling when Estimating Continuous,Time Diffusions

    ECONOMETRICA, Issue 2 2003
    Sahalia, Yacine Aït
    High,frequency financial data are not only discretely sampled in time but the time separating successive observations is often random. We analyze the consequences of this dual feature of the data when estimating a continuous,time model. In particular, we measure the additional effects of the randomness of the sampling intervals over and beyond those due to the discreteness of the data. We also examine the effect of simply ignoring the sampling randomness. We find that in many situations the randomness of the sampling has a larger impact than the discreteness of the data. [source]


    Molecular characterization of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a New England salt marsh

    ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2005
    Michele Bahr
    Summary Sulfate reduction, mediated by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), is the dominant remineralization pathway in sediments of New England salt marshes. High sulfate reduction rates are associated with the rhizosphere of Spartina alterniflora when plants elongate aboveground. The growth process concurrently produces significant amounts of new rhizome material belowground and the plants leak dissolved organic compounds. This study investigated the diversity of SRB in a salt marsh over an annual growth cycle of S. alterniflora by exploring the diversity of a functional gene, dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB). Because the dsrAB gene is a key gene in the anaerobic sulfate-respiration pathway, it allows the identification of microorganisms responsible for sulfate reduction. Conserved dsrAB primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generated full-length dsrAB amplicons for cloning and DNA sequence analysis. Nearly 80% of 380 clone sequences were similar to genes from Desulfosarcina and Desulfobacterium species within Desulfobacteraceae. This reinforces the hypothesis that complete oxidizers with high substrate versatility dominate the marsh. However, the phylotypes formed several clades that were distinct from cultured representatives, indicating a greater diversity of SRB than previously appreciated. Several dsrAB sequences were related to homologues from Gram-positive, thermophilic and non-thermophilic Desulfotomaculum species. One dsrAB lineage formed a sister group to cultured members of the delta-proteobacterial group Syntrophobacteraceae. A deeply branching dsrAB lineage was not affiliated with genes from any cultured SRB. The sequence data from this study will allow for the design of probes or primers that can quantitatively assess the diverse range of sulfate reducers present in the environment. [source]


    Formation of copper complexes in landfill leachate and their toxicity to zebrafish embryos

    ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2000
    Jonathon K. Fraser
    Abstract Toxic metal organic complexeshavenot been found in natural waters, although someorganicacids form bioavailable lipophilic and metabolite-type metal complexes. Landfill leachates usually contain organic acids and in the urban environment these leachates, when mixed with storm waters containing Cu, could be a source of toxic Cu organic complexes in streams and estuaries. We investigated the formation of Cu complexes in the leachate from an active urban landfill and found that some of the complexes formed were toxic to zebrafish embryos. High and low nominal molecular weight (NMWT) fractions; >5,000 Da and <700 Da, of leachate both formed Cu complexes with almost identical Cu complexing characteristics but the toxicity was due solely to the low NMWT complexes formed in the <700 Da fraction. Chemical equilibrium modelling with MINTEQA2 and H and Cu complex conditional association constants and ligand concentrations obtained from pH and Cu titrations with a Cu ion-selective electrode and van den Berg,Ruzic analyses of the titration data was used to calculate the copper speciation in the embryo test solutions. This calculated speciation, which was confirmed by measurements of Cu2+ in the test solutions, enabled the toxicity due to the free Cu ion and to the Cu complexes to be distinguished. [source]


    In-Hive Behavior of Pollen Foragers (Apis mellifera) in Honey Bee Colonies Under Conditions of High and Low Pollen Need

    ETHOLOGY, Issue 3 2002
    Anja Weidenmüller
    Pollen collection in honey bees is regulated around a homeostatic set-point. How the control of pollen collection is achieved is still unclear. Different feedback mechanisms have been proposed but little is known about the experience of pollen foragers in the hive. A detailed documentation of the behavior of pollen foragers in the hive under different pollen need conditions is presented here. Taking a broad observational approach, we analyze the behavior of individual pollen foragers in the hive between collecting trips and quantify the different variables constituting the in-hive stay. Comparing data from two colonies and 143 individuals during experimentally induced times of low vs. times of high pollen need, we show that individual foragers modulate their in-hive working tempo according to the actual pollen need of the colony: pollen foragers slowed down and stayed in the hive longer when pollen need was low and spent less time in the hive between foraging trips when pollen need by their colony was high. Furthermore, our data show a significant change in the trophallactic experience of pollen foragers with changing pollen need conditions of their colony. Pollen foragers had more short (< 3 s) trophallactic contacts when pollen need was high, resulting in an increase of total number of trophallactic contacts. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that trophallactic experience is one of the various information pathways used by pollen foragers to assess their colony's pollen need. [source]


    Dynamic changes in glypican-1 expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral and central axonal injury

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 5 2004
    Stefan Bloechlinger
    Abstract Glypican-1, a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored heparan sulphate proteoglycan expressed in the developing and mature cells of the central nervous system, acts as a coreceptor for diverse ligands, including slit axonal guidance proteins, fibroblast growth factors and laminin. We have examined its expression in primary sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and spinal cord after axonal injury. In noninjured rats, glypican-1 mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed at low levels in lumbar DRGs. Sciatic nerve transection results in a two-fold increase in mRNA and protein expression. High glypican-1 expression persists until the injured axons reinnervate their peripheral targets, as in the case of a crushed nerve. Injury to the central axons of DRG neurons by either a dorsal column injury or a dorsal root transection also up-regulates glypican-1, a feature that differs from most DRG axonal injury-induced genes, whose regulation changes only after peripheral and not central axonal injury. After axonal injury, the cellular localization of glypican-1 changes from a nuclear pattern restricted to neurons in noninjured DRGs, to the cytoplasm and membrane of injured neurons, as well as neighbouring non-neuronal cells. Sciatic nerve transection also leads to an accumulation of glypican-1 in the proximal nerve segment of injured axons. Glypican-1 is coexpressed with robo 2 and its up-regulation after axonal injury may contribute to an altered sensitivity to axonal growth or guidance cues. [source]


    Atomic Layer Deposition of High- k Oxides of the Group 4 Metals for Memory Applications (Adv. Eng.

    ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009
    Mater.
    The cover shows high temperature XRD patterns of a 5.8 nm thick HfO2 film and 7.3 nm yttrium-doped HfO2 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). More details can be found in the article of J. Niinistö et al. where recent development in ALD of high-k dielectric oxides for memory applications is reviewed on page 223. [source]


    Atomic Layer Deposition of High- k Oxides of the Group 4 Metals for Memory Applications,

    ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009
    Jaakko Niinistö
    Abstract This paper reviews several high-k ALD processes potentially applicable to the production of capacitors, concentrating on very recent developments. A list of the dielectric materials under investigation consists of the oxides of several metals, including the Group 4 (Ti, Zr, Hf) elements. The binary oxides of Group 4 metals, as well as their mixtures with other oxides, doped hosts, or multi-layers in the form of nano-laminates are of interest.Several examples of our recent results are shown, including possible ALD routes to materials not previously grown, as well as advances in process development. [source]


    High extracellular [Mg2+]-induced increase in intracellular [Mg2+] and decrease in intracellular [Na+] are associated with activation of p38 MAP kinase and ERK2 in guinea-pig heart

    EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008
    Shang-Jin Kim
    High extracellular Mg2+ concentrations ([Mg2+]o) caused a remarkable concentration-dependent and reversible increase in intracellular Mg2+ concentrations ([Mg2+]i) in beating and quiescent guinea-pig papillary muscles, accompanied by a definite decrease in intracellular Na+ concentrations ([Na+]i). A change in 1 mm[Mg2+]o evoked a direct change in 0.0161 mm[Mg2+]i and an inverse change in 0.0263 mm[Na+]i. Imipramine completely abolished the high [Mg2+]o -induced decrease in [Na+]i and remarkably diminished the high [Mg2+]o -induced increase in [Mg2+]i in papillary muscles. High [Mg2+]o also produced a significant activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and extracellular signal-related kinase 2 (ERK2) that was inhibited by pretreatment with imipramine. These results suggest that the high [Mg2+]o -induced increase in [Mg2+]i could be coupled with the decrease in [Na+]i, which might involve activation of the reverse mode of Na+,Mg2+ exchange, accompanied by activation of p38 MAP kinase and ERK2 in the guinea-pig heart. [source]


    Critical appraisal of the mouse model of myocardial infarction

    EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2004
    Naomi M. Degabriele
    In order to critically evaluate the utility of a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) for therapeutic studies, we investigated survival, haemodynamic measurements and histopathology in mice with an occluding suture placed at one of three distinct sites along the left anterior descending coronary artery. The suture was placed at the atrioventricular juncture (High), or at two sites more distally towards the base (Middle and Low). In the High group, only 33% of animals survived 7 days after MI (P < 0.05 compared to all other groups). Only the Middle group had significantly reduced haemodynamics compared to sham-operated animals (maximum left ventricular pressure: 55.9 ± 3.5 versus 80.8 ± 5.1 mmHg, maximum change in pressure over time : 2003 ± 172 versus 4402 ± 491, P < 0.01). Histological examination showed morphological changes in all MI groups. The Middle group had larger lesions than the Low group (P < 0.05). Lesions in the anterior and lateral walls correlated, albeit weakly, with cardiac function. Power calculations indicated that, despite a certain amount of intragroup variation, the Middle Suture model may be useful for therapeutic studies to assess the effects of treatment on cardiac function and overall lesion size. [source]


    Copepod species diversity and climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean

    FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY, Issue 4-5 2003
    Sergey A. Piontkovski
    Abstract A database synthesized from 19 oceanographic expeditions conducted by the former Soviet Union was used to analyse interannual patterns in copepod species diversity in the tropical Atlantic. Mesozooplankton was collected predominately in vertical hauls through the upper 100 m with Juday nets. The samples from 744 oceanographic stations were identified and enumerated to the species level. To assess species diversity, the Shannon diversity index was used. On the interdecadal scale, no statistically confirmed trend was found in species diversity change over the years sampled (1963,89). Multiple regression analysis indicated that interannual fluctuations of the South Atlantic High (pressure and latitude), the Azores High longitude and El Niño,Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index could explain 87% of species diversity fluctuations. Possible mechanisms that drive interannual fluctuations of species diversity are discussed. [source]


    Predator,prey interactions in river networks: comparing shrimp spatial refugia in two drainage basins

    FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
    ALAN P. COVICH
    Summary 1.,Analysis of drainage networks provides a framework to evaluate the densities and distributions of prey species relative to locations of their predators. Upstream migration by diadromous shrimp (Atya lanipes and Xiphocaris elongata) during their life cycle provides access to headwater refugia from fish predation, which is intense in estuaries and coastal rivers. 2.,We postulate that geomorphic barriers (such as large, steep waterfalls >3.5 m in height), can directly limit the distribution of predatory fishes and, indirectly, affect the densities of their prey (freshwater shrimps) in headwater streams. 3.,We compared densities of shrimp in pools above and below waterfalls, in four headwater tributaries in two river basins of the Luquillo Mountains of northeastern Puerto Rico. We measured shrimp densities twice a year over 8 years (1998,2005) in Prieta, Toronja, Bisley 3 and Bisley 5 streams, which differ in drainage network positions relative to steep waterfalls in Río Espíritu Santo and Río Mameyes. 4.,Predatory fishes are absent in the Prieta and Toronja pools and present in Bisely 3 and in lower Bisley 5 pools. Atya lanipes and X. elongata rarely occur in the Bisley streams where predatory fishes are present but these shrimps are abundant in Prieta and Toronja, streams lacking predatory fishes. 5.,The mean carapace length of X. elongata is longer in pools where fish are present (Bisley 3 and lower Bisley 5) than in pools lacking fish (Prieta, Toronja, Upper Bisley 5). The increased body size is primarily due to significantly longer rostrums of individuals in stream reaches with fish (below waterfall barriers) than in those reaches lacking fish (above waterfall barriers). Rostrum length may be an adaptation to avoid predation by visually feeding fishes. 6.,Atya lanipes and X. elongata distributions and densities were predicted primarily by drainage network position relative to the presence or absence of predatory fishes. High, steep waterfalls effectively impeded fish from moving upstream and created a spatial refuge. Xiphocaris elongata may rely on size refugia (longer rostrum) to minimize predation where spatial refugia are lacking. [source]


    Maintenance of a small anadromous subpopulation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) by straying

    FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006
    F. AYLLON
    Summary 1. Microsatellite and isozyme loci variation were used to study structure and dynamics of a brown trout (Salmo trutta) population heavily affected by damming. The downstream area accessible for spawning was drastically reduced to a stream 1 km long influenced by regulated discharge. 2. Stocking of hatchery-reared juveniles failed and the population is entirely supported by anadromous adults from neighbouring populations. 3. Temporal genetic stability is reported here. Some punctual between-river genetic differences are likely because of different contribution from each neighbouring river through years. 4. High anadromy-mediated gene flow produces a lack of genetic substructure in the region. The role of anadromous brown trout on maintenance of endangered small populations is emphasised. [source]


    From the intra-desert ridges to the marine carbonate island chain: middle to late Permian (Upper Rotliegend,Lower Zechstein) of the Wolsztyn,Pogorzela high, west Poland

    GEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 2-3 2010
    Hubert Kiersnowski
    Abstract The tectonic Wolsztyn,Pogorzela palaeo-High (WPH) is the south-eastern termination of the Brandenburg,Wolsztyn High (western Poland), which during Late Permian times was an intra-basin ridge surrounded by Upper Rotliegend sedimentary basins within the Southern Permian Basin. The geological history and structural framework of the WPH are complex. The High belongs to the Variscan Externides, consisting at present of strongly folded, faulted and eroded Viséan to Namurian flysch deposits capped by a thick cover of Upper Carboniferous,Lower Permian volcanic rocks. This sedimentary-volcanic complex was strongly fragmented and vertically differentiated by tectonic movements and subsequently eroded, resulting in the deposition of coarse clastics surrounding uplifted tectonic blocks. During late Rotliegend time, arid climatic conditions significantly influenced occurrences of specific facies assemblages: alluvial, fluvial, aeolian and playa. Sedimentological study helped to recognize the interplay of tectonic and palaeoclimatic factors and to understand the phenomenon of aeolian sandstones interbedded with coarse deposits of alluvial cones close to fault scarps. Subsequent tectonic and possible thermal subsidence of the studied area was synchronous with inundation by the Zechstein Sea. The rapid inundation process allowed for the preservation of an almost perfectly protected Uppermost Rotliegend landscape. Based on 3D seismic data from the base Zechstein reflector, a reconstruction of Rotliegend palaeogeomorphology was carried out, which shows examples of tectonic rejuvenation of particular tectonic blocks within the WPH area before inundation by the Zechstein Sea. The inundation led to the deposition of the marine Kupferschiefer Shale followed by the Zechstein Limestone. In the deeper parts of the basin the latter is developed in thin basinal facies: in shallow parts (e.g. uplifted tectonic blocks forming in some cases islands), carbonate buildups were formed. The remarkable thickness of those buildups (bryozoan reefs) is interpreted as due to stable tectonic subsidence together with a rise of sea level. A detailed study of carbonate buildups has showed that their internal structure reflects changes in shallow marine environments and even emersion events, caused by sea-level oscillations and tectonic movements of the reef substrate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Permo-Triassic development from Ireland to Norway: basin architecture and regional controls

    GEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009
    tolfová
    Abstract Extensive occurrences of Permo-Triassic strata are preserved along the Northwest European Atlantic margin. Seismic reflection and well data are used to describe large-scale Permo-Triassic basin geometries along a swath of the continental shelf more than 2000,km long extending from the Irish to the mid-Norwegian sectors. Successions in the Celtic Sea, the flanks of the Irish Rockall Basin, basins west and north of Scotland, and the Trøndelag and Horda platforms west of Norway are described. The large-scale Permo-Triassic depositional geometries commonly represent erosional remnants of larger basins modified by later rifting episodes, uplift, inversion and continental breakup. However, the interpreted geometries reveal spatial and temporal differences in rifting style. The basins developed above a complex mosaic of petrologically heterogeneous crustal terranes with inherited crustal fabrics, which had a significant impact on the depositional basin geometries. Small Permian basins with growth faulting developed in the southern Celtic Sea region. Extensive, uniformly thick Triassic strata are characteristic of the wide rift basins in the southeastern Rockall Basin and northwest of the Solan Bank High. Thick, fault-controlled basins developed in the Horda and Trøndelag platform regions. The main controls on Permo-Triassic basin architecture are (a) crustal thickness and composition, which determined the development of narrow or wide rift basin geometries, (b) inherited Variscan, Caledonian and Precambrian basement structures and (c) pre-rift palaeotopography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Almotriptan Efficacy in Migraine With Developing Allodynia Is as High as the Efficacy in Migraine Without Allodynia , But Is It the Same in Migraine With Established Allodynia?

    HEADACHE, Issue 3 2009
    Rami Burstein PhD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]


    Surface-Modified High- k Oxide Gate Dielectrics for Low-Voltage High-Performance Pentacene Thin-Film Transistors,

    ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 6 2007
    S. Kim
    Abstract In this study, pentacene thin-film transistors (TFTs) operating at low voltages with high mobilities and low leakage currents are successfully fabricated by the surface modification of the CeO2,SiO2 gate dielectrics. The surface of the gate dielectric plays a crucial role in determining the performance and electrical reliability of the pentacene TFTs. Nearly hysteresis-free transistors are obtained by passivating the devices with appropriate polymeric dielectrics. After coating with poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP), the reduced roughness of the surface induces the formation of uniform and large pentacene grains; moreover, ,OH groups on CeO2,SiO2 are terminated by C6H5, resulting in the formation of a more hydrophobic surface. Enhanced pentacene quality and reduced hysteresis is observed in current,voltage (I,V) measurements of the PVP-coated pentacene TFTs. Since grain boundaries and ,OH groups are believed to act as electron traps, an OH-free and smooth gate dielectric leads to a low trap density at the interface between the pentacene and the gate dielectric. The realization of electrically stable devices that can be operated at low voltages makes the OTFTs excellent candidates for future flexible displays and electronics applications. [source]


    Attachment style, affective loss and gray matter volume: A voxel-based morphometry study

    HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 10 2010
    Stefania Benetti
    Abstract Early patterns of infant attachment have been shown to be an important influence on adult social behavior. Animal studies suggest that patterns of early attachment influence brain development, contributing to permanent alterations in neural structure; however, there are no previous studies investigating whether differences in attachment style are associated with differences in brain structure in humans. In this study, we used Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine for the first time the association between attachment style, affective loss (for example, death of a loved one) and gray matter volume in a healthy sample of adults (n = 32). Attachment style was assessed on two dimensions (anxious and avoidant) using the ECR-Revised questionnaire. High attachment-related anxiety was associated with decreased gray matter in the anterior temporal pole and increased gray matter in the left lateral orbital gyrus. A greater number of affective losses was associated with increased gray matter volume in the cerebellum; in this region, however, the impact of affective losses was significantly moderated by the level of attachment-related avoidance. These findings indicate that differences in attachment style are associated with differences in the neural structure of regions implicated in emotion regulation. It is hypothesized that early attachment experience may contribute to structural brain differences associated with attachment style in adulthood; furthermore, these findings point to a neuronal mechanism through which attachment style may mediate individual differences in responses to affective loss. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    High ,-fetoprotein level correlates with high stage, early recurrence and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Significance of hepatitis virus infection, age, p53 and ,-catenin mutations

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2004
    Shian-Yang Peng
    Abstract ,-Fetoprotein (AFP) is often elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was to elucidate the significance and related factors of AFP elevation in HCC in 781 unifocal HCCs receiving curative hepatectomy. We showed that high AFP (> 200 ng/ml), which was associated with AFP mRNA expression in HCC (p = 0.00001), correlated with major clinicopathologic factors. Younger age (, 55 years; p = 0.00001), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum (p = 0.00001), p53 mutation (p = 0.008), large tumor (p = 0.00001), vascular invasion (p = 0.00001) and early tumor recurrence (p = 0.00001) were significant associates of high AFP, while anti-HCV in serum and ,- catenin mutation in HCC had less frequent high AFP (p = 0.013 and < 0.0001, respectively). We also showed that HCC with high AFP had a lower 10-year survival (p < 0.0001), particularly in large HCC (p < 0.0001). At univariate analysis, high AFP (p < 0.0001), HBsAg positivity (p = 0.05), p53 mutation (p = 0.0004), liver cirrhosis (p = 0.0094), large tumor (p = 0.0003), vascular invasion (p < 0.0001) and early recurrence (p < 0.0001) were significant unfavorable prognostic factors. In Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, high AFP remained a borderline significance (OR = 1.2; CI = 1.0,1.4) after adjustment for the effect of tumor size and tumor stage (p = 0.0821). Furthermore, the detection of AFP mRNA in the liver of AFP mRNA-positive HCC was associated with more frequent early recurrence (p = 0.0026) and might be a useful marker of intrahepatic spread. We therefore conclude that AFP elevation, more than a coincidental epiphenomenon, appears to contribute to vascular invasion and HCC progression and help to identify subsets of HCC patients with increased risk for early recurrence and poor prognosis after hepatectomy. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Influences of the Indian Ocean dipole on the Asian summer monsoon in the following year

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 14 2008
    Yuan Yuan
    Abstract By exploring the spatiotemporal features of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) both on the sea surface and in the subsurface ocean, the present article reveals that the subsurface dipole mode, with larger amplitude than the surface one, is likely to prolong the dipole signal for a long time. Using the wind and geopotential height data from NCEP/NCAR, this article further investigates IOD impacts on the Asian summer monsoon activities in the following year. A normal (late) South China Sea summer monsoon onset is associated with the previous positive (negative) IOD. In the summer after an IOD year, a positive (negative) IOD tends to induce a stronger (weaker) 100-hPa South Asian High, with a more (less) eastward-extending high ridge, and also an enhanced (a weakened) 500-hPa western Pacific subtropical high, with a westward-advancing (an eastward-retreating) high ridge. Influenced by the anomalous 850-hPa Asian monsoon circulations and the longitudinal position of the 500-hPa subtropical high ridge, summer rainfall in China also exhibits different patterns corresponding to different phases of the IOD in the previous year. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society [source]


    Precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns at mid-latitudes of Asia

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2001
    Elena M. Aizen
    Abstract Analyses of the coupling between large-scale atmospheric patterns and modifications of regional precipitation regimes at seasonal and annual time scales in different terrain of mid-latitudes in Asia, including western Siberia, Tien Shan and Pamir mountains, and plains of middle Asia and Japanese Islands, were examined based on data from 57 and 88 hydro-climatic stations with 100 and 60 year records, respectively. For the past 100 years, a positive trend in precipitation was revealed in western Siberia, northern regions of Tien Shan and Japanese Islands. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and West Pacific Oscillation (WPO) indices have inverse associations, with average amount of precipitation in western Siberia and in mountains and plains of middle Asia, and positive correlation in central and western regions of Japanese Islands. The Pacific North American (PNA) index is positively correlated with annual precipitation over most of the Japanese Islands. Northern Asian (NA) positive anomalies lead to decrease in winter precipitation in the western and eastern regions of Japanese Islands. We did not find significant impact of PNA or NA on precipitation in middle Asia. We suggest that during the last century, impacts of the western jet stream increased in the northern regions of Tien Shan and Japanese Islands, and weakened in the eastern Japanese Islands. There is a suggestion that conditions are more favourable for precipitation development over continental regions of Asia when the Siberian High is positioned further to the east than further to the west. During dominant development of a zonal atmospheric pattern, the annual and seasonal precipitation decreased over most regions in continental Asia and central Japan. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society [source]


    High, Purely Electrostrictive Strain in Lead-Free Dielectrics

    ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 1 2006
    C. Ang
    A high electrostrictive strain (,0.1%) with hysteresis-free behavior is observed in (Sr,Na,Bi)TiO3 solid solutions. Its strain versus polarization (P) completely follows the quadratic relation (see Figure), indicating a purely electrostrictive effect with an electrostrictive coefficient Q11 of 0.02,m4,C,2. These properties of this environmentally friendly lead-free material are comparable with those of the currently used lead-containing materials. [source]


    Forecasting total and industrial sector electricity demand based on genetic algorithm approach: Turkey case study

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2005
    Harun Kemal Ozturk
    Abstract This study deals with estimation of the total and industrial sector electricity consumption based on genetic algorithm (GA) approach, and then proposes two scenarios to project future consumptions. Total electricity consumption is estimated based on gross national product (GNP), population, import and export figures of Turkey. Industrial sector electricity is calculated based on the GNP, import and export figures. Three forms of the genetic algorithm electricity demand (GAED) models for the total and two forms for the industrial electricity consumption are developed. The best-fit GAED model in terms of total minimum relative average errors between observed and estimated values is selected for future demand estimation. ,High- and low-growth scenarios' are proposed for predicting the future electricity consumption. Results showed that the GAED estimates the electricity demand in comparison with the other electricity demand projections. The GAED model plans electricity demand of Turkey until 2020. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]