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Hill
Kinds of Hill Terms modified by Hill Selected AbstractsSilver Medal Recipient 2007 , DR DUDLEY HILLAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2007John Coates No abstract is available for this article. [source] A NEW SPECIES OF ISCHYODUS (CHONDRICHTHYES: HOLOCEPHALI: CALLORHYNCHIDAE) FROM UPPER MAASTRICHTIAN SHALLOW MARINE FACIES OF THE FOX HILLS AND HELL CREEK FORMATIONS, WILLISTON BASIN, NORTH DAKOTA, USAPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2005JOHN W. HOGANSON Abstract:, A new species of chimaeroid, Ischyodus rayhaasi sp. nov., is described based primarily upon the number and configuration of tritors on palatine and mandibular tooth plates. This new species is named in honour of Mr Raymond Haas. Fossils of I. rayhaasi have been recovered from the Upper Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation and the Breien Member and an unnamed member of the Hell Creek Formation at sites in south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota, USA. Ischyodus rayhaasi inhabited shallow marine waters in the central part of the Western Interior Seaway during the latest Cretaceous. Apparently it was also present in similar habitats at that time in the Volga region of Russia. Ischyodus rayhaasi is the youngest Cretaceous species of Ischyodus known to exist before the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction, and the species apparently did not survive that event. It was replaced by Ischyodus dolloi, which is found in the Paleocene Cannonball Formation of the Williston Basin region of North Dakota and is widely distributed elsewhere. [source] Immersive Integration of Physical and Virtual EnvironmentsCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2004Henry Fuchs We envision future work and play environments in which the user's computing interface is more closely integrated with the physical surroundings than today's conventional computer display screens and keyboards. We are working toward realizable versions of such environments, in which multiple video projectors and digital cameras enable every visible surface to be both measured in 3D and used for display. If the 3D surface positions were transmitted to a distant location, they may also enable distant collaborations to become more like working in adjacent offices connected by large windows. With collaborators at the University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Advanced Network and Services, and the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, we at Chapel Hill have been working to bring these ideas to reality. In one system, depth maps are calculated from streams of video images and the resulting 3D surface points are displayed to the user in head-tracked stereo. Among the applications we are pursuing for this tele-presence technology, is advanced training for trauma surgeons by immersive replay of recorded procedures. Other applications display onto physical objects, to allow more natural interaction with them "painting" a dollhouse, for example. More generally, we hope to demonstrate that the principal interface of a future computing environment need not be limited to a screen the size of one or two sheets of paper. Just as a useful physical environment is all around us, so too can the increasingly ubiquitous computing environment be all around us -integrated seamlessly with our physical surroundings. [source] Hill of Thorns: Custom, Knowledge and the Reclaiming of a Lost Land in the New South AfricaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2000Deborah James This article provides a detailed ethnographic exploration of a case of land restitution in South Africa. It shows how the development discourse invoked during the process of reclaiming land, rather than being imposed in an entirely top-down manner, has been the result of negotiations between those claiming and those , in government and NGOs , who have helped them claim. The resulting knowledge about the ownership and appropriate governance of land reveals a complex and often contradictory understanding of concepts like ,custom', ,community' and ,power'. [source] Late Devonian tetrapod remains from Red Hill, Pennsylvania, USA: how much diversity?ACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2009Edward B. Daeschler Abstract The remains of Late Devonian tetrapods from the Red Hill locality in Pennsylvania help to elucidate the early stages of tetrapod evolution. Red Hill is a particularly informative site that preserves a diverse fauna and flora within a depositional setting suggesting penecontemporaneous deposition of locally derived material. Here, for the first time, we report on the full suite of early tetrapod remains from Red Hill and consider the implications for tetrapod diversity within the Red Hill ecosystem. Previously described material is reviewed and considered in relation to newly reported specimens. New material described includes isolated skull elements (two jugals, a postorbital, a lacrimal and a coronoid) and postcranial elements (a femur and a gastral scale). The characteristics of many of the Red Hill tetrapod specimens conform to the morphological expectations of Late Devonian forms. Several elements, however, illustrate more derived characteristics and strongly suggest the presence of the oldest known whatcheeriid-like tetrapod. This study demonstrates the difficulty in making taxonomic associations with isolated remains, even when found in close proximity to one another. Exploration of the characteristics of each element, however, demonstrates the presence of at least three early tetrapod taxa at the Red Hill site. [source] A community development approach to deal with public drug use in Box HillDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 1 2007NEIL ROGERS Abstract The use of alcohol and other drugs in public space is one that generates much heat in the public discourse and in the media. Too often the responses called for to reduce the problems of public amenity involve punitive policing and other responses that aim to engineer (mostly) young people out of these public spaces. Often local retailers are a key stakeholder group calling loudest for punitive action. In this Harm Reduction Digest Rogers and Anderson describe a community development approach taken to address these problems in Box Hill in the City of Whitehorse, near Melbourne. This approach which aimed to develop ,bridging social capital' between community retailers and other stakeholders in the area appears to have been effective in reducing harm associated with public drug use. Moreover these changes have become institutionalised and the approach has been expanded to address other public amenity problems in the area. It is a very nice example of how drug related harm can be reduced by grass roots networks of local councils, business people, law enforcement and health and welfare service providers to address these issues. [source] Simulation of the dissolution of weathered versus unweathered limestone in carbonic acid solutions of varying strengthEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 6 2007M. J. Thornbush Abstract A simulation was undertaken within a climatic chamber to investigate limestone dissolution under varied carbonic acid (H2CO3) strengths as a possible analogue for future increases in atmospheric CO2 arising from global warming. Twenty-eight samples cut from a block of Bath (Box Hill) limestone from Somerville College, Oxford, which had been removed during restoration after 150 years in an urban environment, were weighed and placed in closed bottles of thin plastic containing varying concentrations of H2CO3. Half of the stone samples were derived from exposed surfaces of the stone block (weathered) while the others were obtained from the centre of the block on unexposed surfaces (unweathered). The purpose of this was to compare dissolution of previously weathered versus unweathered surfaces in strong (pH 4·73) versus weak (pH 6·43) solutions of H2CO3. A temperature of c. 19 °C was maintained within the chamber representing a plausible future temperature in Oxford for the year 2200 given current warming scenarios. The simulation lasted 25 days with a few stone samples being removed midway. Stone samples show reduced weight in all cases but one. There was greater dissolution of stone samples in a strong H2CO3 solution as conveyed by higher concentrations of total hardness and Ca2+ in the water samples as well as enhanced microscopic dissolution features identified using SEM. The simulation confirms that enhanced atmospheric CO2 under global warming, given adequate moisture, will accelerate dissolution rates particularly of newly replaced limestone building stones. However, previously weathered surfaces, such as those on historical stone exposed for a century or more, appear to be less susceptible to the effects of such increased rainfall acidity. Conservation techniques which remove weathered surfaces, such as stone cleaning, may accelerate future decay of historical limestone structures by increasing their susceptibility to dissolution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Small-scaled geographical variation in life-history traits of the blowfly Calliphora vicina between rural and urban populationsENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2009C. C. Hwang Abstract The impact of the urban heat-island effect, the warming-up of an urban area caused by human activity, on the blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was examined at two British sites, 30 km apart. Waterloo in Central London is a highly urbanised built-up area, whereas Box Hill in the county of Surrey is a rural pasture and woodland location. The phenotypic plasticity of 12 C. vicina cultures, originated from single females from each of the two sites, was measured using three developmental characters: adult body size (represented as the length of the cross vein dm-cu of the right wing), development time as accumulated degree-days (ADD), and growth rate (length of dm-cu/ADD), along a constant temperature series of 16, 20, 24, and 28 °C in the laboratory. The blowflies from Box Hill had the same ADD as those from Waterloo, but showed a significantly larger adult size and growth rate at lower temperatures, suggesting the existence of local adaptations that may be caused by the differing levels of urbanisation between the two studied sites. Not surprisingly, a trade-off between adult size and development time was found. Females showed longer development times than males at all four temperatures, indicating they may need to ingest more food as larvae to furnish ovarioles and increase fecundity. However, females had larger adult size than males at 16 and 20 °C but a reverse at 28 °C, suggesting that females may be more cold-adapted than males. [source] AIChE offers technological insights to the public policy debate on global climate changeENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2000David E. Gushee Global climate change has been a major issue on the national political agenda since 1988. Several Committees on Capitol Hill conducted hearings concerning the heat waves then searing the nation. Testimony by several well-regarded scientists at those hearings that "we ain't seen nothing yet" led to impressive headlines in the national media. Since then, unusually high temperatures, a succession of forecasts of serious negative impacts from the projected continued warming, and well-publicized Congressional hearings led to the creation of the United Nation's Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol. As a result, climate change is on just about every technology organization's agenda. In 1996, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers joined the list of organizations formally responding to the issue. The Government Relations Committee (GRC) formed a Task Force on Climate Change, made up of Institute members active in a number of aspects of the issue area. The charge to the Task Force: Look for opportunities for the Institute to contribute to the public policy debate on the issue and frame position papers accordingly. The first major conclusion of the Task Force was that AIChE is not in a position to state whether or not global climate change is a real public policy problem. However, to the extent that the public policy process treats climate change as an issue, the Institute is well positioned to comment on the technical merits of proposed policy responses. The Task Force recommended this posture to the GRC, which agreed. [source] The Frequency Accrual Speed Test (FAST): psychometric intelligence and personality correlatesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2001Ulrich Ettinger Performance on a putative psychophysical measure of information processing related to intelligence (Vickers' 1995 Frequency Accrual Speed Test, FAST) was assessed in relation to two psychometric measures of intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and the Mill Hill vocabulary test). Participants (N,=,57) completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire , Revised (EPQ-R), and performed the FAST task under either low (70 dB) or high (90 dB) levels of white noise. FAST correlated with Raven's (r,=,0.56) and Mill Hill (r,=,0.28), as expected. FAST total scores were not affected by personality or personality-by-noise interactions. However, a measure of consistency of FAST performance (i.e. the standard deviation) was correlated negatively with total FAST scores (r,=,,0.37) and positively with (EPQ-R) extraversion (r,=,0.34). The results are discussed in terms of the validity of the FAST to explicate the information processing variables in psychometric intelligence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Ideologies of Motherhood in European Community Sex Equality LawEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2000Clare McGlynn This article argues that, in a series of cases from Hofmann in the mid-1980s to Hill and Stapleton in 1998, the Court of Justice has reproduced, and thereby legitimated, a traditional vision of motherhood and the role of women in the family, and in society generally. This vision, characterised as the ,dominant ideology of motherhood', limits the potential of the Community's sex equality legislation to bring about real improvements in the lives of women. Accordingly, far from alleviating discrimination against women, the Court's jurisprudence is reinforcing traditional assumptions which inhibit women's progress. It is argued that the Court should reject the dominant ideology of motherhood and utilise its interpretative space to pursue a more progressive and liberating rendering of women and men's relationships and obligations to each other and their children. [source] Ethics and the Ideal Helping Relationship: Response to Hill and MamalakisFAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 3 2001Mark H. Butler First page of article [source] Study of essential oils of Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, E. tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson, grown in CubaFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002Jorge A. Pino Abstract The yields and chemical composition are reported of oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of three species grown in the western region of Cuba: Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson. The analyses were made by GC and GC,MS. The oil of E. resinifera was found to contain 1,8-cineole (68.0%) as the major constituent. In contrast, the oil of E. tereticornis was found to contain 1,8-cineole (23.2%) and p - cymene (13.8%), while that of C. maculata contained ,-pinene (49.7%), ,-eudesmol (18.0%) and ,-eudesmol (11.3%) as major constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Hill equation: a review of its capabilities in pharmacological modellingFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Sylvain Goutelle Abstract The Hill equation was first introduced by A.V. Hill to describe the equilibrium relationship between oxygen tension and the saturation of haemoglobin. In pharmacology, the Hill equation has been extensively used to analyse quantitative drug,receptor relationships. Many pharmacokinetic,pharmacodynamic models have used the Hill equation to describe nonlinear drug dose,response relationships. Although the Hill equation is widely used, its many properties are not all well known. This article aims at reviewing the various properties of the Hill equation. The descriptive aspects of the Hill equation, in particular mathematical and graphical properties, are examined, and related to Hill's original work. The mechanistic aspect of the Hill equation, involving a strong connection with the Guldberg and Waage law of mass action, is also described. Finally, a probabilistic view of the Hill equation is examined. Here, we provide some new calculation results, such as Fisher information and Shannon entropy, and we introduce multivariate probabilistic Hill equations. The main features and potential applications of this probabilistic approach are also discussed. Thus, within the same formalism, the Hill equation has many different properties which can be of great interest for those interested in mathematical modelling in pharmacology and biosciences. [source] Pedoarchaeology of Cactus Hill, a sandy Paleoindian site in southeastern Virginia, U.S.A.GEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2004Daniel P. Wagner Cactus Hill is located in the Virginia Coastal Plain on a terrace above the Nottoway River. The site has a record of occupation that spans the Holocene and also offers evidence of humans late in the Pleistocene before Clovis time. Soil investigations identified several deposit types, and demonstrated that multisequal eolian sands forming the site's primary core are arrayed in spatially and temporally discrete horizons. Resting atop an ancient paleosol, the earliest sand stratum (19,540 ± 70 14C yr B.P.) is marked by a conspicuous but culturally sterile buried surface horizon. Eolian sand above this surface supports another sequum in which Clovis and underlying "Blade" artifacts are associated with a fainter surface horizon and pronounced subsoil lamellae. Early Archaic and successively younger artifacts occur above the Clovis level in a more weakly developed uppermost sequum. This soil and cultural stratigraphy, together with considerations of regional topography, demonstrate that the landscape has evolved incrementally since about the last glacial maximum. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] From London to Liverpool: Evidence for a Limehouse,Reid porcelain connection based on the analysis of sherds from the Brownlow Hill (ca. 1755,1767) factory siteGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 8 2003J. Victor Owen The diversity of Brownlow Hill porcelains of the Wm Reid & Co. era is due to the remarkably wide range in the composition of their pastes and glazes and inferred firing conditions relative to the initial vitrification temperature. Sixteen of 21 analyzed sherds from the factory site are bone-ash wares that display large variations in their bulk chemical composition. The remaining samples have silicious-aluminous (akin to "stone china" sensu Richard Pococke in 1750) and silicious-aluminous-calcic ("S-A-C") compositions that resemble Limehouse (London) and Pomona (Staffordshire) porcelains produced during the 1740s. The mineralogy of the Brownlow Hill S-A-C sherds suggests firing at a relatively high temperature (Tmax approaching 1400°C, based on relations on the SiO2 -Al2O3 -CaO phase diagram), thereby obscuring the identity of some of the ingredients (e.g., the source of CaO) used in their manufacture. Limehouse and Brownlow Hill may have been linked through the activities of William Ball, who is mentioned in connection with both factories, or indirectly via former Limehouse staff later employed at the Pomona factory, located not far from a Wm Reid & Co. branch factory in Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent. In terms of a time line, knowledge of these pastes appears to have spread first from London to Staffordshire, and then to Liverpool. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The Dynamics of Regional Development: The Philippines in East Asia , Edited by Arsenio Balisacan and Hal HillGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2009Anne Booth No abstract is available for this article. [source] Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Origins of the Civil WarHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2007Nicole Etcheson Author's Introduction The author argues that slavery is the root cause of the Civil War even though historians have often posited other explanations. Some other interpretations have been ideological (i.e., about the morality of slavery), others have been economic, political, or cultural. Focus Questions 1If you were to make an argument for the causes of the Civil War, what evidence or types of evidence would you want to examine? 2In what ways can the different types of arguments (ideological, economic, political, and cultural), be combined to explain the causes of the Civil War? Do such arguments exclude or reinforce each other? In what ways? Author Recommends * E. L. Ayres, In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859,1863 (New York, NY: Norton, 2003). A study of two counties, one north and one south, during the end of the sectional crisis and the early Civil War. While Potter, Walther, and Wilentz offer sweeping, often political, histories, Ayres offers a microhistory approach to the sectional conflict. Although Ayres writes within the tradition of seeing cultural differences between North and South, he concludes that slavery was the issue that drove the two sections apart. * M. A. Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997). Views the development of the sectional crisis through the lens of Manifest Destiny. Territorial expansion drove hostility between the sections. Morrison concentrates on the political developments of the period connected to the acquisition and organization of the territories to show how the issue of slavery in the territories polarized the sections. * D. M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848,1861 (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1976). The most comprehensive survey of the decade before the war. Potter traces the development of slavery as a political issue that North and South could not resolve. While it is a masterly and nuanced treatment of the political history, it does not incorporate social history and is more detailed than is useful for most undergraduates. E. H. Walther, The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s (Wilmington, Scholarly Resources, 2004) has recently supplanted Potter as a survey of the decade. It is an easier read for undergraduates and incorporates the new literature than has emerged since Potter wrote. * S. Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, NY: Norton, 2005). A sweeping history of the United States from the constitutional era to the outbreak of the Civil War. Wilentz attempts to update Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.'s synthesis The Age of Jackson by returning to a focus on the evolution of democracy while at the same time incorporating the social history that emerged after Schlesinger wrote. Only the last third of this very long book covers the 1850s, but Wilentz argues that democracy had taken differing sectional forms by that period: a free-labor version in the North and a plantation version in the South. Online Materials 1. The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War (http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/) A prize-winning website that profiles Augusta County, Virginia and Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Material from this website formed the basis of Ayres, In the Presence of Mine Enemies. Although the website primarily concentrates on the Civil War itself, it provides access to newspapers and letters and diaries from the 1850s that show the development of, and reaction to, the sectional crisis in those counties. It also shows students the types of materials (census, tax, and church records as well as newspapers and letters and diaries) with which historians work to build an argument. 2. American Memory from the Library of Congress (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html) Although not specifically devoted to the origins of the Civil War, the American Memory site provides access to the collections of the Library of Congress which contain massive amounts of primary materials for students and scholars. From the website, one can gain access to congressional documents, periodicals from the 1850s, nineteenth-century books, music, legal documents, memoirs by white and black southerners as well as slave narratives. Sample Syllabus Nicole Etcheson's ,Origins of the Civil War,' History Compass, 3/1 (2005), doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00166.x can be used as a reading in any Civil War course. [source] Interval, Sexual Difference: Luce Irigaray and Henri BergsonHYPATIA, Issue 1 2008REBECCA HILL Henri Bergson's philosophy has attracted increasing feminist attention in recent years as a fruitful locus for re-theorizing temporality. Drawing on Luce Irigaray's well-known critical description of metaphysics as phallocentrism, Hill argues that Bergson's deduction of duration is predicated upon the disavowal of a sexed hierarchy. She concludes the article by proposing a way to move beyond Bergson's phallocentrism to articulate duration as a sensible and transcendental difference that articulates a nonhierarchical qualitative relation between the sexes. [source] A multiscale modeling of damage and time-dependent behavior of cohesive rocksINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 5 2009A. Abou-Chakra Guéry Abstract The present paper deals with a micromechanical approach to modeling the time-dependent mechanical behavior of a class of cohesive geomaterials. The considered material is Callovo-Oxfordian argillite, which is mainly composed of three constituents: an elastoviscoplastic clay matrix, elastic quartz minerals, and elastic damaged calcite grains. The macroscopic constitutive law is obtained by adapting the incremental method proposed by Hill (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1965; 13:89,101). Its unified formulation allows a description of not only the time-dependent behavior of the argillite but also its elastoplastic damage response. The developed model is first validated by comparison with finite element solutions and then it is applied to the prediction of argillites' macroscopic responses in connection with their mineralogical compositions. The validity of the model is checked through comparisons between the model's predictions and experimental data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A second-order homogenization procedure for multi-scale analysis based on micropolar kinematicsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 12 2007Ragnar Larsson Abstract The paper presents a higher order homogenization scheme based on non-linear micropolar kinematics representing the macroscopic variation within a representative volume element (RVE) of the material. On the microstructural level the micro,macro kinematical coupling is introduced as a second-order Taylor series expansion of the macro displacement field, and the microstructural displacement variation is gathered in a fluctuation term. This approach relates strongly to second gradient continuum formulations, presented by, e.g. Kouznetsova et al. (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2002; 54:1235,1260), thus establishing a link between second gradient and micropolar theories. The major difference of the present approach as compared to second gradient formulations is that an additional constraint is placed on the higher order deformation gradient in terms of the micropolar stretch. The driving vehicle for the derivation of the homogenized macroscopic stress measures is the Hill,Mandel condition, postulating the equivalence of microscopic and macroscopic (homogenized) virtual work. Thereby, the resulting homogenization procedure yields not only a stress tensor, conjugated to the micropolar stretch tensor, but also the couple stress tensor, conjugated to the micropolar curvature tensor. The paper is concluded by a couple of numerical examples demonstrating the size effects imposed by the homogenization of stresses based on the micropolar kinematics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] African American Therapists Working With African American Families: An Exploration of the Strengths Perspective in TreatmentJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 3 2009LaVerne Bell-Tolliver With the exception of Hill's (1971, 1999) work, historically much of the literature on African American families has focused more on pathology than strengths. This study used interviews with 30 African American psychotherapists, self-identified as employing a strengths perspective with African American families, to investigate which strengths they identified in the families and how they use those strengths in therapy. Themes emerging from data analysis confirmed the continued importance of the five strengths Hill noted. In addition, two new strengths were identified by the participants: a willingness of a greater number of families to seek therapy, and the importance of family structure. Strategies used in engaging the families in therapy and practice implications for family therapists are discussed. [source] Constraints on the early metamorphic evolution of Broken Hill, Australia, from in situ U-Pb dating and REE geochemistry of monaziteJOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY, Issue 1 2009C. R. M. McFARLANE Abstract The Broken Hill Pb-Zn deposit, New South Wales Australia, is hosted in granulite facies gneisses of the Southern Curnamona Province (SCP) that have long been known to record a polydeformational and polymetamorphic history. The details of this potentially prolonged tectonothermal history have remained poorly understood because of a historical emphasis on conventional (i.e. grain mount) U-Pb zircon geochronology to reveal details of the sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic history of the rock that crops out in the vicinity of the city of Broken Hill. An alternative approach to unravelling the metamorphic history of the granulite facies gneisses in and around Broken Hill is to date accessory minerals, such as monazite, that participate in sub-solidus metamorphic reactions. We have taken advantage of the high spatial resolution and high sensitivity afforded by SHRIMP monazite geochronology to reconstruct the early history of the metamorphic rocks at Broken Hill. In contrast to previous studies, in situ analysis of monazite grains preserved in their original textural context in polished thin sections is used. Guided by electron microprobe X-ray maps, SHRIMP U-Pb dates for three distinct monazite compositional domains record pulses of monazite growth at c. 1657 Ma, c.1630 Ma and c.1602 Ma. It is demonstrated that these ages correspond to monazite growth during lower amphibolite facies, upper amphibolite facies and granulite facies metamorphism, respectively. It is speculated that this progressive heating of the SCP crust may have been driven by inversion of the upper crust during the Olarian Orogeny that was pre-heated by magmatic underplating at c.1657 Ma. [source] BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MARINE RED ALGAE: MYTHS AND REALITIESJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001Article first published online: 24 SEP 200 Hommersand, M. H. Department of Biology, Coker Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280 USA Theories about the geographical distribution of marine algae fall roughly into two categories: (1) a concept of biogeographical regions in which algal distribution is determined primarily by growth, reproductive and lethal temperature boundaries (Setchell, van den Hoek, Breeman, Lüning) and (2) an historical perspective in which distribution is determined primarily by patterns of dispersal and the establishment of barriers to dispersal (vicariance biogeography) (Svedelius, Garbary, Lindstrom, Hommersand). Setchell proposed the 5° isotherm rule in 1920, and in 1924 Svedelius advocated a worldwide distribution for tropical and subtropical groups followed by discontinuous distribution upon closure of the connection between the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea and, later, between North and South America (Wegener's theory). Transarctic dispersal routes have received special attention in recent years (Lindstrom, Lüning, van Oppen, Olsen, Stam), as have special relationships between Australasia, South Africa and South America (Hommersand). Less well understood are the climatic changes that have taken place in the Cenozoic which are strategic to an understanding vicariant biogeography. The advent of molecular methods combined with the tools of phylogenetic systematics now make it possible to identify ancestral taxa, test the consistency of tree topologies, and calculate mean branch lengths between sister lineages diverging from an interior node of a tree. With such methods it may be possible to infer ancestral areas, identify dispersal pathways, determine the chronology of isolating events, assess the impact of multiple invasions, and generally relate dispersal and vicariance models to phylogenetic hypotheses for red, brown and green algal taxa. [source] ,Family Businesses Distributing America's Beverage': managing government relations in the National Beer Wholesalers AssociationJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2003Conor McGrath Abstract Over the past decade, America's National Beer Wholesalers Association (NBWA) has transformed itself from an organisation lacking much political influence into one of the most powerful interest groups on Capitol Hill. The NBWA has been described as "the toughest lobby you never heard of" (Birnbaum 1998: 148). Its strategy over this period provides an ideal case study of how to manage government relations within a trade association. It demonstrates the importance of establishing and implementing a measurable strategy, maximising the impact of a range of lobbying tools and leveraging the political environment to operate as effectively as possible. Senator Ben Nelson (Dem, Nebraska) has stated that, ,NBWA is one of the most effective trade associations in Washington DC, with a staff that is savvy to the public relations and marketing strategies required to be influential on Capitol Hill' (Nelson 2001). Indeed, the fact that the NBWA's government relations programme is so explicitly based upon marketing principles is unusual from a British perspective; even in the American context, the strategy is executed particularly effectively. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications [source] Early ontogeny and placentation of the grey short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae: Marsupialia): contribution to the reconstruction of the marsupial morphotypeJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2001Zeller This study provides new findings on the placenta of Monodelphis domestica and a reconstruction of the marsupial morphotype. To achieve this, early ontogeny and placentation of the grey short-tailed opossum, M. domestica, from 3 h after copulation until birth (day 15), were studied and compared with other mammals. Both the ultrastructure and histochemistry of egg membranes, foetal membranes, oviduct and uterus were examined. The results of this study provide the first detailed ultrastructural description of a trophoblastic syncytium in a marsupial. In addition, this is the first original documentation of an invasive trophectoderm and an inflammatory reaction at parturition in M. domestica. These findings were compared with literature data and included into the reconstruction of the marsupial morphotype. Based on marsupial phylogeny as proposed by Luckett (J. Mammal. Evol. 2, 255,283, 1994), characters that are consistent at least within didelphids and dasyurids were determined to be characters of the marsupial morphotype. These characters are a central yolk separated from the peripheral yolk-poor cytoplasm in the unfertilized oocyte, the presence of a zona pellucida, a mucoid coat and a shell coat, the absence of a corona radiata, oviductal mucoid secretion, no shell secretion distal to the isthmus of the oviduct, uterine shell secretion, a short tubal passage (1 day at maximum), the apposition of blastomeres to the zona pellucida prior to intercellular association, the absence of a morula stage, the polarity of the zygotic yolk, the localized segmentation of deutoplasm (yolk) during the first cleavage and subsequent extrusion of yolk vesicles during the first two cleavage stages. With regard to the marsupial morphotype, the non-polarized yolk distribution in the zygote [Hartman (J. Morphol. 27, 1,84, 1916); McCrady (Am. Anat. Mem. 16, 1,233, 1938)] is a derived character of Didelphis virginiana. Didelphis virginiana [Hartman (J. Morphol. 27, 1,84, 1916); Hartman (J. Morphol. 32, 1,139, 1919); McCrady (Am. Anat. Mem. 16, 1,233, 1938)] and Didelphis marsupialis (Hill, Q. J. Micr. Sci. 63, 91,139, 1918) share the synapomorphous reduction of deutoplasmolysis to a generalized extrusion of vesicles. The absence of separated yolk and consequently a cleavage without yolk extrusion (Renfree and Lewis, Reprod. Fert. Dev. 8, 725,742, 1996) are apomorphies of macropodids. This is possibly correlated with the association of blastomeres in early cleavage stages (Renfree and Lewis, Reprod. Fert. Dev. 8, 725,742, 1996). A yolk sac placenta and a vascularized allantochorion can be assumed for part of the ontogeny in the marsupial morphotype, irrespective of the formation of an allantoic placenta at near term stages. The character polarization of the mode of placentation and parturition needs further investigation. Frühe Ontogenie und Plazentation der grauen Hausspitzmausbeutelratte, Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae: Marsupialia): Ein Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion des Grundplans der Marsupialia Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die frühe Ontogenese und Plazentation von 3 Stunden nach der Kopulation bis zur Geburt der Beutelratte Monodelphis domestica. Es wird die Ultrastruktur und Histochemie der Eihäute, der Fetalmembranen, des Oviductes und des Uterus beschrieben. Erstmalig wird die Ultrastruktur eines trophoblastischen Syncytiums bei einem Beuteltier beschrieben. Weiterhin wird ein invasives Trophektoderm und eine Entzündungsreaktion zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt bei M. domestica festgestellt. Die Befunde dieser Studie und Literaturdaten werden verglichen und in eine Grundplanrekonstruktion integriert. Merkmale, die mindestens zwischen Vertretern der Didelphidae und Dasyuridae übereinstimmen, werden basierend auf dem phylogenetischen System der Marsupialia nach Luckett, J. Mammal. Evol. 2, 255,283, 1994, für den Grundplan der Marsupialia angenommen. Diese Merkmale sind zentral separierter Dotter und peripheres dotterarmes Zytoplasma in der unbefruchteten Eizelle, das Vorhandensein von Zona pellucida, Mucoidschicht und Schalenhaut, das Fehlen einer Corona radiata, die Mucoidsekretion durch den Oviduct, die Schalensekretion durch den Uterus und nicht distal der Isthmusregion des Oviductes, eine kurze Tubenwanderung (maximal einen Tag), die Anlagerung der Blastomeren an die Zona pellucida vor der interzellulären Verbindung, das Fehlen eines Morulastadiums, die Dotterpolarität in der Zygote, die lokale Dotterabtrennung bei der ersten Teilung und die anschließende Dotterextrusion während der ersten beiden Teilungen. In Bezug auf den Grundplan der Marsupialia ist die unpolare Dotterverteilung in der Zygote ein abgeleitetes Merkmal von Didelphis virginiana. Didelphis virginiana und Didelphis marsupialis teilen als Synapomorphie die Reduktion der Deutoplasmolyse auf eine generelle Vesikelextrusion. Das Fehlen separierten Dotters in der Oocyte und die resultierende Furchung ohne Dotterextrusion [Renfree and Lewis, Reprod. Fert. Dev. 8, 725,742, 1996] ist eine Apomorphie der Macropodidae. Hiermit hängt möglicherweise die frühe Zusammenlagerung der Blastomeren zusammen [Renfree and Lewis, Reprod. Fert. Dev. 8, 725,742, 1996]. Ein vaskularisiertes Allantochorion und eine Dottersackplazenta können für einen Teil der Ontogenese im Grundplan der Marsupialia angenommen werden. Ob das Allantochorion neben der Respiration auch dem Stoffaustausch diente ist unklar. Die Lesrichtung für den Modus der Plazentation und der Geburt bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen. [source] Osman and police immunity in the English law of tortsLEGAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2000Paula Giliker This article examines and questions the nature of police immunity from claims for negligence in the investigation and suppression of crime, as stated by the House of Lords in Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire. This issue has been discussed before the European Court of Human Rights in Osman v United Kingdom, where the court held that a blanket application of the immunity was contrary to art 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article will argue that this decision does not overturn the basic public policy principles for the immunity stated in Hill and that further examination of this area of law is required. It is submitted that if the law is considered in terms of proximity rather than in terms of public policy immunity, a clearer understanding of the principles underlying this area of law can be reached together with the desirable goal of removing the term ,immunity' from this area of law. [source] Thermal effects of circumplanetary disc formation around proto-gas giant planetsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2009M. N. Machida ABSTRACT The formation of a circumplanetary disc and accretion of angular momentum on to a protoplanetary system are investigated using three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. The local region around a protoplanet in a protoplanetary disc is considered with sufficient spatial resolution: the region from outside the Hill sphere to the Jovian radius is covered by the nested-grid method. To investigate the thermal effects of the circumplanetary disc, various equations of state are adopted. Large thermal energy around the protoplanet slightly changes the structure of the circumplanetary disc. Compared with a model adopting an isothermal equation of state, in a model with an adiabatic equation of state, the protoplanet's gas envelope extends farther, and a slightly thick disc appears near the protoplanet. However, different equations of state do not affect the acquisition process of angular momentum for the protoplanetary system. Thus, the specific angular momentum acquired by the system is fitted as a function only of the protoplanet's mass. A large fraction of the total angular momentum contributes to the formation of the circumplanetary disc. The disc forms only in a compact region in very close proximity to the protoplanet. Adapting the results to the Solar system, the proto-Jupiter and Saturn have compact discs in the region of r < 21rJup(r < 0.028 rH,Jup) and r < 66rSat(r < 0.061rH,Sat), respectively, where rJup(rH,Jup) and rSat(rH,Sat) are the Jovian and Saturnian (Hill) radius, respectively. The surface density has a peak in these regions due to the balance between centrifugal force and gravity of the protoplanet. The size of these discs corresponds well to the outermost orbit of regular satellites around Jupiter and Saturn. Regular satellites may form in such compact discs around proto-gas giant planets. [source] The Language That Came Down the Hill: Slang, Crime, and Citizenship in Rio de JaneiroAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 1 2009Jennifer Roth-Gordon ABSTRACT, In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the register of slang has historically been embraced to forge salient social and spatial distinctions, demarcating the physical space of the favela (shantytown) and naturalizing the exclusion of its residents. In this article, I examine the ongoing enregisterment of slang in Rio's current context of profound social inequality, democratic instability, heightened urban violence, and geographic proximity. Within this climate of fear and insecurity, newly vulnerable and newly marginalized city residents draw on and reify salient speech repertoires to negotiate rights to the city and to the nation-state that have become increasingly threatened along socioeconomic, racial, and residential lines. I argue that the enregisterment of slang constructs newly emergent citizenship categories that both challenge and reinforce Brazil's entrenched regime of differentiated citizenship, illuminating the productive role of linguistic differentiation in the modern nation-state. [Keywords: slang, crime, citizenship, marginality, Brazil] [source] Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Association or causation (Review Article)NEPHROLOGY, Issue 3 2008JAGADEESH KURTKOTI SUMMARY: With widespread availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it has become standard practice for patients with severe renal impairment or previous severe reactions to iodine-containing contrast media to receive gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents instead of traditional radiographic contrast agents, particularly for magnetic resonance angiography. However, there is growing concern about the use of gadolinium contrast agents in the presence of severe renal insufficiency, because of increasing reports of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD)/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), associated with the exposure to certain gadolinium-containing contrast agents. In this review we explore the causal link between gadolinium exposure and NSF, using an established system of epidemiological criteria proposed by Bradford Hill. Though the current evidence makes gadolinium a strong suspect as an aetiologic agent for NSF in the presence of severe renal failure, the die is not cast yet. At this stage there needs to be cautious approach to the use of gadolinium-containing contrast agents in the presence of severe renal failure (glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2). [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||