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Hexane Extract (hexane + extract)
Selected AbstractsControl of Foodborne Pathogenic and Spoilage Bacteria by Garcinol and Garcinia indicaextracts, and their Antioxidant ActivityJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004P. S. NEGI ABSTRACT: Spent rinds of Garcinia indicawere extracted with hexane and benzene using a Soxhlet extractor for 4 h. The major compound present in both extracts was found to be garcinol, as confirmed by fractionation and spectroscopic studies. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of hexane extract, benzene extract, and garcinol against a few Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were in the range of 15 to 1000, 20 to 1250, and 1.5 to 500 ppm, respectively. The antioxidant activity of these fractions at 25 ppm was 63.2%, 61.7%, and 92.4%, respectively, as evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. Hexane extract, benzene extract, and garcinol showed 1027, 985.5, and 1195.9 ,mol/g of ascorbic acid equivalents, respectively, at 100 ppm concentration using the phosphomolybdenum method. These findings may be useful for possible application of the previously described fractions as biopreservatives. [source] Cytotoxic activity and effect on nitric oxide production of tirucallane-type triterpenesJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 9 2005Ibeth Oviedo Chávez Hexane extract from the bark of Amphipterygium adstringens, as well as its principal constituents, masticadienonic acid (1) and 3,-hydroxymasticadienolic acid (2), inhibited the growth of five human cancer cell lines. Derivatives of 1, namely 24,25S -dihydromasticadienonic acid (3) and masticadienolic acid (4), were also evaluated. The results showed that both 3 and 4 had greater activity than 1 on colon cancer cell lines. The effects of 1,4 on the production of nitric oxide (NO) from both resting and lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages were determined. It was found that 1, 2 and 4 caused an increase in NO release from resting macrophages; in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, only 2 and 4 caused an increase in NO production. [source] Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Ozonation to Degrade Aflatoxin in CornJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2002A.D. Prudente Jr. ABSTRACT: This study determined the efficacy and safety of ozonation in degrading aflatoxin in corn. Ozonation (10 to 12 wt%) reduced aflatoxin levels by 92% and no reversion to the parent compound was observed. Ozonation had minimal effect on fatty acids of uncontaminated corn, but had significant effect on fatty acids of contaminated corn. Crude extracts showed no mutagenic potential in the Ames assay using TA98 and TA100. Clean-up using hexane increased their mutagenic potentials. Clean-up using Mycosep columns increased the mutagenic potentials 18 to 617%. Hexane extracts from ozone-treated contaminated corn had lower inhibitory effect. This suggested that a fat-soluble mutagen is being formed or natural inhibitors of mutagenicity are being destroyed. [source] Neutral components from hexane extracts of Croton sellowiiFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Sebastiăo F. Palmeira Jr Abstract Qualitative analyses by GC,FID and GC,MS of the neutral fractions from hexane extract of the leaves, stems and roots of Croton sellowii were carried out. Sesquiterpenoids, n -alkanes, aliphatic esters and aliphatic alcohols and alkyl benzene derivatives were identi,ed. Caryophyllene oxide (46.8%) and trans -caryophyllene (40.8%) were most abundant in the leaves, while caryophyllene oxide (26.5%) and cubenol (16.7%) were the main constituents in the stems. In the roots, besides mesitylene (15.2%), the sesquiterpenes , -(7.6%), , -(6.9%) and , -eudesmol (5.5%) were the most abundant components. All identi,ed constituents are described for the ,rst time in this species. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Crystal Structure of Garciniaphenone and Evidences on the Relationship between Keto,Enol Tautomerism and ConfigurationHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 7 2008Felipe Abstract Garciniaphenone (=rel- (1R,5R,7R)-3-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-1,7-bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene-2,9-dione; 1), a novel natural product, was isolated from a hexane extract of Garcinia brasiliensis fruits. The crystal structure of 1 as well as the selected geometrical and configurational features were compared with those of known related polyprenylated benzophenones. Garciniaphenone is the first representative of polyprenylated benzophenones without a prenyl substituent at C(5). Notably, the absence of a 5-prenyl substituent has an impact on the molecular geometry. The tautomeric form of 1 in the solid state was readily established by a residual-electronic-density map generated by means of a difference Fourier analysis, and there is an entirely delocalized six-membered chelate ring encompassing the keto,enol moiety. The configuration at C(7) was used to rationalize the nature of the keto,enol tautomeric form within 1. The intermolecular array in the network is maintained by nonclassical intermolecular H-bonds. [source] Acetogenins from the Leaves of Rollinia laurifoliaHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 12 2005Lucia From the EtOH extract of the leaves of Rollinia laurifolia Schl. (Annonaceae), a novel acetogenin, rolifolin (=,3-(9-{(2R*,5S*)-5-[(1S*,4S*)-1,4-dihydroxy-4-{(2S*,5R*)-5-[(1S*)-1-hydroxyundecyl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl}butyl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl}-2,3-dihydroxynonyl)-5-methylfuran-2(5H)-one; 1) was isolated, together with the known acetogenin annonin-I (2). Also, from the corresponding hexane extract, a mixture of rolilaurin (3, a novel compound), uvariamicin-I (4), and uvariamicin-II (5) was obtained. The structures of compounds 1,5 were elucidated by NMR and MS analysis, and relative configurations were established. Compounds 2 and 5 have never been obtained before from Rollinia. [source] Control of Foodborne Pathogenic and Spoilage Bacteria by Garcinol and Garcinia indicaextracts, and their Antioxidant ActivityJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004P. S. NEGI ABSTRACT: Spent rinds of Garcinia indicawere extracted with hexane and benzene using a Soxhlet extractor for 4 h. The major compound present in both extracts was found to be garcinol, as confirmed by fractionation and spectroscopic studies. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of hexane extract, benzene extract, and garcinol against a few Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were in the range of 15 to 1000, 20 to 1250, and 1.5 to 500 ppm, respectively. The antioxidant activity of these fractions at 25 ppm was 63.2%, 61.7%, and 92.4%, respectively, as evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. Hexane extract, benzene extract, and garcinol showed 1027, 985.5, and 1195.9 ,mol/g of ascorbic acid equivalents, respectively, at 100 ppm concentration using the phosphomolybdenum method. These findings may be useful for possible application of the previously described fractions as biopreservatives. [source] Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteriaJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2010Recep Kotan Abstract BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oils and hexane extracts of the aerial parts of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., Thymus fallax Fisch. & CA Mey, Achillea biebersteinii Afan, and Achillea millefolium L. by GC and GC,MS, and to test antibacterial efficacy of essential oils and n -hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts as an antibacterial and seed disinfectant against 25 agricultural plant pathogens. RESULTS: Thymol, carvacrol, p -cymene, thymol methyl ether and ,-terpinene were the main constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils and hexane extracts. The main components of the oil of Achillea millefolium were 1,8-cineole, ,-cadinol and caryophyllene oxide, whereas the hexane extract of this species contained mainly n -hexacosane, n -tricosane and n -heneicosane. The oils and hexane extracts of S. spicigera and T. fallax exhibited potent antibacterial activity over a broad spectrum against 25 phytopathogenic bacterial strains. Carvacrol and thymol, the major constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils, also showed potent antibacterial effect against the bacteria tested. The oils of Achillea species showed weak antibacterial activity. Our results also revealed that the essential oil of S. spicigera, thymol and carvacrol could be used as potential disinfection agents against seed-borne bacteria. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that S. spicigera, T. fallax oils, carvacrol and thymol could become potentials for controlling certain important agricultural plant pathogenic bacteria and seed disinfectant. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] 3-Oxo-12,-hydroxyfriedelane from Maytenus gonoclada: structure elucidation by 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments and 2D-NMR spectroscopyMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2007Mauro Lúcio G. Oliveira Abstract The compounds 3-oxofriedelane (1), 3,-hydroxyfriedelane (2), 3,11-dioxofriedelane (3), 3,16-dioxofrie delane (4) and 3-oxo-12,-hydroxyfriedelane (5) were isolated from the hexane extract of Maytenus gonoclada Mart. (Celastraceae) leaves. Structural formula and the stereochemistry of the new pentacyclic triterpene 3-oxo-12,-hydroxyfriedelane (5) were established through 1H and 13C NMR and DEPT 135 spectral data including 2D experiments (HMBC, HMQC, COSY, and NOESY) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Compounds from Ageratum conyzoides: isolation, structural elucidation and insecticidal activityPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 6 2007Márcio D Moreira Abstract This work aimed at identifying plant compounds with insecticidal activity against Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattodea: Blattidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). The plant species used were: basil (Ocimum selloi Benth.), rue (Ruta graveolens L.), lion's ear (Leonotis nepetaefolia L.), Jimson weed (Datura stramonium L.), ,baleeira' herb (Cordia verbenaceae L.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), wild balsam apple (Mormodica charantia L.) and billy goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.). Firstly, the insecticidal activities of hexane and ethanol plant extracts were evaluated against adults of R. dominica. Among them, only the hexane extract of A. conyzoides showed insecticidal activity. The hexane extract of this plant species was therefore fractionated by silica gel column chromatography to isolate and purify its bioactive chemical constituents. Three compounds were identified using IR spectra, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMBC and NOE after gel chromatography: 5,6,7,8,3,, 4,, 5,-heptamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,3,-pentamethoxy-4,, 5,-methylenedioxyflavone and coumarin. The complete assignment of 13C NMR to 5,6,7,8,3,-pentamethoxy-4,, 5,-methylenedioxyflavone was successfully made for the first time. 5,6,7,8,3,-Pentamethoxy-4,, 5,-methylenedioxyflavone did not show any insecticidal activity against the four insect species tested. 5,6,7,8,3,, 4,, 5,-Heptamethoxyflavone showed low activity against D. hyalinata and R. dominica and was not toxic to M. domestica or P. americana. In contrast, coumarin showed insecticidal activity against all four insect pest species tested, with the following order of susceptibility: R. dominica < P. americana < D. hyalinata < M. domestica after 24 h exposure. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Chemical fingerprinting of Andrographis paniculata using HPLC, HPTLC and densitometryPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 5 2004Alpana Srivastava Abstract An attempt has been made to develop a method by which to determine the chemical ,ngerprint of Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae). High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to analyse hexane, chloroform, methanol and water extracts of leaves of A. paniculata. A computerised densitometer was applied to the two-dimensional spectrographic image analysis of the HPTLC plates. An HPLC equipped with a photodiode array detector was used for the analyses of these different extracts. The analyses showed that andrographolide and neoandrographolide are absent in the hexane extract but are present in greater amounts in the methanol extract as compared with the other extracts. These chromatograms may serve as a chemical ,ngerprint of the drug A. paniculata for quality control purposes and in the preparation of formulations based on the drug. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The determination of n -alkanes in the cuticular wax of leaves of Ludwigia adscendens L.PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2004A. Barik Abstract An n -hexane extract of fresh, mature leaves of Ludwigia adscendens, containing a thin layer of epicuticular waxes, has been analysed for the ,rst time by TLC, IR and GC using standard hydrocarbons. The leaves contained 22 identi,ed long chain (C15,C36) n -alkanes, accounting for 74.27% of the hydrocarbons present, and an unknown number of unidenti,ed branched chain alkanes. The predominant n -alkane was C25 (11.02%), whilst C18 (7.62%), C20 (6.14%), C29 (5.36%) and C27 (5.29%) n -alkanes were moderately abundant: the C35 homologue was present only in minor amounts (0.22%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Soymida febrifuga leaf extractsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2008Boreddy Srinivas Reddy Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of hexane (LH), methanol (LM) and aqueous (LA) extracts of Soymida febrifuga (Maliaceae) leaves, which is a traditional folk medicine in India. No pharmacological evaluation of this plant (except antiplasmodial activity) has been reported to date. Antioxidant activity of different extracts was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, taking total phenolic content (TPC) as an index. Antimicrobial activity was tested against six bacterial and five fungal strains using the agar hole diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) were determined for all the test organisms against the extracts. The results showed that the methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf had a higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content than the hexane extract. The antioxidant activity and TPC of the extracts were highly correlated. Extracts also showed several degrees of antimicrobial activity against different microbes. The methanol extract was more potent against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida tropicana. The lowest MIC values obtained for LM, LA and LH were 78, 156, 625 µg/mL against A. fumigatus, C. tropicana and C. albicans, respectively. Hence, this study confirms that Soymida febrifuga leaves possess potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Administration of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract prevents weight gain in obese Zucker ratsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 8 2007Bernard Lemaure Abstract Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae; C. rotundus) is an Indian medicinal plant demonstrated to exert multiple health benefits. The purpose of the present study was to test the biological efficacy of C. rotundus tubers extract on weight control in obese Zucker rats. It was demonstrated that administration of 45 or 220 mg/kg/day of C. rotundus tubers hexane extract for 60 days in Zucker rats induced a significant reduction in weight gain without affecting food consumption or inducing toxicity. In vitro, 250 µg/mL of this extract was able to stimulate lipolysis in 3T3-F442 adipocytes suggesting that this medicinal plant contains activators of , -adrenoreceptors (AR). The binding assay performed on the rat ,3-AR isoform, known to induce thermogenesis, demonstrated that C. rotundus tubers extract can consistently and effectively bind to this receptor. These data suggest that the effect on weight gain exerted by C. rotundus tubers extract may be mediated, at least partially, through the activation of the ,3-AR. In conclusion, C. rotundus tubers extract prove to be a new herbal supplement for controlling body weight preferentially in ,3-AR sensitive species. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Isopimaric acid from Pinus nigra shows activity against multidrug-resistant and EMRSA strains of Staphylococcus aureusPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2005Eileen Smith Abstract The diterpene isopimaric acid was extracted from the immature cones of Pinus nigra (Arnold) using bioassay-guided fractionation of a crude hexane extract. Isopimaric acid was assayed against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 32,64 µg/mL and compared with a commercially obtained resin acid, abietic acid, with MICs of 64 µg/mL. Resin acids are known to have antibacterial activity and are valued in traditional medicine for their antiseptic properties. These results show that isopimaric acid is active against MDR and MRSA strains of S. aureus which are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Both compounds were evaluated for modulation activity in combination with antibiotics, but did not potentiate the activity of the antibiotics tested. However, the compounds were also assayed in combination with the efflux pump inhibitor reserpine, to see if inhibition of the TetK or NorA efflux pump increased their activity. Interestingly, rather than a potentiation of activity by a reduction in MIC, a two to four-fold increase in MIC was seen. It may be that isopimaric acid and abietic acid are not substrates for these efflux pumps, but it is also possible that an antagonistic interaction with reserpine may render the antibiotics inactive. 1H-NMR of abietic acid and reserpine taken individually and in combination, revealed a shift in resonance of some peaks for both compounds when mixed together compared with the spectra of the compounds on their own. It is proposed that this may be due to complex formation between abietic acid and reserpine and that this complex formation is responsible for a reduction in activity and elevation of MIC. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Enhancement in the absorption of water and electrolytes from rat intestine by Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. root (water extract)PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2004D. A. Evans Abstract Hemidesmus indicus root in the form of suspension in water (10 mg/ml) containing 15.5 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl and 12 mM glucose, when injected into the ligated jejunal sac (1 ml/sac) of rat, increased the absorption of water, Na+ and K+ (but not glucose) from the sac. This bioactivity was present in the water extract (5 or 10 mg/sac) of the root and not in the hexane extract. In contrast, the ethanol extract decreased the absorption of water and electrolytes from the jejunal sac. The effect of water extract was not affected by heat at 100 °C for 30 min. Intraperitoneal administration of the water extract (50 to 200 mg/kg) was devoid of any signi,cant effect on the jejunal absorption. Neither the root suspension nor the water extract (125,500 mg/kg) showed any signi,cant anti-ulcer and diuretic activities in rats. The intestinal motility was also not in,uenced by the root (water extract) when tested in mice. The present study indicates that H. indicus root powder or its water extract can be incorporated in oral rehydrating salt solution (ORS) for increasing its anti-diarrhoeal ef,cacy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Seasonal variation of the lipoidal matters and hypolipidaemic activity of the red alga Corallina officinalis L.PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 1 2003N. E. Awad Abstract The lipoidal matters of Corallina officinalis L. showed a seasonal nonsignificant quantitative variation. However, the fatty acids revealed a relative increase in the summer and winter, while unsaponifiable matter exhibited a slight increase in the spring. The GC/MS analysis of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matter of the algal samples collected in different seasons revealed that samples collected in the spring contained a low cholesterol content and high steroidal compounds as well as high polyunsaturated fatty acids. The alcohol extract, hexane extract and fatty acid fraction of this algal sample exhibited a significant hypolipidaemic activity. Also, two biologically active fractions of hydrocarbons were isolated by CC technique from the hexane fraction of C. officinalis L. and identified by GC/MS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Antiulcerogenic effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L.PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2001H. Süleyman Abstract The antiulcerogenic effect of a hexane extract (HRe-1) from Hippophae rhamnoides (Eleagnaceae) was tested on indomethacin- and stress-induced ulcer models. As a result HRe-1 was found to be active in preventing gastric injury. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of tomato paste extracts on cell proliferation, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cellsBIOFACTORS, Issue 2 2005Eun-Sun Hwang Abstract Since tomato consumption is associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis by LNCaP human prostate cancer cells might elucidate action of tomatoes. To discover possible bioactive fractions of tomatoes, whole tomato paste and its water and hexane extract were used and biomarkers of carcinogenesis were measured. After 6, 24 and 48 hr of incubation, cells were harvested and determined cell growth. Tomato paste hexane extract inhibited cell proliferation by 33% compared to the control after 48 hr incubation. Whole tomato paste and its water extract showed only modest growth inhibition. Tomato paste hexane extract at 5 ,M lycopene increased G2/M-phase of the cell cycle from 13 to 28% and decreased S-phase cells from 45 to 29%. Apoptosis was observed at the 5 ,M hexane extract at the late stages during 24 and 48 hr treatment. Tomato, therefore, deserves study as a potential chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agent. [source] Cytotoxicity of settling particulate matter and sediments of the Neckar River (Germany) during a winter floodENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2000Henner Hollert Abstract To investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of settling particulate matter (SPM) carried by the Neckar River, a well-studied model for a lock-regulated river in central Europe, during a flood, acute cytotoxicity was investigated using the fibroblast-like fish cell line RTG-2 with the neutral red retention, the succinic acid dehydrogenase (MTT), and the lactatedehydro-genase (LDH) release assays as well as microscopic inspection as endpoints. Genotoxicity of water, pore water, sediments, and SPM were assessed using the Ames test. Different extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction with solvents of variable polarity as well as a fluid/fluid extraction according to pH) in addition to a supplementation of biotests with S9 fractions from the liver of ,-naphthoflavone/phenobarbital-induced rats allowed a further characterization of the biological damage. Both sediments and SPM extracts caused cytotoxic effects in RTG-2 cells. Cytotoxicity was found to increase significantly with polarity of extracting solvents (NR50 = effective concentration for 50% cell death in the neutral red test: 80 [65], 100 [70], 180 [220], and 225 [270] mg/ml for ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane, and n -hexane extracts, respectively, if measured with [without] S9 supplementation). Following extraction according to pH, cytotoxicity could be attributed mainly to neutral substances (NR50: 80 and 218 mg dry SPM/ml test medium for the neutral and the acid fractions, respectively), whereas the slightly acid and basic fractions already showed little or no cytotoxicity. Samples taken during the period of flood rise showed the highest cytotoxic activities. Cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced by the addition of S9 preparations. In contrast, no genotoxic activity was found in native surface waters, pore waters, and SPM. [source] Extraction, purification and characterization of wax from flax (Linum usitatissimum) strawEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2009Yasantha Athukorala Abstract The chemical composition and selected physical parameters of wax extracted from flax straw with supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and hexane have been determined. From the GC/MS results, clear variations in composition and component distributions were observed between SC-CO2 - and hexane-extracted samples. The major components of the SC-CO2 and hexane extracts from three flax cultivars were: fatty acids (36,49%), fatty alcohols (20,26%), aldehydes (10,14%), wax esters (5,12%), sterols (7,9%) and alkanes (4,5%). Purification of SC-CO2 -extracted wax with silica gel chromatography yielded 0.4,0.5% (dry matter) and was composed primarily of wax esters (C44, C46 and C48) and alkanes (C27, C29 and C31). UV-Vis scans of the purified wax samples exhibited two main peaks indicating the presence of conjugated dienes and carotenoids or related compounds. Fourier transform infrared results showed prominent peaks at 2918 (-C-H), 2849 (-C-H), 1745 (-C=O), 1462 (-C-H), 1169 (-C-O) and 719,cm,1 (-(CH2)n -), with NorLin wax showing a slightly deviating pattern compared to the other samples. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry revealed a mean melting point of 55,56,°C and oxidation temperatures of 146,153,°C for purified wax from flax straw processed using different procedures. [source] Neutral components from hexane extracts of Croton sellowiiFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Sebastiăo F. Palmeira Jr Abstract Qualitative analyses by GC,FID and GC,MS of the neutral fractions from hexane extract of the leaves, stems and roots of Croton sellowii were carried out. Sesquiterpenoids, n -alkanes, aliphatic esters and aliphatic alcohols and alkyl benzene derivatives were identi,ed. Caryophyllene oxide (46.8%) and trans -caryophyllene (40.8%) were most abundant in the leaves, while caryophyllene oxide (26.5%) and cubenol (16.7%) were the main constituents in the stems. In the roots, besides mesitylene (15.2%), the sesquiterpenes , -(7.6%), , -(6.9%) and , -eudesmol (5.5%) were the most abundant components. All identi,ed constituents are described for the ,rst time in this species. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Leaf volatiles as attractants for neonate Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (Lep., Noctuidae) larvaeJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2002A. K. Singh The 1st instar Helicoverpa armigera larvae were bioassayed in the laboratory to study their orientational responses towards leaf volatiles of four leguminous crops: chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.; pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan Millsp.; blackgram, Vigna mungo L.; and cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.). The gram podborer larvae showed positive orientational responses towards leaves of all four test plants. Whole leaves of chickpea, pigeonpea and blackgram were more attractive for gram podborer larvae than cowpea whole leaves. Larval attraction for crushed (damaged) leaves of chickpea, blackgram and cowpea was significantly higher than the attraction for pigeonpea crushed leaves. The orientational responses of gram podborer larvae for crushed leaves of cowpea were significantly higher compared to whole leaves. However, the whole pigeonpea leaves elicited higher orientational responses than the crushed leaves. Maceration was not observed to affect the attractancy of chickpea and blackgram leaves. Further, the leaves were extracted in n-hexane and methanol. It was observed that the crude extracts of all the test leaves elicited positive orientational responses of larvae. In no-choice tests, the orientational preference of the larvae for the hexane extracts of all the test leaves was statistically equal. Similarly, the methanol extracts of leaves of all the test plants also attracted a greater percentage of larvae in no-choice tests. However, under two-choice bioassays, hexane foliage extract of all the test plants elicited higher orientational responses of larvae compared to the methanolic extracts of same leaves. The results of these bioassays clearly indicate that all the test leaves emit kairomones for gram podborer larvae. Moreover, kairomonal components of these leaves are, at least in part, extractable in hexane and methanol, which are higher in hexane than methanol. [source] GC analysis of extractive compounds in beech woodJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 14 2003Janja Zule Abstract Various highly hydrophobic beech wood lipids were characterized and their quantities measured in hexane extracts by GC, using short and long capillary columns. More polar compounds were also identified in acetone extracts. Triglycerides, steryl esters, sterols, unsaturated fatty acids, as well as various monosaccharide units were determined as possible pollutants of papermaking systems. [source] Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteriaJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2010Recep Kotan Abstract BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oils and hexane extracts of the aerial parts of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., Thymus fallax Fisch. & CA Mey, Achillea biebersteinii Afan, and Achillea millefolium L. by GC and GC,MS, and to test antibacterial efficacy of essential oils and n -hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts as an antibacterial and seed disinfectant against 25 agricultural plant pathogens. RESULTS: Thymol, carvacrol, p -cymene, thymol methyl ether and ,-terpinene were the main constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils and hexane extracts. The main components of the oil of Achillea millefolium were 1,8-cineole, ,-cadinol and caryophyllene oxide, whereas the hexane extract of this species contained mainly n -hexacosane, n -tricosane and n -heneicosane. The oils and hexane extracts of S. spicigera and T. fallax exhibited potent antibacterial activity over a broad spectrum against 25 phytopathogenic bacterial strains. Carvacrol and thymol, the major constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils, also showed potent antibacterial effect against the bacteria tested. The oils of Achillea species showed weak antibacterial activity. Our results also revealed that the essential oil of S. spicigera, thymol and carvacrol could be used as potential disinfection agents against seed-borne bacteria. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that S. spicigera, T. fallax oils, carvacrol and thymol could become potentials for controlling certain important agricultural plant pathogenic bacteria and seed disinfectant. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] A new eremophilanolide from Senecio sinuatus GilibMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2007Eleuterio Burgueńo-Tapia Abstract From the hexane extracts of Senecio sinuatus roots, the new 3,-angeloyloxy-6,-hydroxyeremophil-1(10)-en-8,,12-olide (3), along with the known compounds 3,-angeloyloxy-6,-hydroxyeremophil-1(10)-ene (1), 3,-senecioyloxy-6,-hydroxyeremophil-1(10)-ene (2), and 3,-angeloyloxy-6,,8,-dihydroxyeremophil-1(10)-en-8,,12-olide (4), were isolated. Complete 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments of 1,4 were achieved using one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, including gHMQC and gHMBC experiments. A Monte Carlo search, followed by B3LYP/6-31G*DFT calculation, provided the theoretical conformations of the eremophilane rings, which were in agreement with results derived from 1H1H NMR coupling constant analysis, and confirmed by NOESY experiments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Behavioural evidence for a female sex pheromone in Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Maria Do Rosário T. De Freitas Abstract., The mating behaviour of Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was observed under laboratory conditions. The results demonstrate that chemical stimuli play an important role in bringing males and females together for mating. Females from this species release chemical compounds to attract males, which exhibit a distinct courtship behaviour divided into three main steps: (i) antennation, (ii) lateral bouncing and (iii) wing fluttering. Ethological tests using hexane extracts from two different parts of the female's body (head plus thorax and abdomen) demonstrate that males are more attracted and also display a courtship behaviour when a filter paper containing hexane extracts from the abdomen is presented to them, indicating that the abdomen is the source of the sex pheromone of this species. Naive males of this species respond to hexane extracts of this gland by displaying courtship behaviour. Furthermore, additional tests show that C. flavipes females mate only once, whereas virgin males do not show any preference for virgin or mated females, suggesting that mated females of this species continue to produce sex attractants after mating. [source] Screening seeds of some Scottish plants for free radical scavenging activityPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2007Yashodharan Kumarasamy Abstract From a consideration of ethnobotanical and taxonomic information, seeds of 45 Scottish plant species encompassing 23 different families were obtained from authentic seed suppliers. The n- hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) extracts were assessed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay. The MeOH extracts of 37 species exhibited low to high levels of free radical scavenging activity (RC50 values ranging from 2.00 to 4.7 × 10,4 mg/mL), and Alliaria petiolata, Prunus padus and Prunus spinosa were the most potent antioxidant extracts. The DCM extracts of 17 species showed similar levels of activity, and among those, Prunus padus and Prunus spinosa extracts were the most active with RC50 values of 2.5 × 10,4 and 5.0 × 10,4 mg/mL, respectively. The n -hexane extracts were much less active than the MeOH and DCM extracts, and 17 species, with the exception of Glechoma hederacea (RC50 = 1.94 × 10,4) displayed low to moderate levels of free radical scavenging property (RC50 values ranging from 2.00 to 8.7 × 10,3 mg/mL). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||