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Heterotrophic Tissues (heterotrophic + tissue)
Selected AbstractsKnockout of major leaf ferredoxin reveals new redox-regulatory adaptations in Arabidopsis thalianaPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 3 2008Ingo Voss Ferredoxins are the major distributors for electrons to the various acceptor systems in plastids. In green tissues, ferredoxins are reduced by photosynthetic electron flow in the light, while in heterotrophic tissues, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) (NADPH) generated in the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway (OPP) is the reductant. We have used a Ds -T-DNA insertion line of Arabidopsis thaliana for the gene encoding the major leaf ferredoxin (Fd2, At1g60950) to create a situation of high electron pressure in the thylakoids. Although these plants (Fd2-KO) possess only the minor fraction of leaf Fd1 (At1g10960), they grow photoautotrophically on soil, but with a lower growth rate and less chlorophyll. The more oxidized conditions in the stroma due to the formation of reactive oxygen species are causing a re-adjustment of the redox state in these plants that helps them to survive even under high light. Redox homeostasis is achieved by regulation at both, the post-translational and the transcriptional level. Over-reduction of the electron transport chain leads to increased transcription of the malate-valve enzyme NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and the oxidized stroma leads to an increased transcription of the OPP enzyme glucose-6-P dehydrogenase. In isolated spinach chloroplasts, oxidized conditions give rise to a decreased activation state of NADP-MDH and an activation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase even in the light. In Fd2-KO plants, NADPH-requiring antioxidant systems are upregulated. These adjustments must be caused by plastid signals, and they prevent oxidative damage under rather severe conditions. [source] Rice sucrose-phosphate synthase: Identification of an isoform specific for heterotrophic tissues with distinct metabolite regulation from the mature leaf enzymePHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 4 2000Gabriela C. Pagnussat Immunohistological analyses for rice (Oryza sativa) sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS, UDP-glucose d -fructose-6-phosphate-2-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.14) show that the protein is differently localized in photosynthetic and etiolated leaves. Very little is known about SPS regulation in heterotrophic tissues; therefore, we studied the biochemical properties of the enzyme from etiolated seedlings and embryo. Two SPS forms (SPS-1 and SPS-2) were partially purified from etiolated seedlings. The effects of Glc-6-P (activator) and Pi (inhibitor) on SPS activities allowed us to differentiate the two forms. SPS-1 showed high sensitivity to Pi which also strongly decreased enzyme activation by Glc-6-P. SPS-2 was highly activated by Glc-6-P and showed low sensitivity to Pi. In vitro alkaline phosphatase treatment suggested that SPS-1 could be regulated as leaf SPS in darkness and that SPS-2 is present in a dephosphorylated state or is not regulated by protein phosphorylation. The relative MM value (116 kDa) estimated for both SPS forms in SDS-PAGE is identical to the rice leaf SPS polypeptide. Taken together, these data led us to conclude that SPS-2 is an enzyme form only present in non-photosynthetic tissues. [source] Expression analysis suggests novel roles for the plastidic phosphate transporter Pht2;1 in auto- and heterotrophic tissues in potato and ArabidopsisTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Christine Rausch Summary A cDNA encoding Pht2;1 from potato, a new member of the plant Pht2 gene family of low-affinity orthophosphate (Pi) transporters, was isolated. The expression pattern of the corresponding gene as well as its ortholog from Arabidopsis was analyzed and the encoded proteins were localized in the two plants. Pht2;1 expression is strongly upregulated by light in potato and Arabidopsis leaf tissue. RNA gel blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), promoter/GUS, and protein/green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion studies, respectively, indicate that the gene is expressed in both auto- and heterotrophic tissues and its encoded protein is localized to the plastids. The similar patterns of Pht2;1 gene regulation in potato and Arabidopsis prompted us to screen publicly available gene expression data from 228 Arabidopsis oligonucleotide microarrays covering 83 different experimental conditions. Modulation of Pht2;1 transcript levels was overall moderate, except for a limited number of experimental conditions where Pht2;1 mRNA concentrations varied between 2- and 3.7-fold. Overall, these analyses suggest involvement of the Pht2;1 protein in cell wall metabolism in young, rapidly growing tissues, independent of other Pi transporters such as the high-affinity Solanum tuberosum Pi transporter 1 (StPT1). Cluster analysis allowed identification of colinear or antiparallel expression profiles of a small set of genes involved in post-translational regulation, and photosynthetic carbon metabolism. These data give clues about the possible biological function of Pht2;1 and shed light on the complex web of interactions in which Pht2;1 could play a role. [source] | ||||||||||