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Ambient Temperature (ambient + temperature)
Kinds of Ambient Temperature Terms modified by Ambient Temperature Selected AbstractsSurface Polymerization of Hydrophilic Methacrylates from Ultrafine Silica Sols in Protic Media at Ambient Temperature: A Novel Approach to Surface Functionalization Using a Polyelectrolytic Macroinitiator,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 18 2003X. Chen A convenient one-pot synthesis of polymer-grafted nano-sized silica particles using atom transfer radical polymerization (see Figure) is described. Physical adsorption of a cationic macroinitiator allows polymerization of a range of hydrophilic methacrylates. A high degree of coverage of the silica sol particles by the grafted polymer chains was indicated. [source] A Bimetallic Ruthenium Complex as a Catalyst Precursor for the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methacrylates at Ambient TemperatureADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 4-5 2006Michel Haas Abstract The bimetallic ruthenium complex [(1,3,5- i -Pr3C6H3)Ru(,-Cl)3RuCl(C2H4)(PCy3)] has been synthesized by reaction of [(1,3,5- i -Pr3C6H3)RuCl2)]2 with one equivalent of PCy3 in the presence of ethylene. It can be used as a catalyst precursor for the controlled atom transfer radical polymerization of methacrylates at 35,°C. The resulting polymers show low polydispersities. [source] Occurrence of Histamine-Forming Bacteria in Albacore and Histamine Accumulation in Muscle at Ambient TemperatureJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 4 2002S.H. Kim ABSTRACT Distribution of histamine-producing bacteria in fresh albacore and their proliferation in muscle during storage at 25 °C were monitored. Histamine formers constituted a minor portion of the bacterial flora in albacore. Only weak histamine formers were detected in the gill and skin of fresh fish after enrichment. Histamine formers were isolated from the muscles when APC reached >107 CFU/g during storage. Hafnia alvei was most prevalent in both fresh and temperature-abused fish. The most prolific histamine former, Morganella morganii, was rarely isolated even from spoiled muscles. The prevalence of weak histamine formers resulted in low levels of histamine accumulation in muscle, 67.1 mg/100 g, for 6 d of storage. [source] Properties of Arrowroot Starch Treated with Aqueous HCl at Ambient TemperatureJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002J.K. John Arrowroot starch was acid-treated using 2.2 M HCl at 29 to 30° C for durations of 0 to 72 h, and properties of the control and modified samples were compared. Increasing length of acid treatment produced a progressive decline in amylose blue value, intrinsic viscosity, and swelling power, as well as an increase in free sugars and solubility. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies highlighted changes effected by acid-treatment in the gelatinization behavior of the starch samples. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) studies on 32- and 72-h acid-treated samples indicated a greater proportion of dextrins with a higher percentage of reducing sugars, compared to the control. While X-ray diffraction data suggested minor changes in the crystal phase impacted by acid-treatment, in vitro digestibility of both control and acid-treated samples did not show any appreciable change in overall patterns. [source] Enantioselective Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylations at Ambient Temperature: Access to Indanes with Quaternary Stereocenters,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 48 2009Martin Taddol ist die Grundlage für L*, den Phosphoramiditliganden, der in der Titelreaktion unter annähernd neutralen Reaktionsbedingungen und bei Raumtemperatur die Erzeugung von Indanen mit quartären stereogenen Zentren in hohem Enantiomerenüberschuss ermöglicht. Tf=Trifluormethansulfonyl; DMAc=Dimethylacetamid. [source] Multi-Component Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines by Iodine Catalyst at Ambient Temperature and in-vitro Antimycobacterial ActivityARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE, Issue 8 2009Paresh Zalavadiya Abstract An efficient and simple three-component domino synthesis of some new dihydropyrimidines (DHPMs) from aromatic aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and N -(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)urea using molecular iodine as catalyst is described. The 1-substituted dihydropyrimidines were isolated in good to excellent yields (78-90%) within a short reaction time (4-6 h) at ambient temperature. The biological evaluation revealed that the newly synthesized compounds (4a - i and 5a - i) exhibited moderate antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RV. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Facile Palladium Catalyzed Suzuki,Miyaura Coupling in Air and Water at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 21 2010Alexander N. Marziale Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Rare [(NHC)2Ni-OH]-Type Terminal Nickel Hydroxo and [(NHC)2Ni]-Type Complexes of N/O-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Precatalysts for Highly Desirable Base-Free Michael Reactions in Air at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 35 2009Manoja K. Samantaray Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis and Room Temperature Magnetic Properties of New Binary Mn0.5Fe0.5 (H2PO4)2·xH2O Obtained from a Rapid Co-Precipitation at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2009Banjong Boonchom Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Pd(II)-Catalyzed C,H Bond Amination to Carbazole at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 17 2009James A. Jordan-Hore Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Quinoxalines in the Ionic Liquid 1-n-Butylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate ([Hbim]BF4) at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 14 2009Taterao M. Potewar Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst-Free Efficient Synthesis of 2-Aminothiazoles in Water at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2008Taterao M. Potewar Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Anhydrous Magnesium Sulfate Mediated Solvent-Free Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 45 2007D. M. Pore Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Ag3Ni2O4 , A New Stage-2 Intercalation Compound of 2H,AgNiO2 and Physical Properties of 2H,AgNiO2 above Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 20 2007Timo Soergel Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Selective Synthesis of 2-Aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-1,3-benzimidazoles in Water at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 30 2006Peyman Salehi Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Pinacol Formation and Reduction of Aromatic Carbonyls with Magnesium,Methanol at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 4 2004Jitender M. Khurana Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Rapid Reduction of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Nickel Boride at Ambient Temperature.CHEMINFORM, Issue 38 2002Jitender M. Khurana Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Heterogeneous Palladium Chloride Catalyzed Ligand-free Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions at Ambient TemperatureCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2008Min WANG Abstract A mild and efficient ligand-free Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction catalyzed by heterogeneous palladium chloride was developed at room temperature in a short reaction time under air atmosphere. Various phenyl iodides, bromides and activated chlorides were coupled with sodium tetraphenylborate or phenylboronic acids efficiently to afford the corresponding cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recycled up to four times without loss of its activity. [source] High Carrier Mobility up to 0.1,cm2,V,1,s,1 at Ambient Temperatures in Thiophene-Based Smectic Liquid Crystals,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 5 2005M. Funahashi The synthesis and carrier-transport properties of oligothiophene liquid-crystalline semiconductors are reported. An asymmetrically substituted terthiophene and quaterthiophene give rise to a highly ordered smectic mesophase (see Figure) with an excellent carrier mobility of up to 0.1, cm2,V,1,s,1 over a wide mesophase temperature range, including ambient temperatures. This mobility is comparable to that of organic polycrystals. [source] Exclusively breastfed, low birthweight term infants do not need supplemental waterACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 5 2000RJ Cohen Breast milk intake, urine volume and urine-specific gravity (USG) of exclusively breastfed, low birthweight (LBW) term male infants in Honduras were measured during 8-h periods at 2 (n= 59) and 8 (n = 68) wk of age. Ambient temperature was 22,36°C and relative humidity was 37,86%. Maximum USG ranged from 1.001 to 1.012, all within normal limits. Conclusions: We conclude that supplemental water is not required for exclusively breastfed, LBW term infants, even in hot conditions. [source] Ambient temperature and risk of death from accidental drug overdose in New York City, 1990,2006ADDICTION, Issue 6 2010Amy S. B. Bohnert ABSTRACT Background Mortality increases as ambient temperature increases. Because cocaine affects core body temperature, ambient temperature may play a role in cocaine-related mortality in particular. The present study examined the association between ambient temperature and fatal overdoses over time in New York City. Methods Mortality data were obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for 1990 to 2006, and temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. We used generalized additive models to test the relationship between weekly average temperatures and counts of accidental overdose deaths in New York City, controlling for year and average length of daylight hours. Results We found a significant relation between ambient temperature and accidental overdose fatality for all models where the overdoses were due in whole or in part to cocaine (all P < 0.05), but not for non-cocaine overdoses. Risk of accidental overdose deaths increased for weeks when the average temperature was above 24°Celsius. Conclusions These results suggest a strong relation between temperature and accidental overdose mortality that is driven by cocaine-related overdoses rising at temperatures above 24°Celsius; this is a substantially lower temperature than prior estimates. To put this into perspective, approximately 7 weeks a year between 1990 and 2006 had an average weekly temperature of 24 or above in New York City. Heat-related mortality presents a considerable public health concern, and cocaine users constitute a high-risk group. [source] Time budgets of Snow Geese Chen caerulescens and Ross's Geese Chen rossii in mixed flocks: implications of body size, ambient temperature and family associationsIBIS, Issue 1 2009JÓN EINAR JÓNSSON Body size affects foraging and forage intake rates directly via energetic processes and indirectly through interactions with social status and social behaviour. Ambient temperature has a relatively greater effect on the energetics of smaller species, which also generally are more vulnerable to predator attacks than are larger species. We examined variability in an index of intake rates and an index of alertness in Lesser Snow Geese Chen caerulescens caerulescens and Ross's Geese Chen rossii wintering in southwest Louisiana. Specifically we examined variation in these response variables that could be attributed to species, age, family size and ambient temperature. We hypothesized that the smaller Ross's Geese would spend relatively more time feeding, exhibit relatively higher peck rates, spend more time alert or raise their heads up from feeding more frequently, and would respond to declining temperatures by increasing their proportion of time spent feeding. As predicted, we found that Ross's Geese spent more time feeding than did Snow Geese and had slightly higher peck rates than Snow Geese in one of two winters. Ross's Geese spent more time alert than did Snow Geese in one winter, but alert rates differed by family size, independent of species, in contrast to our prediction. In one winter, time spent foraging and walking was inversely related to average daily temperature, but both varied independently of species. Effects of age and family size on time budgets were generally independent of species and in accordance with previous studies. We conclude that body size is a key variable influencing time spent feeding in Ross's Geese, which may require a high time spent feeding at the expense of other activities. [source] Ambient temperature and sound power of cicada calling songs (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicina)PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Jérôme Sueur Abstract., Male cicadas produce a loud calling song that attracts females at long range. In some cases, ambient temperature has been shown to have an effect on the temporal structure of this acoustic signal. Here, a positive correlation is reported for the first time between the ambient temperature and the sound power of the calling song. This relationship is illustrated in three species of the Palaearctic genus Tibicina: Tibicina corsica fairmairei Boulard, Tibicina garricola Boulard and Tibicina tomentosa Olivier. It is suggested that the males thermoregulate behaviourally. The minimal ambient temperature range that the Tibicina species need to call is 22,24 °C. The effect of ambient temperature on calling song power is assumed to be the result of thermal effects in the response of the acoustic system (i.e. muscle activity of the acoustic system being temperature-dependent). Inter-individual and interspecific differences in calling song power are interpreted in the general context of the Tibicina sound behaviour. [source] Influence of day length, ambient temperature, and seasonality on daily travel distance in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey at Jinsichang, Yunnan, ChinaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Ren Baoping Abstract This article examines the effect of ambient temperature, day length, weather conditions, and seasonality on daily path length (DPL) of a free-ranging group of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) using an auto-released GPS collar. Data were collected from December 17, 2003 to October 22, 2004 at Laojunshan in northwestern Yunnan province, China. The average DPL of the monkey group was 909±472,m (n=291), with the shortest distance being 180,m and the longest distance 3,626,m. Ambient temperature and day length were found to affect DPL. Both factors were positively correlated with DPL, which means that the monkey group traveled greater distances on longer and warmer days. At the study site, three distinct seasons were identified, and DPL did not vary significantly across these periods. The time of sunrise was not correlated with DPL. Nevertheless, we sometimes observed the group starting its daily trip later on cloudy days than on sunny days. Furthermore, weather conditions (e.g. rainy, cloudy, and sunny) did not influence the average DPL of the study group. Overall we found that the primary factors affecting DPL in R. bieti were day length and ambient temperature, especially daily highest temperature. Am. J. Primatol. 71:233,241, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effects of misty-fan cooling and supplemental rbST on rumen function and milk production of crossbred Holstein cattle during early, mid and late lactation in a tropical environmentANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Wilaiporn CHANCHAI ABSTRACT Two groups of five crossbred 87.5% Holstein cattle were housed in normal shade only (NS) as non-cooled cows and in shaded housing with misty-fan cooling (MF) as cooled cows. The cows were treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in early, mid and late lactation with three consecutive injections of rbST in every 14 days. Ambient temperatures and the temperature humidity index in the NS barn were significantly higher than those of the MF barn, whereas relative humidity in MF was higher than that of NS barn. The DMI of cooled cows were higher than those of non-cooled cows, and cooled cows exhibited more response to rbST treatment. Exogenous rbST significantly increased milk yield throughout lactation. The rbST-treated cows had higher total ruminal fermentation products as volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen than the non-rbST treated cows and associated changes were greater in cooled animals in all stages of lactation. Exogenous rbST increased the concentrations of milk urea nitrogen in both groups. These results suggest that the changes in ruminal fermentation with greater production of total VFA and NH3N in response to rbST in crossbred cows whether under misty-fan cooling or not, is in part through an increase in feed intake, thereby making more substrate available to the mammary gland for milk synthesis. [source] Effects of annealing on structural, electrical and optical properties of AgGa(Se0.5S0.5)2 thin films deposited by using sintered stoichometric powderCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2009H. Karaagac Abstract The structural, electrical and optical properties of AgGa(Se0.5S0.5 )2 thin films deposited by using the thermal evaporation method have been investigated as a function of annealing in the temperature range of 450,600 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the structural transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline structure started at 450 oC with mixed binary phases of Ga2Se3, Ga2S3, ternary phase of AgGaS2 and single phase of S. The compositional analysis with the energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) revealed that the as-grown film has different elemental composition with the percentage values of Ag, Ga, Se and S being 5.58, 27.76, 13.84 and 52.82 % than the evaporation source powder, and the detailed information about the stoichometry and the segregation mechanisms of the constituent elements in the structure have been obtained. The optical band gap values as a function of annealing temperature were calculated as 2.68, 2.85, 2.82, 2.83, and 2.81 eV for as-grown, annealed at 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C samples, respectively. It was determined that these changes in the band gap are related with the structural changes with annealing. The temperature dependent conductivity measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 250-430 K for all samples. The room temperature resistivity value of as-grown film was found to be 0.7x108 (,-cm) and reduced to 0.9x107 (,-cm) following to the annealing. From the variation of electrical conductivity as a function of the ambient temperature, the activation energies at specific temperature intervals for each sample were evaluated. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Maternal exposure to first-trimester sunshine is associated with increased birth weight in human infantsDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Karen Tustin Abstract Two alternative hypotheses have been generated to account for seasonal variation in the birth weight of human infants born in industrialized countries. First, it has been hypothesized that low ambient temperature during the second trimester of gestation decreases birth weight. Second, it has been hypothesized that exposure to bright sunshine during the first trimester increases birth weight. We tested these two hypotheses to determine which, if either, accounted for seasonal variation in birth weight of full-term infants. Birth weight data, collected over a 5-year period, were analyzed as a function of peak and trough sunshine and ambient temperature. Although there was no effect of ambient temperature during any trimester on birth weight, infants whose mothers were exposed to peak sunshine during their first trimester were born significantly heavier than infants whose mothers experienced trough levels of sunshine during the same trimester. Furthermore, infants whose mothers were exposed to trough levels of sunshine during their second and third trimesters were born significantly heavier than infants whose mothers were exposed to peak levels of sunshine during the same trimesters. We hypothesize that high levels of sunshine during early gestation may increase the level of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, facilitating prenatal growth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 221,230, 2004. [source] Beta diversity of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in an Andean montane rainforestDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 5 2003Gunnar Brehm Abstract. Turnover in species composition of the extremely species-rich family Geometridae (Lepidoptera) was investigated along an elevational gradient ranging from 1040 m to 2677 m above sea level. Moths were sampled using weak light traps (30 W) in three field periods in 1999 and 2000 in an Andean montane rainforest in the province of Zamora-Chinchipe in southern Ecuador. A total of 13 938 specimens representing 1010 species were analysed. Similarities of ensembles of all geometrid moths and of the subfamilies Ennominae and Larentiinae were calculated using the NESS index (with mmax). Ordinations performed using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and correspondence analysis depicted a gradual change of the ensembles along the altitudinal gradient. Extracted ordination scores significantly correlate with altitude (,0.97 , r , ,0.95, P < 0.001) and with ambient air temperature (0.93 , r , 0.97, P < 0.001). Temperature is therefore assumed to be the most important abiotic determinant responsible for the species turnover among the moths. Matrix correlation tests were performed in order to compare faunal matrices with matrices derived from available environmental factors. Both tree diversity and vegetation structure significantly correlate with faunal data, but tree diversity explains considerably more of the data variability (range: Mantel r = 0.81,0.83, P < 0.001) than vegetation structure (range: Mantel r = 0.35, P < 0.005 to r = 0.43, P < 0.001). Tree diversity also changes gradually and scores of the first NMDS dimension are highly significantly correlated with altitude (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). A common underlying factor such as ambient temperature might also be responsible for such vegetation changes. Additionally, simulated model data was developed that assumed a constant turnover of moth species and equal elevational ranges of all species involved. Despite the simplicity of the models, they fit empirical data very well (Mantel r > 0.80 and P < 0.001 in all models). [source] Effects of temperature and elevation on habitat use by a rare mountain butterfly: implications for species responses to climate changeECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2009SARAH ASHTON Abstract 1.,The present study used the mountain specialist butterfly Parnassius apollo as a model system to investigate how climate change may alter habitat requirements for species at their warm range margins. 2.,Larval habitat use was recorded in six P. apollo populations over a 700 m elevation gradient in the Sierra de Guadarrama (central Spain). Larvae used four potential host species (Sedum spp.) growing in open areas amongst shrubs. 3.,Parnassius apollo host-plant and habitat use changed as elevation increased: the primary host shifted from Sedum amplexicaule to Sedum brevifolium, and larvae selected more open microhabitats (increased bare ground and dead vegetation, reduced vegetation height and shrub cover), suggesting that hotter microhabitats are used in cooler environments. 4.,Larval microhabitat selection was significantly related to ambient temperature. At temperatures lower than 27 °C, larvae occupied open microhabitats that were warmer than ambient temperature, versus more shaded microhabitats that were cooler than ambient conditions when temperature was higher than 27 °C. 5.,Elevational changes in phenology influenced the temperatures experienced by larvae, and could affect local host-plant favourability. 6.,Habitat heterogeneity appears to play an important role in P. apollo larval thermoregulation, and may become increasingly important in buffering populations of this and other insect species against climatic variation. [source] Adult mortality and oviposition rates in field and captive populations of the blowfly Lucilia sericataECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 6 2004K. M. Pitts Abstract., 1. Adult mortality and oviposition rates were determined for populations of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). This species is of economic importance as the primary agent of sheep myiasis throughout north-western Europe. 2. Populations of marked flies in six, 1 m3, outdoor field cages and unmarked wild flies at two farms in south-west England were studied simultaneously between May and September 1998. 3. In the field, wild female L. sericata were caught and aged using a combination of wing-fray and ovarian dissection techniques. Survivorship analysis gave estimates of mortality of 1.94% (± 0.037) and 2.09% (± 0.044) per day-degree and mean life expectancy of 51.5 and 47.9 day-degrees above a threshold of 11 °C, at the two farms studied. Mean lifetime reproductive output in the field was estimated to be 159.6 and 138.4 eggs per female at the two farms respectively. 4. The survivorship of cohorts of marked female flies in cages was followed by counting the number of dead individuals each day; the mortality rate of these flies was 0.81% per day-degree (± 3.49 × 10,4%) and the mean life expectancy was 123.1 day-degrees above a threshold of 11 °C. Mortality rate was shown to increase significantly with average ambient temperature and relative humidity lagged for two sample periods (approximately 10 days). Oviposition rate also increased with average temperature but declined with average relative humidity. A best-fit multiple regression model incorporating both ambient temperature and humidity explained 60.5% of the variance in the pattern of oviposition. 5. The differences between the field and cage populations highlight the caution required when extrapolating life-history parameters from artificial to natural habitats. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||