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Harmony
Kinds of Harmony Selected AbstractsON HARMONY AS TRANSFORMATION: PARADIGMS FROM THE YIJING ????,JOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2009CHUNG-YING CHENG [source] TOWARD CONSTRUCTING A DIALECTICS OF HARMONIZATION: HARMONY AND CONFLICT IN CHINESE PHILOSOPHYJOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2006CHUNG-YING CHENG [source] Brahms's Motivic Harmonies and Contemporary Tonal Theory: Three Case Studies from the Chamber MusicMUSIC ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2009Peter H. Smith ABSTRACT In his classic essay ,Issues in Composition', Carl Dahlhaus posits a dialectical relationship in Brahms between the function of harmony as a source for motivic ,individualisation' and as a basis for large-scale formal organisation. This dialectic may be profitably engaged in light of the current debate between Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian views of harmony, with Brahms's Sextet in G major, String Quartet in C minor and String Quintet in G major serving as analytical case studies. These case studies demonstrate the insights that both Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian perspectives might afford while drawing attention to the need to engage the two approaches critically to achieve a deeper analytical understanding. The analyses also underscore the importance of formal context and temporal perspective in evaluating harmonic relationships. The presence of tonally centred prolongational structures in no way denies the potential for neo-Riemannian perspectives to shed light on aspects of the development of Brahms's motivic harmonies. Parsimonious transformations in the motivic dimension likewise do not invalidate Schenkerian insights into each movement's rock-solid articulation of its tonality. Brahms's range of compositional strategies requires a flexible analytical response, sufficiently consistent to be by implication theoretically coherent, yet subtly differentiated in the specific Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian explorations. [source] Thorncrown and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapels: Sacred Structures Designed by Fay JonesJOURNAL OF INTERIOR DESIGN, Issue 2 2001Stephanie A. Watson Ed.D. The purpose of this study was to analyze how structures designed by Fay Jones become invested with sacredness. The spaces being reviewed include Thorncrown Chapel and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapel. The framework for this criticism was based upon the symbolic principles expressed through architecture. Other strategies performed in this investigation included interviews with Maurice Jennings, on-site studies, and photographic examinations. Analysis of Thorncrown and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapels was based upon the relationship of architecture and the cosmos, number symbolism, natural rhythms, patterns, and materials. Jones's craftsmanlike structures examine humankind's relation to nature and its place in the larger cosmic order. The "principles" Fay Jones espouses evoke a universal harmony present in the physical universe. Harmony resonates through the work. Jones's work is inclusive, incorporating and repeating congruent themes at small and large scale into a total statement of universal order. Both chapels represent a quiet celebration of the American belief in the sacredness and ultimate worth of each individual. [source] Crossing, Creolization, and the African Roots of American CultureAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 3 2006HARRIET JOSEPH OTTENHEIMER Group Harmony: The Black Urban Roots of Rhythm and Blues. Stuart L. Goosman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 291 pp. Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coalition and the Cultural Politics of Race. Maureen Mahon. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. 317 pp. Crossovers: Essays on Race, Music, and American Culture. John Szwed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 283 pp. [source] In the Name of Harmony and Prosperity: Labor and Gender Politics in Taiwan's Economic RestructuringAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 2 2005HILL GATES No abstract is available for this article. [source] New types of cooperation between museums and countries of originMUSEUM INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1-2 2009Paolo Giorgio Ferri This article examines the changes in sensibility and in international opinion on the subject of the illicit circulation of cultural goods. The emergence of a new, modified international public policy means alterations in normative and jurisprudential inputs, at least in terms of good faith and proof of diligence, bolstered by the contingencies of each specific case and by collective social sentiment. Harmony and balance are achieved by the assimilation of different legal systems and by honouring the overriding requirements of the country of origin. As a result it is now possible to envisage a final, unified result, namely, the creation of an integrated system of legislation. [source] The Role of Triadic Harmony in Ligett's Recent MusicMUSIC ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2003Eric Drott First page of article [source] Towards a Fuller Human Identity: a Phenomenology of Family Life, Social Harmony, and the Recovery of the Black Self.THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008By Pius Ojara First page of article [source] Chinese values in Singapore: Traditional and modernASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Weining C. Chang A series of three studies was conducted to test the internal structure of the Chinese value hierarchy (CVH) in Singapore. Study 1 identified the empirically best,fit model with six factors: Prudence, Industry, Civic,Harmony, Moral Development, Social Power and Moderation. Relative magnitudes and interfactor correlations suggested that these factors could be further grouped into two superordinate clusters: (i) The Modern factor, with significantly higher magnitude, consisted of Prudence, Industry, Civic,Harmony and Moral Development; and (ii) the Tradition factor, with lower magnitude, consisted of Social Power and Moderation. Study 2 surveyed university students with differential preference for language usages: English or Chinese. Both language groups were equally high on the Modern factor, but the Chinese,language,preferred group showed a significantly higher endorsement for the Tradition factor, Chinese Worldview (CWV) and Chinese Health Beliefs (CHB). Further convergent validation for the Modern and the Tradition factors was provided by investigating their correlations with traditional Chinese beliefs and practices for the two language groups separately. Study 3 tested generation differences in CVH. University participants (Self) were compared with their parents (Parents) and friends (Friends). There were no differences between Self and Friends on both the Modern and Tradition factors, CWV and individual differences of modernity. Parents and Self did not differ on individual differences of modernity. Parents, however, were higher on the Modern factor, the Tradition factor and CWV. Results were discussed to support the concept of ,multiple modernity' (Tu, 1900) in Asian societies, and the ,revised convergence hypothesis' proposed by Yang (1988). [source] The Politics of Social Harmony: Ruling Strategy and Health Care Policy in Hu's ChinaASIAN POLITICS AND POLICY, Issue 2 2009Bin Yu This study seeks to explain the causes of social welfare policy change in a single-party authoritarian system. Using the evolution of Chinese health care policy as an example, it discerns why the Hu Jintao administration opted for a compensation-oriented welfare policy paradigm in the absence of adequate interest articulation and apparent electoral accountability, despite the virtual collapse of the Chinese social welfare system during the 1990s. I explore the hypothesis that a high level of political pressure, coupled with a high degree of economic openness, drove the Chinese Communist Party to alter its ruling strategy, a political paradigm that best ensures its monopoly on political power and consequently produces distinct implications for public policy outputs. This study suggests that authoritarian regimes can and do compensate the citizenry under certain circumstances. Further, it also reveals a self-adaptation process initiated by a single-party authoritarian system. [source] Einheit von Wissenschaft und Kunst im Brückenbau: Hellmut Homberg (1909,1990) , Leben und Wirken (Teil I)BAUTECHNIK, Issue 10 2009Karl-Eugen Kurrer Dr.-Ing. Abstract Am 5. September 2009 wäre Hellmut Homberg einhundert Jahre alt geworden. Dies ist Anlass, an sein vor allem den Brückenbau bereicherndes Wirken zu erinnern und ein, wenn auch nicht vollständiges, Werkverzeichnis zu erstellen. Das gilt sowohl für die unter seiner maßgebenden Mitwirkung entworfenen Brücken als auch für seine völlig neuartigen, die statischen Berechnungen in der Praxis erleichternden, streng theoretisch hergeleiteten und eine zutreffende Bemessung der Kreuzwerke und orthotropen Fahrbahnplatten ermöglichenden Tafel- und Tabellenwerke. Teil I schildert Homberg s beruflichen Weg und versucht, ein Porträt zu zeichnen; Teil II ist seinen theoretischen Untersuchungen gewidmet, und Teil III geht auf besondere Brücken ein, und. Harmony between science and art in bridge-building: Hellmut Homberg (1909,90) , life and work (part I). Hellmut Homberg would have been 100 years old on 5 September 2009. This is an opportunity to look back on his work which so enriched the world of bridge-building in particular, and also a chance to compile a catalogue of his work, albeit incomplete. This applies to the bridges in which he played an influential role in their design and also to his books of mathematical and design tables that enabled the accurate design of beam grids and orthotropic bridge decks. The tables with their rigorous theoretical background were at the time quite new and eased structural calculations in everyday practice. Part I describes Homberg's professional career and attempts to draw a portrait of the man; part II is devoted to his theoretical studies, and part III deals with particular bridges. [source] On the Harmony of Feminist Ethics and Business EthicsBUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 4 2007JANET L. BORGERSON First page of article [source] Harmony in Linguistic CognitionCOGNITIVE SCIENCE - A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2006Paul Smolensky Abstract In this article, I survey the integrated connectionist/symbolic (ICS) cognitive architecture in which higher cognition must be formally characterized on two levels of description. At the microlevel, parallel distributed processing (PDP) characterizes mental processing; this PDP system has special organization in virtue of which it can be characterized at the macrolevel as a kind of symbolic computational system. The symbolic system inherits certain properties from its PDP substrate; the symbolic functions computed constitute optimization of a well-formedness measure called Harmony. The most important outgrowth of the ICS research program is optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004), an optimization-based grammatical theory that provides a formal theory of cross-linguistic typology. Linguistically, Harmony maximization corresponds to minimization of markedness or structural ill-formedness. Cognitive explanation in ICS requires the collaboration of symbolic and connectionist principles. ICS is developed in detail in Smolensky and Legendre (2006a); this article is a précis of and guide to those volumes. [source] Toward Adaptive Community Forest Management: Integrating Local Forest Knowledge with Scientific Forestry,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2002Daniel James Klooster Abstract: This case study of indigenous communities in highland Michoacán, Mexico, examines data on forest change, woodcutting practices, social history, and a recent forest inventory and management plan prepared by a professional forester. It assesses the social and environmental fit of both local knowledge and scientific forestry and considers their abilities to contribute to sustainable forest management. Both bodies of knowledge are limited in their ability to inform the social practice of environmental management. The local forest knowledge system is particularly hampered by a limited ability to monitor the forest's response to woodcutting, while scientific forestry lacks the institutional flexibility to ensure the just and effective implementation of restrictions and prescriptions. This article recommends cross-learning between scientific resource managers and woodcutters, participatory environmental monitoring to assess the results of different cutting techniques, and explicit management experiments to facilitate institutional learning at the community level. This kind of adaptive management approach permits the flexible integration of local knowledge, scientific forestry, and appropriate institutional parameters to modulate human needs and goals with the discordant harmonies of inhabited and heavily used forests in a constant state of flux under processes of succession, disturbance, and spatial variation. Several barriers to this kind of institutional innovation exist, but outside intervention has the potential to change the dynamics of institutional evolution. [source] Brahms's Motivic Harmonies and Contemporary Tonal Theory: Three Case Studies from the Chamber MusicMUSIC ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2009Peter H. Smith ABSTRACT In his classic essay ,Issues in Composition', Carl Dahlhaus posits a dialectical relationship in Brahms between the function of harmony as a source for motivic ,individualisation' and as a basis for large-scale formal organisation. This dialectic may be profitably engaged in light of the current debate between Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian views of harmony, with Brahms's Sextet in G major, String Quartet in C minor and String Quintet in G major serving as analytical case studies. These case studies demonstrate the insights that both Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian perspectives might afford while drawing attention to the need to engage the two approaches critically to achieve a deeper analytical understanding. The analyses also underscore the importance of formal context and temporal perspective in evaluating harmonic relationships. The presence of tonally centred prolongational structures in no way denies the potential for neo-Riemannian perspectives to shed light on aspects of the development of Brahms's motivic harmonies. Parsimonious transformations in the motivic dimension likewise do not invalidate Schenkerian insights into each movement's rock-solid articulation of its tonality. Brahms's range of compositional strategies requires a flexible analytical response, sufficiently consistent to be by implication theoretically coherent, yet subtly differentiated in the specific Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian explorations. [source] Elision and the Embellished Final Cadence in J. S. Bach's PreludesMUSIC ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2007Mark Anson-cartwright ABSTRACT In a number of Bach's keyboard preludes, the final cadence is richly decorated by interpolated harmonies and melodic figuration, so that it superficially resembles an interrupted cadence. The present study explores Bach's techniques of embellishing such final cadences. Sometimes, the tonic note is elided and the leading note ,resolves' to the lowered seventh degree of the scale, as in the Prelude in C major from the Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I. Another technique of embellishment is the interpolation of submediant and/or subdominant harmonies between dominant and tonic. A survey of Bach's oeuvre indicates that he wrote embellished final cadences exclusively in keyboard preludes and chorale-based genres (including chorale preludes). A brief concluding discussion of embellished final cadences in works by later composers provides a broad context in which to appreciate the generic and historical significance of this phenomenon. [source] Evaluation of success in the reattachment of coronal fracturesDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Yucel Yilmaz This study was conducted on 11 children (six girls and five boys; age range: 8,13 years). Before the treatment, the teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically. The broken incisal part was directly reattached to the remaining tooth part with flowable resin composite. Thereafter, with the purpose of obtaining optimal esthetics and function, along the fracture line an external ,double chamfer' in the shape of a V was created and then covered with resin composite. During the follow-up (1,24 months) after the treatment, the teeth were evaluated clinically and/or radiographically with regard to periodontal, pulpal, coronal, color harmony of the fragments, and occlusion. In addition, the restored teeth were assessed in terms of parental,patient ratings of satisfaction. Both clinically and radiographically, no pathology was reported and all the restorations were successful. Moreover, the mean scores of parental,patient satisfaction were reported as ,satisfied, very-satisfied.' [source] Drug classification: science, politics, both or neither?ADDICTION, Issue 7 2010Harold Kalant ABSTRACT Governments currently classify illicit drugs for various purposes: to guide courts in the sentencing of convicted violators of drug control laws, to prioritize targets of prevention measures and to educate the public about relative risks of the various drugs. It has been proposed that classification should be conducted by scientists and drug experts rather than by politicians, so that it will reflect only accurate factual knowledge of drug effects and risks rather than political biases. Although this is an appealing goal, it is inherently impossible because rank-ordering of the drugs inevitably requires value judgements concerning the different types of harm. Such judgements, even by scientists, depend upon subjective personal criteria and not only upon scientific facts. Moreover, classification that is meant to guide the legal system in controlling dangerous drug use can function only if it is in harmony with the values and sentiments of the public. In some respects, politicians may be better attuned to public attitudes and wishes, and to what policies the public will support, than are scientific experts. The problems inherent in such drug classification are illustrated by the examples of cannabis and of salvinorin A. They raise the question as to whether the classification process really serves any socially beneficial purpose. [source] Participation and/or/versus sustainability?ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 4 2005Austria, Tensions between procedural, substantive goals in Two Local Agenda 21 processes in Sweden Abstract Local Agenda 21 (LA21) is committed to two types of goal: procedural goals substantiated primarily in the requirement to encourage greater participation in local decision making and substantive goals predominantly attached to the call for a sustainable development. In this article, we report on the LA21 processes of two communities, Helsingborg, Sweden, and Vienna, Austria. We analyse what kind of normative tension the two communities have experienced by concurrently striving for democracy and sustainability. We also discuss what impact the two LA21 processes have on local governance structures and what potentials for more fundamental system changes they hold. Our analysis shows that the challenge of actually reconciling possibly conflicting goals is far from easy. In Helsingborg, the apparent harmony of goals has been achieved partly by falling back on political rhetoric, partly by interpreting the two goals in a narrow way, i.e. sustainability policy has been reduced to environmental issues and citizen participation has been equated with ,paternalistic' consultation. The Viennese LA21 process has managed to implement the two goals in a more comprehensive way, but this has come at the cost of being marginalized by the central political actors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] ,Multifunctionality' and ,free trade'conflict or harmony?EUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2001Uwe Latacz-Lohmann First page of article [source] Synthesis and Monitoring of ,-Bi2Mo3O12 Catalyst Formation using Thermo-Raman SpectroscopyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2004Anil Ghule Abstract Thermo-Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the dehydration and phase transformations of Bi2Mo3O12·5H2O. The hydrated forms Bi2Mo3O12·5H2O, Bi2Mo3O12·4.75H2O, Bi2Mo3O12·3H2O, Bi2Mo3O12·2H2O, and anhydrous Bi2Mo3O12 were observed during dehydration in the wavelength range from 200 to 1400 cm,1. Representative Raman spectra of these compounds are reported for the first time. The thermo-Raman intensity thermogram showed a systematic dehydration in four steps, and the differential thermo-Raman intensity thermogram confirmed this. Thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry results were in harmony with the results of the thermo-Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, the dehydration resulting in formation of anhydrous Bi2Mo3O12 (amorphous Bi2Mo3O12 phase) and the final transformation into the ,-Bi2Mo3O12 phase was observed to be a dynamic thermal process. The slow, controlled heating rate produced ,-Bi2Mo3O12 catalyst with a particle size averaging 200 nm. The catalyst formed was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, time of flight SIMS, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] Decomposing the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression in a Chinese cultural contextEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 3 2005Sylvia Xiaohua Chen The present study examined the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression proposed by King and Emmons (1990) in the Chinese context, and identified a factor structure different from those proposed in previous Western studies. The results of this study provided discriminant validity for this newly extracted two-factor structure of ambivalence, viz., Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression. Emotional Rumination was significantly predicted by the personality scales of introversion and inferiority, and the belief dimension of fate control, whereas Emotional Suppression was predicted by the personality scales of diversity, face, and harmony, and the belief dimension of social complexity. The different effects of Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression in predicting life satisfaction showed that emotional experience has its own specific characteristics in Chinese culture, and that responding to its emic characteristics will yield a more culturally responsive understanding of emotional experience and expression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Deploying the Classic ,Community Method' in the Social Policy Field: The Example of the Acquired Rights DirectiveEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Gavin Barrett The use of the Community method of legislation, in particular the deployment of directives, has for a long time been at the core of EC labour market policy. This article seeks to reflect on the lessons to be learned from the experience of the adoption and operation of one particularly significant directive, namely the Acquired Rights Directive, and on the experience of its transposition in one Member State, Ireland. Among features noted at the EU level are the watering down of the Commission's initial legislative ambitions; the substantial lacunae, failures to address issues and ambiguities incorporated in the text of the directive, the consequent enlarged role for the Court of Justice and the apparent difficulty in changing policy direction in the event of errors being made. As regards the Irish experience of transposing the directive, lessons learnt have included the importance of the means of implementation chosen by the Member State; the obstructive effect which national industrial relations systems may have on the evolution of a common European approach; the significance which attaches to national sanctions and enforcement mechanisms; the importance attaching to the degree of collective organisation in workplaces where the implementing legislation is sought to be relied upon; and the potential which the implementation of a directive has for disruption of the harmony of a national policy approach. Finally, the use of a form of social dialogue in the implementation of employment-related directives in Ireland is also commented upon. [source] A TEST OF WORKER POLICING THEORY IN AN ADVANCED EUSOCIAL WASP, VESPULA RUFAEVOLUTION, Issue 6 2005T. Wenseleers Abstract Mutual policing is an important mechanism for maintaining social harmony in group-living organisms. In some ants, bees, and wasps, workers police male eggs laid by other workers in order to maintain the reproductive primacy of the queen. Kin selection theory predicts that multiple mating by the queen is one factor that can selectively favor worker policing. This is because when the queen is mated to multiple males, workers are more closely related to queen's sons than to the sons of other workers. Here we provide an additional test of worker policing theory in Vespinae wasps. We show that the yellowjacket Vespula rufa is characterized by low mating frequency, and that a significant percentage of the males are workers' sons. This supports theoretical predictions for paternities below 2, and contrasts with other Vespula species, in which paternities are higher and few or no adult males are worker produced, probably due to worker policing, which has been shown in one species, Vespula vulgaris. Behavioral observations support the hypothesis that V. rufa has much reduced worker policing compared to other Vespula. In addition, a significant proportion of worker-laid eggs were policed by the queen. [source] Tetrakis-phthalocyanines bearing electron-withdrawing fluoro functionality: Synthesis, spectroscopy, and electrochemistryHETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2009Ahmet T. Bilgiçli In this study, 2,9,16,23-tetrakis-4,-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro)-phenoxy-phthalocyaninatometalfree and metal(II) complexes, (H2PcBzF16, ZnPcOBzF16, CuPcOBzF16, and CoPcOBzF16) (Bz: Benzene) (2H, Zn, Cu, and Co), have been prepared directly from the corresponding 4,-(2,3,5,6-fluorophenylthio)-phthalonitrile compounds in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in high boiling quinoline solvent. Tetrafluoro atoms on 2,3,5,6-position of benzene at the peripheral sites of phthalocyanines (Pcs) give rise interesting solubility to tetrakismetallophthalocyanines. Although all complexes were soluble in DCM, CHCl3, THF, DMF, and DMSO with increasing order, complexes synthesized, particularly H2PcBzF16, CuPcOBzF16, have very limited solubility in DMF and DMSO. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, UV,vis, and MALDI,TOF mass spectral data. The cyclic voltammetry and differential pulsed voltammetry of the complexes show that while H2PcBzF16, CuPcOBzF16, and ZnPcOBzF16 give ligand-based reduction and oxidation processes, CoPcOBzF16 gives both ligand and metal-based redox processes, in harmony with the common metallophthalocyanine complexes. Redox processes due to both aggregated and disaggregated species were simultaneously observed during the first reduction process. The nature of the metal-based redox processes was confirmed using spectroelectrochemical measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:262,271, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20545 [source] Harmonising Higher Education and Innovation Policies: Canada from an International PerspectiveHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2009Marie Lavoie Abstract This paper focuses on the relevance of harmonising higher education and innovation strategies in the context of fostering economic growth, illustrated by the particular weak point in the case of Canada. The present-day market for highly-skilled labour is global and therefore increasingly porous. A government that wishes to avoid losing its highly-skilled workers to countries that can provide more attractive conditions must aim at investing simultaneously in tertiary education and science and engineering infrastructure. Ideally, supply (higher education) and demand side (innovation) policies would interact in a balanced way. Canada is located at the two extreme ends of investment in higher education and innovation and will be compared to other OECD countries. The paper concludes that seeking policy convergence in innovation and higher education with leading countries is not sufficient to reach growth and can produce disappointing results for talented people whose career expectations may remain unfulfilled. It is therefore crucial for a country to develop higher education and innovation ,in harmony' with the global context and also to achieve harmony between other policies and institutions in its own national context. [source] The Tudor polity and the pilgrimage of graceHISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 207 2007M. L. Bush A striking feature of the pilgrimage of grace was its concern for lost or threatened rights and liberties. This article considers the light that this throws on the revolt itself and on early Tudor attitudes towards state and society. It examines the nature of the pilgrims' constitutional concerns and their relationship with the law, the manorial system, the society of orders and the concept of the body politic. It questions the view that the constitution was not in contention at this time by analyzing the concept of tyranny that the pilgrims used. It also suggests that society's general acceptance of the manor and the society of orders did not necessarily result in social cohesion and harmony because commons and gentlemen were inclined to place conflicting interpretations upon the differential rights and obligations that they warranted. It finally proposes that, in spite of being sanctioned by reference to tradition, the rights claimed were far from static but could undergo revision and renovation. [source] Old Age Protection in the Context of Rural DevelopmentIDS BULLETIN, Issue 4 2010Xiaomei Pei This study examines the potential of rural communities for generating and allocating resources for rural old age support in the context of decreasing family resources and inadequate state provision. In-depth interviews with elderly people, their families, community leaders and government officials of three villages, respectively located in three provinces provide us with clear evidence on existing local institutional arrangements for rural old age support and the role of both government and community in organising such programmes. They confirm the potential of rural communities to generate and distribute resources for old age support, offering community opportunities for social inclusion through fair flows of resources to promote social harmony and stability, and accelerating economic growth. The findings of the study imply that there is a need for policymakers to link the state effort for old age protection to rural community development, and encourage grassroots efforts in old age support. [source] Haptic motion control for physical human supportIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2009Tomoyuki Shimono Member Abstract Future robots and mechatronic systems will be required to physically support human activities. In order to reach the stage of real human-friendly physical support, they should acquire many functions such as the recognition of the real world based on complicated human actions, the transmission of the ambient information in harmony with human sensation, and so on. Since haptic sensation, as well as visual information and auditory sensation are so important for human activities, haptic motion control is one of the most important issues for the purpose. This paper now presents some haptic motion control techniques as the fundamental technology for the realization of future physical human support. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 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