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Habits
Kinds of Habits Terms modified by Habits Selected AbstractsPreliminary evidence suggests that hand,arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT) improves bimanual upper limb performance in children with mild to moderate hemiplegic cerebral palsyAUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Margaret Wallen No abstract is available for this article. [source] VOICES: BREAKING THE CORRUPTION HABITBUSINESS STRATEGY REVIEW, Issue 3 2010David De Cremer In times of crisis, it seems natural that people will work together for the common good. David De Cremer cautions us that, on the contrary, both economic and social researches prove otherwise. He proposes steps for organisations to take to prevent corrupt behaviours. [source] Does smoking in adolescence affect body mass index, waist or height?ADDICTION, Issue 9 2007Findings from a longitudinal study ABSTRACT Aim To assess the effect of smoking uptake on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and height during adolescence. Design Five-year longitudinal study. Setting Thirty-six schools in South London, England, selected by a stratified random sampling procedure designed to ensure ethnic and socio-economic diversity. Participants A total of 5863 students took part in the HABITS (Health and Behaviour in Teenagers) Study between 1999 and 2003. Measurements Self-reported smoking behaviour, saliva cotinine concentrations and measured weight, waist circumference and height were obtained, along with information on gender, ethnicity, socio-economic deprivation, pubertal status, self-reported exercise and dieting. Students were examined annually from school year 7 (ages 11,12) to year 11 (ages 15,16), with response rates ranging from 74 to 84%. A total of 2665 never smokers at year 7 with complete data for years 7 and 11 were included in the analyses. Findings Adjusting for year 7 BMI and other potential confounders, regular smokers (more than six cigarettes a week) at year 11 had significantly lower BMI (P = 0.002) than other students. Smokers defined by a cotinine above 15 ng/ml also had lower BMI (P < 0.0001). Waist circumferences were lower in regular smokers (P = 0.014) and cotinine-defined smokers (P < 0.011). No consistent association was found between smoking and height. The adjusted difference in weight between regular smokers and other students amounted to 1.8 kg (95% CI, 0.52,3.17) for an average-height student. Conclusion Taking up regular smoking during adolescence may result in a lower BMI, but the effect is small and of uncertain significance. [source] Currents: Books in BriefGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 3 2001LaRoi Lawton The Roots and Future of Management Theory Profit From the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence 90 Days to Launch: Internet Projects on Time and on Budget The Six Sigma Revolution: How General Electric and Others Turned Process into Profits In Good Company Evolve! Succeeding in the Digital Culture of Tomorrow Lessons from the Heart of American Business: A Roadmap for Managers in the 21st Century The Passion Plan at Work: A Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Passion-Driven Organization The Inner Work of Leaders: Leadership as a Habit of Mind Corporate Sin: Leaderless Leadership and Dissonant Workers The HR Scorecard Place to Space: Migrating to Ebusiness Models Building the Integrated Company Protecting Your Company's Intellectual Property: A Practical Guide to Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets Gaming the System: Stop Playing the Organizational Game [source] Reconfiguring Gender with John Dewey: Habit, Bodies, and Cultural ChangeHYPATIA, Issue 1 2000SHANNON SULLIVAN This paper demonstrates how John Dewey's notion of habit can help us understand gender as a constitutive structure of bodily existence. Bringing Dewey's pragmatism in conjunction with Judith Butler's concept of performativity, 1 provide an account of how rigid binary configurations of gender might be transformed at the level of both individual habit and cultural construct. [source] The Theory of Planned Behavior and Ecstasy Use: Roles for Habit and Perceived Control Over Taking Versus Obtaining SubstancesJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Sheina Orbell Despite increasing use of the illicit substance known as ecstasy, there is a paucity of research concerning psychosocial correlates of its use. A prospective study examined the ability of variables specified by the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict ecstasyuse intentions and behavior. Regression analyses showed that theory of reasoned action and TPB variables provided good prediction of intentions to use the substance. Moreover, support was obtained for a distinction between perceptions of behavioral control over taking ecstasy vs. control over obtaining the substance in the prediction of intentions. Habit contributed additional variance to the prediction of intentions, and reduced the effects of perceived behavioral control over taking ecstasy to nonsignificance. Ecstasy use over 2 months was directly predicted from intentions to use the substance. [source] Evidence-Based Thinking: Make It a HabitJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 5 2002Margaret H. Kearney RNC, PhD Associate Editor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Horror Crime or Bad Habit?JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Issue 4 2008Blasphemy in Premodern Europe In public debates the issue of blasphemy is often marked as a modern phenomenon. In fact, blasphemous speech acts were also an integral part of everyday life in the Middle Ages and in Early Modern Europe. Cursing and swearing, oaths and other blasphemous utterances were used in all strata of society. While enraged preachers condemned this mortal sin and various laws threatened with capital punishment, the common practice was different as most blasphemies passed with minor punishments or even without any kind of prosecution. Attacks on the honour of God were constituent elements of everyday conflict behaviour. Blasphemy therefore must not be misinterpreted as indication of religious indifference or even unbelief, but rather as different usage of the religious sphere in premodern times. [source] Security, Not Defence, Strategic, Not Habit: Restructuring the Political Arrangements for Policy Making on Britain's Role in the WorldTHE POLITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2010JOHN GEARSON The Conservative,Liberal Democrat coalition government has committed itself to a Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDR) in 2010. The government and the country face very hard choices to bring United Kingdom defence and security policy back from the brink of bankruptcy,both financial and strategic (Gow). To succeed, it must overcome the failings of the past (Chisnall, Dorman, Rees) and take a truly open and radical look at all aspects of policy and process,including the Trident independent nuclear deterrent (Allen), relations with Europe (Witney) and the importance of cyber-issues in the future security context (Fisher). It must get strategic concepts right to provide flexibility with credibility (Stone). It must deliver ,what the military wants': true strategic prioritisation, radical defence acquisition reform, and credible balancing of resources and commitments (Kiszley). The scale of the challenge facing the United Kingdom in,and beyond,the 2010 SDR is why The Political Quarterly convened a workshop early in 2010 involving MPs, practitioners, retired military personnel, journalists, commentators, business people and academics, and publishes these associated papers. Most of all, to overcome the failings of the past, there must be a radical move beyond the welcome first steps of the Cameron,Clegg government to introduce a National Security Council and a National Security Advisor, to reconfigure relationships within government, across departments and with Parliament to have a government figure of accountability and responsibility,a Secretary of State for Security Policy, primus inter pares with other Secretaries of State,to make sense of the questions needing to be asked and answered (Gearson and Gow). [source] Smokers Don't Recognize Risks of Their HabitCA: A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS, Issue 4 2005Article first published online: 31 DEC 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Dietary Habits and Risk of Lung Cancer Death in a Large-scale Cohort Study (JACC Study) in Japan by Sex and Smoking HabitCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2001Kotaro Ozasa Lung cancer has increased and is the leading cause of cancer death among Japanese males. The associations of dietary habits with the risk of lung cancer death were evaluated by sex and smoking habits in this study. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study, a cohort established in 1988,90 and consisting of 42 940 males and 55 308 females was observed for lung cancer deaths up to the end of 1997. During the observation period, 446 males and 126 females died of lung cancer. A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used as the baseline survey. Hazard ratios for dietary factors were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model. Among males, a high intake of ham and sausages, cheese, green-leafy vegetables, oranges, and other fruits significantly and dose-dependently decreased the risk of lung cancer death. Among females, a high intake of miso-soup, ham and sausages, and liver significantly and almost dose-dependently increased the risk. Vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidative and carcinogenic agents reduced the risk of lung cancer deaths among male smokers more than among female nonsmokers. The results among female nonsmokers were partially consistent with the hypothesis that high fat consumption increases the risk of lung cancer, especially that of adenocarcinoma. [source] Follow-Up of 1 mg Finasteride Treatment of Male Pattern Baldness,Difference between Clinical Trials and Private Office Follow-Up: Influences on Prescribing Habits EvaluatedDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2004Marvin J. Rapaport MD Background. Finasteride (Propecia) was approved by the FDA in 1998 for treating men with androgenetic alopecia. The published clinical trials demonstrated statistical differences between drug and placebo. Rarely do new drugs undergo further non-drug-company-sponsored studies of efficacy. Concerns about clinical studies and marketing of drugs prompted this evaluation of a large group of patients taking this medication. Objective. Finasteride usage offered an opportunity not only to understand the acceptance of a cosmetically oriented medication, but also to evaluate subjective comments and compliance after a long period of time. Methods. A total of 1261 patients were monitored with phone calls every 3 months after finasteride was initially prescribed. After 12 months, a detailed questionnaire was sent to all patients with an additional letter and two telephone calls if no response was received. Statistical analysis of the patients' data was made. Results. Thirty-two percent or 414 men continued to take finasteride daily for 1 to 3 years. Twenty-four percent or 297 men discontinued the drug between 3 and 15 months owing to poor results. The remaining 44% or 549 men were lost to follow-up despite numerous attempts to contact them. Conclusion. A total of 414 men continued to take the medication, but only 211 returned detailed questionnaires. A small percentage of this group felt that they grew hair. The remaining patients noted poor results. [source] Mechanisms Controlling Crystal Habits of Gold and Silver ColloidsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 7 2005C. Lofton Abstract Examples of gold and silver anisotropic colloids, such as prisms and rods, have appeared in the literature for many years. In most cases, the morphologies of these thermodynamically unfavorable particles have been explained by the particular reaction environment in which they were synthesized. The mechanisms used to explain the growth generally fall into two categories, one in which chemically adsorbed molecules regulate the growth of specific crystal faces kinetically, and the other where micelle-forming surfactants physically direct the shape of the particle. This paper raises questions about the growth of anisotropic metal colloids that the current mechanisms cannot adequately address, specifically, the formation of multiple shapes in a single homogeneous reaction and the appearance of similar structures in very different synthesis schemes. These observations suggest that any growth mechanism should primarily take into consideration nucleation and kinetics, and not only thermodynamics or physical constrictions. The authors suggest an alternative mechanism where the presence and orientation of twin planes in these face-centered cubic (fcc) metals direct the shape of the growing particles. This explanation follows that used for silver halide crystals, and has the advantage of explaining particle growth in many synthesis methods. In this mechanism, twin planes generate reentrant grooves, favorable sites for the attachment of adatoms. Shape and structural data are presented for gold and silver particles synthesized using several different techniques to support this new model. Triangular prisms are suggested to contain a single twin plane which directs that growth of the initial seed in two dimensions, but limits the final size of the prism. Hexagonal platelets are suggested to contain two parallel twin planes that allow the fast growing edges to regenerate one another, allowing large sizes and aspect ratios to form. Rods and wires were found to have a fivefold symmetry, which may only allow growth in one dimension. It is expected that a superior mechanistic understanding will permit shape-selective synthesis schemes to be developed. [source] Food Habits of Four Bottom-Dwelling Gobiid Species at the Confluence of the Danube and Hron Rivers (South Slovakia)INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY, Issue 4-5 2007k Adámek Abstract Since 1997, three new Neogobius species (Neogobius kessleri, N. fluviatilis and N. melanostomus) have been regularly recorded in the Slovak part of the Danube River, formerly inhabited only by one native gobiid species (Proterorhinus marmoratus). The study of their food habits proved that the amphipod Corophium curvispinum, chironomid larvae and pupae, caddis fly larvae (Hydropsyche sp.) and mayfly nymphs (Ephoron virgo, Potamanthus luteus) were the most important food items contributing to the similarity of the diets of the gobiid species. Fish (0+ Zingel zingel and Sander lucioperca) appeared in the diet of N. kessleri only. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Self-Reported Sleep and Nap Habits and Risk of Falls and Fractures in Older Women: The Study of Osteoporotic FracturesJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2006Katie L. Stone PhD OBJECTIVES: To test the association between self-reported sleep and nap habits and risk of falls and fractures in a large cohort of older women. DESIGN: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures prospective cohort study. SETTING: Clinical centers in Baltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Portland, Oregon; and the Monongahela Valley, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: Eight thousand one hundred one community-dwelling Caucasian women aged 69 and older (mean 77.0). MEASUREMENTS: Sleep and nap habits were assessed using a questionnaire at the fourth clinic visit (1993/94). Fall frequency during the subsequent year was ascertained using tri-annual questionnaire. Incident hip and nonspinal fractures during 6 years of follow-up were confirmed using radiographic reports. RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-three women suffered hip fractures, and 1,938 suffered nonspinal fractures. In multivariate models, women who reported napping daily had significantly higher odds of suffering two or more falls during the subsequent year (odds ratio=1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.03,1.69) and were more likely to suffer a hip fracture (hazard ratio (HR)=1.33, 95% CI=0.99,1.78) than women who did not nap daily. Those sleeping at least 10 hours per 24 hours had a higher risk of nonspinal fracture than (HR=1.26, 95% CI=1.00,1.58) and a similar but nonsignificant increased risk of hip fracture to (HR=1.43, 95% CI=0.95,2.15) those who reported sleeping between 8 and 9 hours. CONCLUSION: Self-reported long sleep and daily napping are associated with greater risk of falls and fractures in older women. Interventions to improve sleep may reduce their risk of falls and fractures. Future research is needed to determine whether specific sleep disorders contribute to these relationships. [source] Structural Modeling of Car Use on the Way to the University in Different Settings: Interplay of Norms, Habits, Situational Restraints, and Perceived Behavioral Control,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Christian A. Klöckner This manuscript presents the results of the application of an extended norm activation model to the explanation of car use on the way to the university with a sample of 430 students of 3 German universities. The proposed two-stage structural model is supported by the data. First, a norm activation process starting with awareness of consequences activates subjective and personal norms. Second, behavior is determined by car-use habits, perceived behavioral control (PBC), car access, and effort to use public transportation. The influence of personal norms on behavior is mediated by habits. Subgroup analyses of the second stage of the model show a high structural stability, but differences in the regression weights. [source] Knot-Tying Habits, Tier Handedness, and Experience,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 5 2010Robert C. Chisnall M.Ed. Abstract:, Previous research concerning tier handedness, experience and the configuration of simple, habitual knots has been scant and conflicting. Survey data were collected from 21 disparate groups comprising 562 respondents in total. Regardless of experience, respondents tied both Granny and Reef Knots. Dextral tying was dominated by S knots. Left-handers tied Z knots more frequently than right-handers. However, the frequency of S and Z knots relative to tier hand dominance, which is not binary, occurred on a continuum. Averaging all survey tasks, more than 70% of knots tied by dextrals were S, whereas only 56% of those tied by sinistrals were S. These percentages varied somewhat according to specific tying tasks and the number of working ends. Furthermore, tiers' shoelace and parcel knots were not always identical, and a ranked pattern in parcel and shoelace knots was revealed. The examination of habitual knots could benefit criminal investigations. [source] Elementary Students' Sleep Habits and Teacher Observations of Sleep-Related ProblemsJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 2 2005Denise H. Amschler PhD Professor ABSTRACT: Sleep affects the health and well-being of children and plays a key role in preventing disease and injury, stability of mood, and ability to learn. Unfortunately, children often do not get adequate sleep on a regular basis. This study surveyed 199 fifth-grade students regarding their sleep habits using the Sleep Self-Report (SSR) instrument (child's form), the Morningness/Eveningness (M/E) Scale, and additional demographic questions. Students' teachers also were asked to evaluate their students' behavior using the Teacher's Daytime Sleepiness Questionnaire (TDSQ). Results indicated many students experienced problems with sleep-related behavior. However, correlating the TDSQ scale with the SSR Daytime Sleepiness Subscale produced a weak correlation coefficient, indicating teachers may not be able to accurately identify students with sleep problems. Overall findings indicated these students displayed sleep behavior similar to other US children. However, research involving children's sleep behavior is limited, and more research is needed. Parents should monitor their children's sleep times, and teachers need to be aware how sleep deprivation can affect children's mood, reaction time, and concentration. Health education curricula need to include sleep-related instruction at all grade levels to address this concern. [source] Old Habits Are Hard to Change: A Case Study of Israeli Real Estate ContractsLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 2 2010Doron Teichman This article presents a case study on the persistent dollarization norm in the Israeli real estate market. For many years Israeli real estate contracts have been denominated in American dollars. This contracting norm has remained surprisingly stable despite tremendous changes in the structure of the Israeli foreign currency market that severed the connection between the dollar and local inflation and added significant risks to exchange rates. Using an array of theoretical tools, I explain this puzzling phenomenon and demonstrate the centrality of social norms to the design of high-stakes contracts. Finally, I explore the interaction between social norms and the law and highlight the potential obstacles to regulating contracting norms. [source] The Rigidity and Comfort of Habits: A Cultural and Philosophical Analysis of the Ups and Downs of Mainstreaming EvaluationNEW DIRECTIONS FOR EVALUATION, Issue 99 2003Nancy Grudens-Schuck Mainstreaming evaluation requires establishing aesthetic and ethical frameworks, as well as developing knowledge and skills that make "doing evaluation" seem like the right thing. Mainstreaming, however, can pose challenges to good evaluation practice; a view from cultural anthropology suggests that evaluation can have distinct meanings in different settings. Stories from program evaluation research in Indonesia illustrate the ways comforts and rigidities associated with mainstreamed evaluation processes may hinder high-quality evaluation. [source] Safe Prescribing Habits: Preventing Medication Errors in Primary CareNURSING FOR WOMENS HEALTH, Issue 4 2008Julie Freund PharmD First page of article [source] Habits, Complementarities and Heterogeneity in Alcohol and Tobacco Demand: A Multivariate Dynamic Model,OXFORD BULLETIN OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, Issue 4 2010David Aristei Abstract In this paper we test the existence of forward-looking behaviour in a multivariate model for alcohol and tobacco consumption. The theoretical framework, based on a dynamic adjustment cost model with forward-looking behaviour, is enhanced to include the intertemporal interactions between the two goods. The analysis of the within-period preferences completes the intertemporal model, allowing to evaluate the static substitutability/complementarity relationships. The empirical strategy consists in a two-step estimation procedure. In a first stage, we obtain the parameters of the demand system, while in a second stage Euler equations are estimated. Results, based on a cohort data set constructed from a series of cross-sections of the Italian Household Budget Survey, reveal a significant complementarity relationship between alcohol and tobacco. Estimation of the Euler equations does not lead to rejection of the hypothesis of intertemporal dependence, providing evidence for a forward-looking behaviour in alcohol and tobacco consumption. Moreover, we find significant intertemporal interactions that support the adjustment cost setting in a multivariate model with rational expectations. [source] Habits of the heart: Life history and the developmental neuroendocrinology of emotionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Carol M. Worthman The centrality of emotion in cognition and social intelligence as well as its impact on health has intensified investigation into the causes and consequences of individual variation in emotion regulation. Central processing of experience directly informs regulation of endocrine axes, essentially forming a neuro-endocrine continuum integrating information intake, processing, and physiological and behavioral response. Two major elements of life history,resource allocation and niche partitioning,are served by linking cognitive-affective with physiologic and behavioral processes. Scarce cognitive resources (attention, memory, and time) are allocated under guidance from affective co-processing. Affective-cognitive processing, in turn, regulates physiologic activity through neuro-endocrine outflow and thereby orchestrates energetic resource allocation and trade-offs, both acutely and through time. Reciprocally, peripheral activity (e.g., immunologic, metabolic, or energetic markers) influences affective-cognitive processing. By guiding attention, memory, and behavior, affective-cognitive processing also informs individual stances toward, patterns of activity in, and relationships with the world. As such, it mediates processes of niche partitioning that adaptively exploit social and material resources. Developmental behavioral neurobiology has identified multiple factors that influence the ontogeny of emotion regulation to form affective and behavioral styles. Evidence is reviewed documenting roles for genetic, epigenetic, and experiential factors in the development of emotion regulation, social cognition, and behavior with important implications for understanding mechanisms that underlie life history construction and the sources of differential health. Overall, this dynamic arena for research promises to link the biological bases of life history theory with the psychobehavioral phenomena that figure so centrally in quotidian experience and adaptation, particularly, for humans. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Testing a Partial Ordering of Population Means with Application to Inference about Growth Habits of Cowpea GenotypesBIOMETRICS, Issue 4 2007Daniel R. Jeske Summary Using general results available in the literature, we derive the likelihood ratio test for a particular partial ordering of means that naturally arises in a biological context. We then show that the conceptual and computational complexity of the derivation can be substantially reduced by equivalently deriving the test using the intersection-union principle for decomposing a complex null hypothesis into elemental forms. A Monte Carlo algorithm for obtaining the p -value of the test is proposed. The test procedure is illustrated with a data set of the competitive ability of several cowpea genotypes, where previous experiments have indicated the proposed partial order of the means. A simulation study is used to examine the power of the test. [source] Jaguar (Panthera onca) Food Habits in Atlantic Rain Forest of Southeastern Brazil,BIOTROPICA, Issue 4 2001Ricardo C. Garla ABSTRACT Between January and December 1996, the food habits of a relict population of jaguars were studied in 220 km2 Linhares Forest Preserve, which comprises much of the remaining old-growth Atlantic Forest of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Fecal analysis indicated opportunistic feeding on 24 prey species (N= 101 scats). Mammals represented 87 percent of the total items, followed by reptiles (9.8%) and birds (2.8%). Considering prey weight, 23.4 percent of the items weighed 1,3 kg, 40.5 percent were 3,10 kg, and 27.7 percent weighed more than 10 kg. Analysis of relative prey frequency and biomass indicated that the diet was concentrated in two prey types: long-nosed armadillo and white-lipped peccary. Literature data suggest that forest jaguars rely on the same mammal prey over their entire geographic range. RESUMES Entre janeiro e dezembro de 1996, os hábiros alimentares de uma populaçáo da onga pinrada foram estudados na Reserva Florestal de Linhares (220 km2), que cornpreende 25 porcento da floresra Atlintica primlria remanescente do Esrado do Espirito Santo, Brasil. A andise de fezes indicou o consumo de 24 esptcies de presas (N = 101 arnosrras). Mamiferos representaram 87 porcento do total de itens, seguidos por rtpteis (9.8%) e aves (2.8%). Considerando o peso das presas 23.4 porcento dos itens pesavam entre 1 e 3 kg, 40.5 porcenro de 3 a 10 kg, e 27.7 porcento acima de 10 kg. De acordo com a análise de freqütncia relariva de ocorrsncia e a estimariva de biomassa relativa, a dieta concentra-se em dois itens: o tatu galinha e queixada. A onga pintada parece basear sua dieta nas mesmas esptcies de mamiferos ao longo de sua distribuig8o geogrlfica. [source] Advertising's Impact on Morality in Society: Influencing Habits and Desires of ConsumersBUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Andrew Gustafson First page of article [source] Dietary Habits and Risk of Lung Cancer Death in a Large-scale Cohort Study (JACC Study) in Japan by Sex and Smoking HabitCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2001Kotaro Ozasa Lung cancer has increased and is the leading cause of cancer death among Japanese males. The associations of dietary habits with the risk of lung cancer death were evaluated by sex and smoking habits in this study. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study, a cohort established in 1988,90 and consisting of 42 940 males and 55 308 females was observed for lung cancer deaths up to the end of 1997. During the observation period, 446 males and 126 females died of lung cancer. A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used as the baseline survey. Hazard ratios for dietary factors were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model. Among males, a high intake of ham and sausages, cheese, green-leafy vegetables, oranges, and other fruits significantly and dose-dependently decreased the risk of lung cancer death. Among females, a high intake of miso-soup, ham and sausages, and liver significantly and almost dose-dependently increased the risk. Vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidative and carcinogenic agents reduced the risk of lung cancer deaths among male smokers more than among female nonsmokers. The results among female nonsmokers were partially consistent with the hypothesis that high fat consumption increases the risk of lung cancer, especially that of adenocarcinoma. [source] The Problem of Media HabitsCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 2 2010Robert LaRose To what extent is repeated media consumption behavior a matter of habit rather than continuing and active self-instruction? The physiological and cognitive origins of habits are examined in the context of current research in neurology and social psychology. The result is a reconceptualization of media habits along a continuum from consciously enacted behaviors to those that are activated automatically by external stimuli. Communication research perspectives of the role of habits in media consumption are critically reviewed. From this analysis, habits emerge as automatic thought processes that are powerful predictors of media behavior and a model of habitual media consumption is proposed. Le problème des habitudes médiatiques Robert LaRose Dans quelle mesure la répétition d'un comportement de consommation médiatique est-elle une affaire d'habitude plutôt qu'un choix continu et actif? Les origines physiologiques et cognitives des habitudes sont étudiées dans le contexte de la recherche actuelle en neurologie et en psychologie sociale. Il en résulte une reconceptualisation des habitudes médiatiques selon un continuum allant des comportements conscients à ceux qui sont automatiquement activés par des stimulus extérieurs. Les perspectives de la recherche en communication sur le rôle des habitudes dans la consommation médiatique sont passées en revue d'un ,il critique. De cette analyse, les habitudes émergent comme étant des processus de pensée automatiques qui sont de forts prédicteurs des comportements médiatiques. Un modèle de la consommation médiatique habituelle est proposé. Das Problem von Mediengewohnheiten Robert LaRose Inwiefern ist ein wiederholtes Medienkonsumverhalten eine Frage der Gewohnheit und nicht der ständigen aktiven Selbstkonstruktion? Im Kontext aktueller Forschung in der Neurologie und Sozialpsychologie werden die physiologischen und kognitiven Ursprünge von Gewohnheiten betrachtet. Das Ergebnis ist eine Neukonzeptualisierung von Mediengewohnheiten entlang eines Kontinuums von bewusst ausgeführten Verhaltensweisen hin zu jenen Verhaltensweisen, die automatisch von externalen Stimuli aktiviert werden. Die Perspektive der Kommunikationsforschung zur Rolle von Gewohnheiten bei der Mediennutzung wird kritisch untersucht. Basierend auf dieser Analyse entstehen Gewohnheiten als automatische Gedankenprozesse, die wiederum starke Prädiktoren für Medienverhalten sind. Ein Modell der habitualisierten Mediennutzung wird vorgeschlagen. El Problema de los Hábitos de los Medios Robert LaRose Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Resumen ¿Hasta qué punto el comportamiento repetitivo de consumo de los medios es un asunto de hábito en vez de auto instrucción continúa y activa? Los orígenes psicológicos y cognitivos de los hábitos son examinados en el contexto de la investigación corriente en neurología y psicología social. El resultado es una reconceptualización de los hábitos de los medios a través de un continuo entre los comportamientos conscientemente representados y aquellos que son automáticamente activados por estímulos externos. Las perspectivas de la investigación en comunicación sobre el rol de los hábitos de consumo de los medios son revisados críticamente. De este análisis, los hábitos emergen como procesos de pensamiento automático los cuales son vaticinadores poderosos del comportamiento de los medios y un modelo de consumo habitual de los medios es propuesto. [source] The combined effects of supersaturation and Ba2+ on the batch cooling crystallization of potassium dihydrogen phosphateCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Guozong Zheng Abstract The combined effects of supersaturation and Ba2+ on potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) were investigated in batch cooling suspension crystallization. Growth size, morphology, and impurity Ba2+ adsorbed in the KDP crystals were measured with changing Ba2+ concentration and supersaturation. Significant changes in shapes and volume of the grown crystals have been observed. The results further confirmed that the size and shape of crystals were greatly determined by supersaturation. Ba2+ ions significantly modified the growth habit of KDP crystals. The concentration of Ba2+ ions adsorbed in the crystals increases with the increasing Ba2+ ions in the solutions and supersaturation. The foggy phenomena caused by the addition of Ba to the KDP solution were also described. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Bulk growth of gallium nitride: challenges and difficultiesCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2007M. Bockowski Abstract The present status of the GaN bulk growth by High Pressure Solution (HPS) method and combination of HPS and Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) methods is reviewed. Up to now the spontaneous high pressure solution growth of GaN results in crystals having habit of hexagonal platelets of surface area of 3 cm2 or needles with length up to 1 cm. Recently, the platelets and needles have been used as seeds for the HVPE growth. On the other hand, the LPE technique under pressure with pressure-grown GaN (hp-GaN), GaN/sapphire template, patterned GaN/sapphire template and free standing HVPE GaN as seeds has been examined and developed. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||