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HPV Vaccine (hpv + vaccine)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	85%
Life Sciences	14%

Selected Abstracts

Mothers' Pap Screening and STD History Associated With Daughters' Uptake, Completion of HPV Vaccine

PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Issue 3 2009
Article first published online: 3 SEP 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Southern Africa: Prevalence, Immunity, and Vaccine Prospects

IUBMB LIFE, Issue 4-5 2002
Anna-Lise Williamson
Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers are more prevalent in developing countries compared to developed countries. The major cancer caused by HPV is cervical cancer. The humoral immune response to HPV can be a marker of past infection but may also reflect persistent infection and cervical disease. IgA antibodies to HPV in oral fluid were also found to be markers of cervical disease. Cell mediated immunity is important in clearing HPV infection and for regression of the associated lesions: this means that women infected with HIV have a high prevalence of co-infection with HPV. Good cervical screening programmes can control HPV associated cervical neoplasia. However, in countries such as South Africa, where these programmes are inadequate, there is a need for an HPV vaccine. The development of HPV vaccines is reviewed. There is a call for an inexpensive vaccine that will be accessible to the women that do not have access to adequate screening programmes and are therefore at the greatest risk of cervical cancer. [source]

Latest news and product developments

PRESCRIBER, Issue 19 2008
Article first published online: 16 OCT 200
ARBs less effective than ACE inhibitors? The efficacy of angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) in preventing cardiovascular events in high-risk patients has been challenged by the findings of a large randomised trial (Lancet 2008 published online; doi 10.1016/ S0140-6736(08)61242-8). In the TRANSCEND trial, 5926 patients with cardiovascular disease or diabetes with end-organ damage who could not tolerate ACE inhibitor therapy were randomised to placebo or telmisartan (Micardis) 80mg per day in addition to standard therapies. After 56 months, mean blood pressure was lower with telmisartan (by 4.0/2.2mmHg) but there were no significant differences between telmisartan and placebo in the risk of cardiovascular events , a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalisation for heart failure. Hospitalisation for cardiovascular reasons were slightly but significantly reduced by telmisartan (33 vs 30 per cent). MHRA: fentanyl patch errors potentially fatal Errors in dosing, accidental exposure and enhanced absorption from heat exposure have resulted in life-threatening and fatal incidents with transdermal fentanyl, warns the MHRA in its latest Drug Safety Update (September 2008). There is also evidence that fentanyl patches are being prescribed for nonlicensed indications, including treatment of opioid-naive patients. Other topics in this issue include managing adverse reactions to HPV vaccine and an update on new cases of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy associated with natalizumab (Tysabri). Call for DURG research The Drug Utilisation Research Group is inviting abstracts for oral and poster presentations at its 20th annual meeting on 5 February 2009. The theme of the morning session is ,Whose prescribing budget is it anyway?'. Abstracts will be accepted on any drug utilisation research studies and will be published in the Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. Information is available at www.durg.org.uk the deadline for submissions is 1 December. Early bromocriptine no benefit in Parkinson's Initiating treatment of Parkinson's disease with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine offers no long-term benefit compared with levodopa, the UK Parkinson's Disease Research Group trial has shown (Neurology 2008;71:474-80). After 14 years' follow-up of 166 patients, there were no differences in the prevalence of motor complications, dementia or mortality, but levodopa was associated with superior scores of disability and physical functioning. The authors say the belief that early dopamine agonist treatment is neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease should be abandoned. Ezetimibe with statin cancer risk ,not credible' Analysis of data pooled from two large trials provides ,no credible evidence' that ezetimibe (Ezetrol) is associated with an increased risk of cancer when added to statin therapy (N Engl J Med 2008 published online; doi 10.1056/NEJMsa0806603). A possible link with increased risk of cancer with ezetimibe plus simvastatin was suggested by the SEAS trial (N Engl J Med 2008 published online; doi 10.1056/NEJMoa 0804602). This hypothesis was tested in two trials involving more than 20 500 patients over 1.0-2.7 years. There was no excess of cancer overall or at particular sites; cancer deaths were more numerically but not significantly higher with ezetimibe and there was no evidence of increased risk with duration of treatment. Telmisartan provides no advantage after stroke Adding telmisartan (Micardis) to standard treatment after ischaemic stroke does not reduce morbidity, US investigators report (N Engl J Med 2008 published online; doi 10.1056/NEJMoa 0804593). A total of 20 332 patients with recent ischaemic stroke were randomised to placebo or telmisartan 80mg per day in addition to antiplatelet therapy and antihypertensive agents. After 2.5 years, blood pressure was 3.8/2.0mmHg lower in patients taking telmisartan but there were no significant differences from placebo in the risks of recurrent stroke, cardiovascular events or new-onset diabetes. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Latest news and product developments

PRESCRIBER, Issue 13-14 2008
Article first published online: 29 JUL 200
NSAIDs stroke risk NSAIDs have been linked with an increased risk of stroke in an epidemiological study from The Netherlands (Arch Intern Med 2008;168: 1219-24). Nine years' follow-up of 7636 older persons (mean age 70) identified 807 strokes. The risk of stroke was significantly increased for current use of nonselective NSAIDs (hazard ratio 1.72 for all strokes) and COX-2 selective NSAIDs (HR 2.75 for all strokes; HR 4.54 for ischaemic stroke). Increased risk was found for several individual NSAIDs but was statistically significant only for naproxen (HR 2.63) and the withdrawn rofecoxib (HR 3.38). HPV vaccine chosen The DoH has chosen GlaxoSmithKline's Cervarix HPV vaccine for the national immunisation campaign beginning in September. Cervarix is a bivalent vaccine conferring immunity against HPV16 and 18, which account for 70 per cent of cervical cancers worldwide. Its competitor, Gardasil, is a quadrivalent vaccine additionally protecting against HPV6 and 11, which cause 90 per cent of genital warts. The procurement process assessed the vaccines against ,a wide range of criteria such as their scientific qualities and cost effectiveness'. The DoH has not revealed what it will pay for Cervarix. Melatonin for insomnia Lundbeck has introduced melatonin (Circadin) as monotherapy for the short-term treatment of primary insomnia characterised by poor quality of sleep in patients who are aged 55 or over. The dose is 2mg once daily two hours before bed-time and after food for three weeks. A course costs £10.77. Fesoterodine launched Pfizer has introduced feso-terodine (Toviaz), a prodrug for tolterodine (Detrusitol), for the treatment of symptoms of overactive bladder. Treatment is initiated at a dose of 4mg per day and increased to 8mg per day according to response. The full therapeutic effect may not occur until after two to eight weeks; treatment should be re-evaluated after eight weeks. A month's treatment at either dose costs £29.03, the same as sustained-release tolterodine (Detrusitol XL). Intensive glycaemic control for T2D? Two large trials of intensive glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes have conflicting implications for clinical practice. The ACCORD study (N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-9) found that treating patients at high CVD risk to a target HbA1c of <6.0 per cent was associated with a 22 per cent increased risk of death and no reduction in macrovascular end-points compared with a target of 7.0-7.9 per cent. The ADVANCE study compared treating to a standard (HbA1c 7.3 per cent) or low (HBA1c 6.5 per cent) target. More intensive glycaemic control significantly reduced microvascular end-points, primarily due to a reduction in nephropathy. There was no difference in the risk of retinopathy or macrovascular end-points. Nicorandil as ulcer cause The potassium-channel activator nicorandil (Ikorel) may be associated with gastro-intestinal ulceration but is frequently overlooked as a possible cause, warns the MHRA in its latest Drug Safety Update (2008;1:Issue 11). Ulceration may affect any portion of the gastro-intestinal tract from the mouth to the perianal area, and it is frequently severe and may cause perforation. Ulcers due to nicorandil are refractory to treatment and only resolve on withdrawal of the drug. Withdrawal should be carried out under the supervision of a cardiologist. , This issue of Drug Safety Update also includes an overview of safety issues with natalizumab (Tysabri) for multiple sclerosis. Atypical antipsychotics diabetes risk ,small' The excess risk of diabetes due to treatment with an atypical antipsychotic is small compared with older anti-psychotics, say UK researchers (Br J Psychiatry 2008;192:406-11). Their meta-analysis of 11 studies found that, compared with the use of first-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia, the over-all increased risk of diabetes with atypicals was 32 per cent. Risperidone was associated with lowest excess risk (16 per cent), followed by quetiapine (Seroquel) and olanzapine (Zyprexa; 28 per cent) then clozapine (39 per cent). Most studies had method-ological limitations. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Women's knowledge about human papillomavirus and their acceptance of HPV vaccine

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
Polat DURSUN
Objective: Recently, prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines were approved in the USA and Europe to protect against HPV-related disease. However, there is ongoing debate about the acceptance of the HPV vaccine as a part of routine vaccine scheme. The aim of this study is to determine the baseline knowledge Turkish women have about HPV and prophylactic HPV vaccines. Method:, The study included 1434 women from four different cities of Turkey who completed a 22-item questionnaire that assessed their knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer, and their acceptance of HPV vaccine for themselves and their children. Results:, The median age was 35.8 ± 10.8 years (range: 17,80 years). In all, 12% of the participants had a past history of an abnormal Pap test. Among the participants, 77% believed that sex education should be provided at school, 45% had heard of HPV and 55% had no knowledge about HPV. It was known by 43% of the women that HPV might cause genital lesions. Of the parents, 40% knew HPV is related to cervical cancer, while 34% had no opinion about the subject. Of the parents interviewed, 70% reported they would accept HPV vaccination for themselves, 64% for their daughters and 59% for their sons. Conclusion:, Although less than half of the women had knowledge about HPV, the majority of the women sampled reported that they would accept vaccination for themselves and their children. Health-care providers must focus not only on the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer, but must also provide information and education about HPV to women. [source]

A study of women's knowledge regarding human papillomavirus infection, cervical cancer and human papillomavirus vaccines

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 4 2006
Michelle GILES
Abstract Aims:, Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common sexually transmitted viral infection and is associated with the development of cervical cancer. HPV vaccines are now undergoing phase 3 clinical trials in Australia. It is likely that an HPV vaccine will become licensed for use in the near future. Methods:, Ninety women aged 18,30 years from three different groups (those attending a dysplasia clinic, a local university health service and participants currently involved in a phase 3 HPV vaccine trial) completed a questionnaire assessing their knowledge base regarding HPV infection, cervical cancer, Pap tests and HPV vaccines. Results:, Respondents demonstrated good understanding of the Pap test and interpretation of an abnormal result. Most respondents (89%) had heard of HPV and attributed a number of different clinical symptoms to infection. For women who had not heard of an HPV vaccine, 79% of respondents stated that the most common resource they would use to obtain further information is their general practitioner. Discussion:, Many women do not understand the risk factors for HPV infection, the clinical problems it may cause and the potential long-term complications of infection. Few women have heard of a HPV vaccine, but most women surveyed would approach their general practitioner for more information if one became available. Conclusion:, This study highlights the need for further education regarding HPV infection and the potential long-term complications such as cervical cancer. It also demonstrates that education of general practitioners regarding an HPV vaccine is essential, as this is the most likely resource women will use to obtain further information in the future. [source]

Challenges, lessons learned and results following the implementation of a human papilloma virus school vaccination program in South Australia

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 4 2009
Maureen Watson
Abstract Objective: To describe the process and challenges in the roll out of a large cervical cancer vaccination program to protect against human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Methods: This article describes the process of planning and implementing a HPV vaccination program using the existing state-wide framework that supports vaccine delivery to all 219 high schools in South Australia. The decision was made to offer three doses of HPV vaccine to 50,191 female students in Years 8-12 during the 2007 school year. Results: By November 2007, despite many challenges, the school vaccination program had delivered 107,541 doses of HPV vaccine. Coverage of dose 1 was highest in Years 8 (83%) and 10 (70%), but was reduced for doses 2 and 3 in all year levels, with dose 3 coverage ranging from 55% (Year 11) to 77% (Year 8). Conclusions: The introduction of a large school-based vaccination program at short notice posed new challenges for the co-ordination and implementation. Not all schools supported the introduction of HPV vaccine, resulting in reduced access for some students. Negative media messages provided a strong platform for individuals who opposed vaccination. These factors may have contributed to the less-than-expected uptake of HPV vaccine. Implications: Historically, there has been high uptake of other vaccines given to adolescents. However, the introduction of HPV vaccine may have adversely affected the uptake of Hepatitis B vaccine, given concurrently in the school program. Further studies are needed to determine if this is likely to have a negative effect on the public perception of the value of vaccine programs in general. [source]

Comparing knowledge and perceived risk related to the human papilloma virus among Australian women of diverse sexual orientations

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2009
Ruth McNair
Abstract Objectives: The study compared levels of awareness of human papilloma virus (HPV) as a sexually transmissible infection (STI) between women of different sexual orientations. It also examined self-reported risk factors for HPV infection, perceived level of personal risk, and willingness to have the HPV vaccine. Methods: Recruitment occurred through community sampling and data was collected using a self-completion questionnaire. Results: A convenience sample of 349 women completed the questionnaire in early 2007, 309 were sexually active; 47.6% had lifetime sexual partners of both genders, 26.9% had only male partners, and 25.5% had only female partners. Women with partners of both genders were more likely to have ever had a pap test but were also more likely to report an abnormal result (OR 3.19) than women with only male partners. Only 68% of the sample had heard of HPV and women with partners of both genders were significantly more likely to be aware than women with only male partners (OR 2.56). Forty-four per cent did not know how HPV was transmitted and less than half correctly identified HPV-associated clinical problems, with no differences according to gender of partners. The majority of women had risk factors for HPV, however, few felt personally at risk. Conclusions: The very low personal risk perception for HPV, particularly among women who have female and male sexual partners, suggests the need for targeted education for this group regarding HPV transmission and prevention. Implications: Health promotion regarding HPV should be broadened to specifically include information about HPV as an STI between women. [source]

Human papillomavirus vaccination in survivors of childhood cancer

CANCER, Issue 24 2009
James L. Klosky PhD
Abstract Effective vaccination is now available to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted infection and the cause of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. HPV vaccine uptake is particularly important for females surviving cancer, some of whom are at high risk for HPV complications because of the direct and indirect effects of cancer treatment. Thus, version 3.0 of the Children's Oncology Group's Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer recommends HPV vaccination for all eligible females surviving childhood cancer. Because this vaccine was only approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2006, little is known regarding the complexity of vaccination uptake among those surviving cancer. The purpose of this article was to describe the HPV vaccine and its usefulness in the survivorship population, provide a rationale for describing cancer survivors as being at increased risk for HPV complications, identify factors associated with HPV vaccination, and discuss the utilization of these predictors in designing strategies to promote adherence to HPV vaccination recommendations within the survivorship context. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society. [source]

HPV vaccine for boys and men?

CANCER, Issue 22 2009
Carrie Printz
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Potential role of human papillomavirus in the development of subsequent primary in situ and invasive cancers among cervical cancer survivors,,

CANCER, Issue S10 2008
Appathurai Balamurugan MD
Abstract BACKGROUND. The recent licensure of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines will likely decrease the development of primary in situ and invasive cervical cancers and possibly other HPV-associated cancers such as vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers. Because the HPV vaccine has the ability to impact the development of >1 HPV-associated cancer in the same individual, the risk of developing subsequent primary cancers among cervical cancer survivors was examined. METHODS. Using the 1992 through 2004 data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, 23,509 cervical cancer survivors were followed (mean of 4.8 person-years) for the development of subsequent primary cancers. The observed number (O) of subsequent cancers of all sites were compared with those expected (E) based on age-/race-/year-/site-specific rates in the SEER population. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs = O/E) were considered statistically significant if they differed from 1, with an , level of 0.05. RESULTS. Among cervical cancer index cases, there was a significant elevated risk for subsequent in situ cancers of the vagina and vulva (SIRs of 53.8 and 6.6, respectively); and invasive vaginal, vulvar, and rectal cancers (SIRs of 29.9, 5.7, and 2.2, respectively). Significantly elevated risks were observed across race and ethnic populations for subsequent vaginal in situ (SIR for whites of 49.4; blacks, 52.8; Asian/Pacific Islander [API], 91.4; and Hispanics, 55.7) and invasive cancers (SIR for whites of 25.7; blacks, 34.5; API, 48.5; and Hispanics, 25.2). CONCLUSIONS. The results of the current study demonstrate a substantially increased risk of the development of subsequent primary in situ and invasive cancers among cervical cancer survivors and have implications for the development of prevention and early detection strategies as the role of HPV infection becomes evident. Cancer 2008;113(10 suppl):2919,25. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society. [source]

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Southern Africa: Prevalence, Immunity, and Vaccine Prospects

Diseases caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV)

JOURNAL DER DEUTSCHEN DERMATOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT, Issue 5 2009
Alessandra Handisurya
Summary Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped tumor viruses with a double stranded DNA approximately 8 kilobases in length. The viral genome is enclosed by a spherical capsid with icosahedral symmetry and a diameter of about 55 nm. More than 100 HPV types have been identified. They infect the squamous epithelia of skin and mucosa and usually cause benign papillomas or warts. Persistent infection with high-risk oncogenic HPV causes all cervical cancers, most anal cancers, and a subset of vulvar, vaginal, penile and oropha-ryngeal cancers. In recent years cutaneous beta-HPV types have been associated with the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers. Two prophylactic HPV vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLP) are licensed. These are up to 100% effective in preventing HPV 16 and HPV 18 infections and associated genital lesions in women, who have not been previously infected with these types. One vaccine also prevents genital warts caused by HPV 6 and HPV 11. [source]

Importance of specimen type in detecting human papillomavirus DNA from the female genital tract

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 9 2009
Christine C. Roberts
Abstract HPV testing is a valuable tool in cervical cancer screening and efficacy assessment of HPV vaccines. Concordance of specimens from three sites for detection of HPV DNA in the female genital tract was evaluated. At a single visit, the following specimens were collected: an endo-ecto-cervical swab (EEC), labial/vulvar/perineal/perianal swab (LVPP) and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL). Specimens were evaluated with HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, and HPV18 type- and gene-specific PCR assays. Of the 898 women evaluated at baseline, 232 were HPV PCR positive in at least one specimen. Of these, for HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, and HPV18, respectively, throughout: (a) 70.4%, 40.0%, 65.3%, and 64.1% tested three-site positive; (b) 13.6%, 30.0%, 19.7%, and 18.8% tested two-site positive; and (c) 16.4%, 30.0%, 15.0%, and 17.2% tested single-site positive. For patients who tested single-site positive for HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, or HPV18, respectively, the specimen was: LVPP in 92.3%, 33.3%, 68.2%, and 72.7%; EEC in 0.0%, 33.3%, 18.2%, and 9.1%; and CVL in 7.7%, 33.3%, 13.6%, and 18.2%. Combining results of swab specimens together increases detection of HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, and HPV 18, respectively, to 98.7%, 90.0%, 97.9%, and 96.9%. HPV DNA is detectable from all three sites using type-specific PCR assays; most women who tested positive for a given HPV type were positive for that type in all three specimens. J. Med. Virol. 81:1620,1626, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Multiple human papilloma virus types in cervical infections: competition or synergy?

APMIS, Issue 5 2010
NINA MEJLHEDE
Mejlhede N, Pedersen BV, Frisch M, Fomsgaard A. Multiple human papilloma virus types in cervical infections: competition or synergy? APMIS 2010; 118: 346,52. Coinfection with multiple human papilloma virus (HPV) types is common in cervical HPV infection. To evaluate if infections with different HPV types occur independently, we examined 3558 women above 15 years of age suspected of cervical HPV infection. Among them, 1842 (52%) women were HPV negative and 1716 (48%) were HPV positive as analysed by a PCR-based commercial microarray assay for mucosal types. Of the HPV-positive samples, 824 (48%) had single infections, while 892 (52%) had multiple infections. Observed numbers of concurrent HPV types differed from expected numbers under the assumption of independence between infections by the various HPV types. Significant positive associations were observed for 16 pairs of HPV types in statistical analysis accounting for mass significance. Significant negative associations were also found, i.e. women with HPV-16 infection had 0.4 times the odds of having HPV-51 compared with women not infected with HPV-16. HPV-16 was the only type with odds ratios <1 for all pairwise combinations. While our findings of statistically significant coexistence do not prove biological dependence among HPV types, they do suggest that infections with some HPV types may depend on the existence of certain other HPV types. Any interaction between coexisting HPV types could either decrease or increase the efficacy of current HPV vaccines that offer mainly type-specific protection, depending on whether the types vaccinated against compete with other HPV types or not. [source]

A type-specific study of human papillomavirus prevalence in cervicovaginal samples in three different Spanish regions

APMIS, Issue 1 2009
JOSE JAVIER GOMEZ-ROMAN
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most frequent sexually transmitted viral infection. It is necessary to know HPV genotype distribution to identify how many women will be protected by HPV vaccines. During a period of 18 months, we have analyzed 2362 HPV positive reporting data from a secondary demand screening program in three regions in Spain (Cantabria, Leon and Burgos). The study has been conducted using polymerase chain reaction and tube array hybridization covering the 35 HPV genotypes described as affecting anogenital mucosa. There were no significant differences between the three regions according to genotype distribution. The most frequent were HPV16 (19.18%), HPV53 (11.26%) and HPV58 (7.66%). HPV18 was the source of 4.02% of infections. High-risk HPVs were found in 1863/2362 cases. HPV16 was present in 24.3% of high-risk infections and HPV18 was found in 5.1%. Uncommon genotypes (<5% of the total prevalence each) were found in 17,9% of the total high-risk infections (334/1863). Multiple infections were diagnosed in 22% of the cases. The HPV genotype distribution is different from previously published data when multiple types are included in the screening. Both HPV16/18 account for 30% of high-risk infections in a clinical setting in Spain. The presence of multiple genotypes is very common among the population. [source]

Women's knowledge about human papillomavirus and their acceptance of HPV vaccine

A study of women's knowledge regarding human papillomavirus infection, cervical cancer and human papillomavirus vaccines

Human papillomavirus-associated increase in p16INK4A expression in penile lichen sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2008
D.M. Prowse
Summary Background, Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are sexually transmitted human carcinogens that may play a role in the oncogenesis of penile cancer. Objectives, To investigate the role of HPV infection and expression of the tumour suppressor protein p16INK4A in the pathogenesis of penile cancer. Methods, By means of polymerase chain reaction amplification and reverse hybridization line probe assay to detect HPV infection, and immunohistochemical staining for p16INK4A and Ki67, we analysed 26 penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 20 independent penile lichen sclerosus (LS) lesions from 46 patients. Results, HPV DNA was found in 54% of penile SCCs and 33% of penile LS cases in single and multiple infections. High-risk HPV 16 was the predominant HPV type detected. No relationship between Ki67 expression and HPV infection was observed. Strong immunostaining for p16INK4A correlated with HPV 16/18 infection in both penile LS and penile SCC. In our penile SCC series the cancer margins were also associated with penile LS in 13 of 26 lesions, and HPV was detected in seven of the 13 SCC cases associated with LS and in six of the 11 SCC lesions not involving LS. Conclusions, Our study shows a high prevalence of HPV 16 and p16INK4A expression in penile lesions, consistent with an active role for HPV in interfering with the retinoblastoma pathway. High-risk HPV infection could be involved in the tumorigenic process in 50% of penile cancers, and the use of prophylactic HPV vaccines has the potential to prevent these cancers. [source]