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Gulf War (gulf + war)
Selected AbstractsWar and the global economyECONOMIC OUTLOOK, Issue 1 2002Article first published online: 5 FEB 200 Recent months have seen the adoption of an increasingly belligerent stance towards Iraq on the parts of the US and the UK in particular, signalling a shift from the policy of containment that has been in place since the last Gulf War, and towards a more aggressive policy. As yet, it is unclear whether this increased belligerence will culminate in a renewed full,scale military engagement with Iraq, to achieve the much vaunted ,regime change', or whether the outcome will be an agreement to a new programme of weapons inspections. But the risk of a military conflict appears to have increased. This article assesses the potential economic implications of such a conflict, exploring different scenarios for how it might evolve, and their impact on oil prices and global growth. [source] Media framing and social movement mobilization: German peace protest against INF missiles, the Gulf War, and NATO peace enforcement in BosniaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002Alice Holmes Cooper How does media framing of issues affect social movement mobilization? This relationship is examined in light of the striking variation in levels of German peace protest against INF missiles, the Gulf War and the NATO peace-keeping mission to Bosnia. I argue that this variation in mobilization capacity can be explained in part by the degree of congruence between media framing and movement framing of the issues involved. Congruence between the two framings facilitates movement mobilization, whereas divergence hinders it. I compare the relative congruence between movement framing and media framing in Die Tageszeitung and Der Spiegel coverage of the three issues. I also evaluate possible alternative or complementary explanations, including public opinion, ,normalization' and elite cues, and political opportunity structure. [source] Interaction of pyridostigmine and physical stress on antioxidant defense system in skeletal muscle of miceJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 4 2001R. Jagannathan Abstract Pyridostigmine bromide (PB), a reversible anticholinesterase drug, had been used against possible nerve gas exposure during the Persian Gulf War. The Gulf War veterans used PB and they were under physical stress. This study investigated the delayed and interactive effects of pyridostigmine and physical stress on the antioxidant defense system in triceps muscle of mice. Male NIH Swiss mice were divided into four groups and treated as follows: sedentary control; pyridostigmine (1.2 mg kg,1 p.o.); exercise; and PB plus exercise. Mice were exercised for 10 weeks, but PB was administered daily during the 5th and 6th weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatments and the triceps muscle was isolated and analyzed. There was a significant increase in total superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD + Mn-SOD) activity (141% of control) with PB plus exercise, suggesting that any influx of superoxide anions was scavenged efficiently. The Mn-SOD enzyme protein levels were reduced significantly (63% of control) by PB plus exercise. Catalase enzyme protein levels were increased significantly by exercise (132% of control) as well as by PB plus exercise (139% of control). Glutathione levels were increased significantly by exercise alone (123% of control). Pyridostigmine bromide plus exercise significantly increased the malondialdehyde concentration (124% of control) in the triceps muscle, indicating an oxidative stress response of the combination. The data indicate that a combination of PB ingestion and exercise training significantly altered the antioxidant enzyme activities, enzyme protein levels and lipid peroxidation, leading to oxidative injury. Physical stress amplified the delayed effects of PB in the skeletal muscle of mice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Leading the Charge: Media, Elites, and the Use of Emotion in Stimulating Rally Effects in WartimeJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 3 2010Sean Aday This study examines the relationship between media coverage, elite cues, and emotion in shaping public opinion about use of force. It utilizes data across three time periods: an experiment conducted in early 2005 during the Iraq War, National Election Studies data collected during the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, and NES data collected shortly after the U.S./coalition victory in the 1991 Gulf War. The study finds that contrary to conventional wisdom, media exert less influence on public opinion when they report negative or controversial news than when they reflect elite consensus and/or patriotic fervor. However, their importance is likely dependent upon the state of elite opinion, and thus media are best thought of as intervening variables between policymakers and the public. [source] When the British ,Tommy' went to war, public opinion followedJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2005Paul Baines This article seeks to outline how public opinion changed over the course of the government's announcement of 2nd Gulf War in Iraq until the scandal over the alleged ,sexed-up' Downing Street intelligence dossier. Using quantitative analysis of opinion poll data, together with in-depth interviews with journalists to show how the media were complicit in providing a positive spin for the government's stance on war, the authors conclude that the positive change in public opinion once the British soldiers were deployed occurred through one of the following mechanisms: 1) a patriotic effect, 2) government communication expertise and the management of a complicit news media, 3) the public basked in the reflected glory of the initially successful military or 4) some combination of the above. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An investigation of the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on physical healthJOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 1 2000Amy W. Wagner Abstract In a large sample of Gulf War veterans (N = 2301) we examined the relations between PTSD symptoms assessed immediately upon returning from the Gulf War and self-reported health problems assessed 18,24 months later. PTSD symptomatology was predictive of self-reported health problems over time for both men and women veterans, even after the effects of combat exposure were removed from the analysis. Female veterans reported significantly more health problems than male veterans, however, there was no interactive effect of gender and PTSD on health problems. These findings provide further support for the theory that psychological response to stressors impacts health outcome. [source] Studies on Young Child Malnutrition in Iraq: Problems and Insights, 1990,1999NUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 9 2000Dr.P.H., Richard Garfield R.N. Many reports on Iraq proclaimed a rise in rates of death and disease since the Gulf War of January/February 1991. Several of the studies on nutritional status are not readily accessible, and few have been compared to identify secular trends. Here, 27 studies examining nutrition among Iraqi children in the 1990s are reviewed. Only five studies were found to be of comparable methodologic quality. These are analyzed to identify major trends in child nutrition between August 1991 and June 1999. Limitations of existing studies and recommendations for future studies are discussed. [source] Integration Among Asia-Pacific and International Stock Markets: Common Stochastic Trends and Regime ShiftsPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2001Pierre L. Siklos Are stock markets in the Asia-Pacific region integrated with each other and with the US and Japan? The paper examines a number of common stochastic trends among stock prices in the US, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. If integration exists it is a fairly recent phenomenon. Institutional and economic considerations suggest the same is true so that a single common stochastic trend among Asian and North American markets is a recent phenomenon. The reason is that the stock markets studied were only recently sufficiently liberalized to permit some form of integration to emerge. Also, not only was the 1987 stock market crash significant, but the 1991 Gulf War also signalled a turning point in the degree of stock market integration among the countries studied. [source] Neurological mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 13-year follow-upAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 9 2009Shannon K. Barth MPH Abstract Background This study focuses on long-term mortality, specifically brain cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS) of 621,902 veterans who served in the 1990,1991 Persian Gulf War (GW), and 746,248 non-GW veterans. Methods Follow-up began with the date the veteran left the GW theater or May 1, 1991 and ended with the date of death or December 31, 2004. Cox proportional hazard models were used for analyses. Results Adjusted mortality rate ratios (aRR) of GW veterans compared to non-GW veterans were not statistically significant for brain cancer (aRR,=,0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73, 1.11), MS (aRR,=,0.61, 95% CI: 0.23, 1.63), Parkinson's disease (aRR,=,0.71, 95% CI: 0.17, 2.99), or ALS (aRR,=,0.96, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.62). GW veterans potentially exposed to nerve agents for 2 or more days and GW veterans exposed to oil well fire smoke were at increased risk for brain cancer mortality (aRR,=,2.71, 95% CI: 1.25, 5.87; aRR,=,1.81, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.27; respectively). Conclusions The risk of death due to ALS, MS, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer was not associated with 1991 GW service in general. However, GW veterans potentially exposed to nerve agents at Khamisiyah, Iraq, and to oil well fire smoke had an increased risk of mortality due to brain cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:663,670, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The Righteous Use of Violence: Rhetoric and Mythmaking before the First Gulf War (1990,91)POLAR: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ANTHROPOLOGY REVIEW, Issue 2 2004Andrew J. Brown First page of article [source] American Values or Human Rights?PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2003U.S. Foreign Policy, the Fractured Myth of Virtuous Power American exceptionalism placed American values at the center of foreign policy, fostering belief in the essential union of American virtue and power. Developing a theme of Henry Kissinger's, this article argues that in Vietnam this union was severed and undermined: America's power was defeated and its virtue assailed. Nixon offered only a pretense of reunion. Carter attempted the real thing by putting universal human rights, not American values, at the heart of foreign policy. His failure was followed by Reagan's denial of sin and reassurance of American values, though the Gulf War of his successor had a deeper impact on the national psyche. Clinton's foreign policy remained subject to the "Vietnam syndrome" and he, despite rhetorical dazzle, developed no new consensus on the disposition of American power. September 11, however, produced a sense of injured innocence in whose defense American power could again be virtuously deployed. The subsequent patriotic surge encouraged George W. Bush to revive American values in foreign policy, with potentially dangerous consequences. [source] Comparing the perceived causes of the second Iraq war: a network analysis approachAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 4 2006Umbereen Rafiq Abstract The objective of this research was to examine the representation by British students of 11 perceived causes of the invasion of Iraq. We used network analysis to develop a network of the pattern of causes that are involved. Overall most participants identified a nexus of causes that reciprocally linked religious prejudice, racism and the history of conflict in the Middle East. They identified a reciprocal link between religious prejudice and September 11th, indicating that it was a cause and effect of religious prejudice. They also supported a link between the personalities of Bush and Saddam and economic gain, and acknowledged the effect of the first Gulf war on Saddam. We also found that Muslim participants were significantly less in favour of the invasion than Christian participants, and produced different networks of the links between causes. The study demonstrates that network analysis can be used to compare and contrast representations of a political event, and thus extends its use in the study of social representations. Aggr. Behav. 32:321,329, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||