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Growth Effects (growth + effects)
Selected AbstractsGrowth Effects of Free Trade under Increasing ReturnsTHE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2002Ilaria Ossella-Durbal This paper addresses the long-term sustainability of the growth effects from trade, within the context of a dynamic optimization model where the investment sector exhibits an initial phase of increasing returns. It is proved that the qualitative properties of trade and growth remain valid, even for decreasing, rather than constant, returns to scale in the consumption sector. That is, trade enables an economy to escape a "poverty trap" and enjoy unbounded growth. Moreover, the asymptotic long-run growth rate of the optimal consumption levels with trade is determined, establishing that trade has a beneficial effect on long-run growth. JEL Classification Numbers: O41, F12. [source] Growth Effects of Bubbles in an Endogenous Growth ModelTHE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2000Koichi Futagami This paper examines the possibility of the existence of bubbles and their effects on the growth rate by using an endogenous growth model. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of steady-state equilibrium with bubbles is provided. If non-zero rates of the useless asset supply are allowed, a steady-state equilibrium with bubbles exists even if the growth rate of the bubbleless equilibrium is lower than the market interest rate. The growth rate in the steady state with bubbles depends positively on the supply rate of the useless asset. Dynamic properties of bubbles are also analysed. JEL Classification Numbers: E52, O41, O42. [source] The Distributional Heterogeneity of Growth Effects: Some EvidenceTHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 4 2003Brendan M. Cunningham This paper applies quantile regression and non-parametric density estimation techniques to international data on long-run economic growth. The approach reveals that previously identified drivers of growth vary in their impact across the conditional distribution of international growth. Specifically, these factors display disparate effects in conditional low-growth and high-growth contexts. The results suggest that there is a general bias underlying prior research. The incumbent drivers of growth exhibit relatively larger coefficients, in absolute value, on the upper tail of the conditional growth distribution. This set of stylized facts identifies factors that might alter the international distribution of growth. [source] Growth effects of methylphenidate among childhood cancer survivors: A 12-month case-matched open-label studyPEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 1 2009Bruce W. Jasper PhD Abstract Background To investigate the effect of stimulant medication [methylphenidate (MPH)] on growth patterns among survivors of childhood cancer (acute lymphoblastic leukemia or brain tumor). Procedure Using a case-matched comparison design, childhood cancer survivors participating in a 12-month open-label MPH trial (n,=,51) were compared with childhood cancer survivors not taking MPH (n,=,51). Measures of body mass index (BMI), height, and weight were obtained at hospital visits and corrected for gender and age using Centers for Disease Control normative data. Results Significant deceleration of BMI and weight, but not height, was observed during the 12-month MPH trial for those children taking MPH. Conclusions Childhood cancer survivors taking MPH experience significant, though modest, deceleration of BMI and weight across the first year of MPH intervention. The absence of height deceleration, and the presence of only modest BMI and weight deceleration, suggests that MPH is reasonably well tolerated by childhood cancer survivors with respect to growth. Such findings are encouraging in light of increasing evidence that MPH mitigates some of the cognitive late-effects of cancer treatments. Nevertheless, on a case-by-case basis, clinicians should balance the intended benefits of MPH with potential growth effects in this vulnerable population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:39,43. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effects of temperature, irradiance and photoperiod on growth and pigment content in some freshwater red algae in culturePHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2001Marcelo Ribeiro Zucchi SUMMARY The responses of relative growth rate (% day-1) and pigment content (chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin) to temperature, irradiance and photoperiod were analyzed in culture in seven freshwater red algae: Audouinella hermannii (Roth) Duby, Audouinella pygmaea (Kützing) Weber-van Bosse, Batrachospermum ambiguum Montagne, Batrachospermum delicatulum (Skuja) Necchi et Entwisle,,Chantransia' stages of B. delicatulum and Batrachospermum macrosporum Montagne and Compsopogon coeruleus (C. Agardh) Montagne. Experimental conditions included temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25°C and low and high irradiances (65 and 300 ,mol photons m,2 s,1, respectively). Long and short day lengths (16:8 and 8:16 LD cycles) were also applied at the two irradiances. Growth effects of temperature and irradiance were evident in most algae tested, and there were significant interactions among treatments. Most freshwater red algae had the best growth under low irradiance, confirming the preference of freshwater red algae for low light regimens. In general there was highest growth rate in long days and low irradiance. Growth optima in relation to temperature were species-specific and also varied between low and high irradiances for the same alga. The most significant differences in pigment content were related to temperature, whereas few significant differences could be attributed to variation in irradiance and photoperiod or interactions among the three parameters. The responses were species-specific and also differed for pigments in distinct temperatures, irradiances and photoperiods in the same alga. Phycocyanin was generally more concentrated than phycoerythrin and phycobiliproteins were more concentrated than chlorophyll a. The highest total pigment contents were found in two species typical of shaded habitats: A. hermannii and C. coeruleus. The expected inverse relationship of pigment with irradiance was observed only in C. coeruleus. In general, the most favorable conditions for growth were not coincident with those with highest pigment contents. [source] Interannual climatic variation mediates elevated CO2 and O3 effects on forest growthGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006MARK E. KUBISKE Abstract We analyzed growth data from model aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest ecosystems grown in elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]; 518 ,L L,1) and ozone concentrations ([O3]; 1.5 × background of 30,40 nL L,1 during daylight hours) for 7 years using free-air CO2 enrichment technology to determine how interannual variability in present-day climate might affect growth responses to either gas. We also tested whether growth effects of those gasses were sustained over time. Elevated [CO2] increased tree heights, diameters, and main stem volumes by 11%, 16%, and 20%, respectively, whereas elevated ozone [O3] decreased them by 11%, 8%, and 29%, respectively. Responses similar to these were found for stand volume and basal area. There were no growth responses to the combination of elevated [CO2+O3]. The elevated [CO2] growth stimulation was found to be decreasing, but relative growth rates varied considerably from year to year. Neither the variation in annual relative growth rates nor the apparent decline in CO2 growth response could be explained in terms of nitrogen or water limitations. Instead, growth responses to elevated [CO2] and [O3] interacted strongly with present-day interannual variability in climatic conditions. The amount of photosynthetically active radiation and temperature during specific times of the year coinciding with growth phenology explained 20,63% of the annual variation in growth response to elevated [CO2] and [O3]. Years with higher photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) during the month of July resulted in more positive growth responses to elevated [CO2] and more negative growth responses to elevated [O3]. Mean daily temperatures during the month of October affected growth in a similar fashion the following year. These results indicate that a several-year trend of increasingly cloudy summers and cool autumns were responsible for the decrease in CO2 growth response. [source] Mutual influence of protein and lipid feed content on European catfish (Silurus glanis) growthJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2 2004E. Has-Schön Summary We wished to determine protein and lipid content in pelleted raw fish food, necessary for optimal growth of European catfish (Silurus glanis). Experiments were set up in 20 cages, each holding 30 young catfish. Fishes in each cage received a different food combination over a 98-day period at favourable physical and chemical water conditions. Food protein content varied between 37.5 and 45%, while lipid content, added in the form of soybean oil, varied between 3 and 11%. The oil contained an adequate , -fatty acids concentration, necessary for fish growth. The main growth indicators determined at the end of experiment were total body gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio. There was a high statistical difference among the experimental groups receiving variable food combinations for each growth parameter (P < 0.001). Both protein and lipid food content affected growth parameters, but in a different manner. Further analysis , percentage of change depending on lipid to protein ratio and bivariate surface analysis , allowed us to recognize the most economical combination: 39.5% protein + 9% lipid content. The addition of 9% soybean oil to the fish food reduces the necessary protein concentration by 5.5%, with resulting identical catfish growth effects. [source] Inflation and Growth: Stories Short and TallJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 4 2000Jonathan Temple This paper reviews the stories that economists tell about the growth effects of inflation. Informal accounts are common, but there are few models that get to grips with the effects that are probably central. Partly as a result of this, and partly as a result of many econometric problems, much of the empirical evidence remains unconvincing. The paper assesses the various contributions, and suggests possible improvements. [source] CONSIDERING THE SOURCE: DOES THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF FDI MATTER TO ECONOMIC GROWTH?,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Timothy C. Ford ABSTRACT It has long been surmised that firms controlled by different countries may have unequal effects on the host economies in which they locate. By looking at the seven major source countries of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States, we provide empirical evidence that the state growth effects of FDI differ by source country. We attribute these differential growth effects to the relative differences in factor endowments between the source country and the state. The implication of this result is that technology transfer, believed to be the engine of economic growth, becomes more costly the more dissimilar the endowments. [source] Stress and the periodontal diseases: growth responses of periodontal bacteria to Escherichia coli stress-associated autoinducer and exogenous FeMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005A. Roberts Psychological stress is known to increase the circulating levels of the catecholamine hormones noradrenaline and adrenaline, which have been shown to influence the growth of a large number of bacterial species by acting in a siderophore-like manner or by inducing the production of novel autoinducers of growth. As we have previously demonstrated that periodontal organisms display differing growth responses to noradrenaline and adrenaline, the aim of this study was to determine whether these growth effects were based upon either siderophore-like or autoinducer mechanisms. Initial inocula of 43 microbial organisms normally found within the subgingival biofilm were established under anaerobic conditions (35°C). Each strain was re-inoculated into a serum-based minimal medium and growth was assessed by optical density (OD600nm) with test and control cultures performed in triplicate. Test cultures were supplemented with either 50 ,m ferric nitrate or a previously described Escherichia coli autoinducer of growth. Significant growth effects for supplementation with ferric nitrate (13 species responding positively) and E. coli autoinducer (24 species responding positively) were observed, with differences in growth response within bacterial species and within microbial complexes. When data for all organisms were compared with published responses to catecholamines there were only weak correlations with Fe (r = 0.28) and E. coli autoinducer (r = 0.34) responses. However, large positive responses (> 25% increase) to free Fe and/or E. coli autoinducer were significantly more prevalent in the group of organisms (n = 12) known to exhibit similar responses to catecholamine hormones (P < 0.01; ,2 = 4.56). The results support the view that catecholamines may exert their effects on subgingival organisms by initiating autoinducer production, or simply by acting in a siderophore-like manner, scavenging bound iron from the local environment. It is possible that autoinducer mechanisms may play an important role in the response of oral microorganisms to stress hormones, thereby contributing to the clinical course of stress-associated periodontal diseases. [source] Growth effects of methylphenidate among childhood cancer survivors: A 12-month case-matched open-label studyPEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 1 2009Bruce W. Jasper PhD Abstract Background To investigate the effect of stimulant medication [methylphenidate (MPH)] on growth patterns among survivors of childhood cancer (acute lymphoblastic leukemia or brain tumor). Procedure Using a case-matched comparison design, childhood cancer survivors participating in a 12-month open-label MPH trial (n,=,51) were compared with childhood cancer survivors not taking MPH (n,=,51). Measures of body mass index (BMI), height, and weight were obtained at hospital visits and corrected for gender and age using Centers for Disease Control normative data. Results Significant deceleration of BMI and weight, but not height, was observed during the 12-month MPH trial for those children taking MPH. Conclusions Childhood cancer survivors taking MPH experience significant, though modest, deceleration of BMI and weight across the first year of MPH intervention. The absence of height deceleration, and the presence of only modest BMI and weight deceleration, suggests that MPH is reasonably well tolerated by childhood cancer survivors with respect to growth. Such findings are encouraging in light of increasing evidence that MPH mitigates some of the cognitive late-effects of cancer treatments. Nevertheless, on a case-by-case basis, clinicians should balance the intended benefits of MPH with potential growth effects in this vulnerable population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:39,43. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Leaf expansion in Phaseolus: transient auxin-induced growth increasePHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 4 2007Christopher P. Keller Control of leaf expansion by auxin is not well understood. Evidence from short-term exogenous applications and from treatment of excised tissues suggests auxin positively influences growth. Manipulations of endogenous leaf auxin content, however, suggest that long-term auxin suppresses leaf expansion. This study attempts to clarify the growth effects of auxin on unifoliate (primary) leaves of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by reexamining the response to auxin treatment of both excised leaf strips and attached leaves. Leaf strips, incubated in culture conditions that promoted steady elongation for up to 48 h, treated with 10 ,M,-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) responded with an initial surge of elongation growth complete within 10 h, followed by insensitivity. A range of NAA concentrations from 0.1 to 300 ,M induced increased strip elongation after 24 and 48 h. Increased elongation and epinastic curvature of leaf strips was found specific to active auxins. Expanding attached unifoliates treated once with aqueous auxin NAA at 1.0 mM showed both an initial surge in growth lasting 4,6 h followed by growth inhibition sustained at least as long as 24 h post-treatment. Auxin-induced inhibition of leaf expansion was associated with smaller epidermal cell area. Together, the results suggest increasing leaf auxin first increases growth and then slows growth through inhibition of cell expansion. Excised leaf strips retain only the initial increased growth response to auxin and not the subsequent growth inhibition, either as a consequence of wounding or as a consequence of isolation from the plant. [source] Ing4 induces Cell Growth Inhibition in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells by Means of Wnt-1/,-Catenin Signaling PathwayTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Xiaomei Li Abstract ING4, as a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene, has been implicated in several human malignances by tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis enhancement. The mechanism of ING4 remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory tumor growth effects of ING4 on lung adenocarcinoma, and its mechanism, by ING4 cDNA transduction into A549 cells. Furthermore, the expression level of ING4 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was examined. The expression of ING4 was markedly reduced in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Overexpression of ING4 can induce growth inhibition in A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo, and also induce up-regulation of p27, down-regulation of cyclinD1, SKP2, and Cox2, and inactivation of the Wnt-1/,-catenin pathway. Moreover, overexpression of ING4 can enhance the sensitivity of A549 cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Thus, ING4 may play an inhibitory role on A549 cell proliferation and tumor growth in lung adenocarcinoma by up-regulation or down-regulation of cell proliferation-regulating proteins such as p27, cyclinD1, SKP2, and Cox2 by means of inactivation of Wnt-1/,-catenin signaling. Anat Rec, 291:593,600, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] AN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL WITH PUBLIC CAPITAL AND SUSTAINABLE GOVERNMENT DEBT,THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2007ALFRED GREINER This paper presents and analyses an endogenous growth model with public capital and public debt. It is assumed that the ratio of the primary surplus to gross domestic income is a positive linear function of the debt income ratio which assures that public debt is sustainable. The paper then derives necessary conditions for the existence of a sustainable balanced growth path for the analytical model. Further, simulations are undertaken in order to gain insight into stability properties of the model and in order to analyse growth effects of deficit financed increases in public investment. The latter is done for the model on the sustainable balanced growth path as well as for the model along the transition path. [source] Growth Effects of Free Trade under Increasing ReturnsTHE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2002Ilaria Ossella-Durbal This paper addresses the long-term sustainability of the growth effects from trade, within the context of a dynamic optimization model where the investment sector exhibits an initial phase of increasing returns. It is proved that the qualitative properties of trade and growth remain valid, even for decreasing, rather than constant, returns to scale in the consumption sector. That is, trade enables an economy to escape a "poverty trap" and enjoy unbounded growth. Moreover, the asymptotic long-run growth rate of the optimal consumption levels with trade is determined, establishing that trade has a beneficial effect on long-run growth. JEL Classification Numbers: O41, F12. [source] Volatiles Released by a Streptomyces Species Isolated from the North SeaCHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 7 2005Jeroen The North Sea Streptomyces strain GWS-BW-H5 was investigated by analyzing headspace extracts of agar-plate cultures (HE) or liquid cultures (LCE), obtained with a closed-loop stripping apparatus (CLSA), by GC/MS (Table,1). The volatile profile of the HE is dominated by the known volatiles (,)-geosmin (4) and 2-methyisoborneol (1). Small amounts of sesquiterpenes occur, which are present in a more-diverse structural variety and in higher quantities in the LCE. The different structures can be rationalized by few cationic intermediates along their biosynthetic pathway. The most-prominent difference between the two culture methods were the presence of the Me-branched , - and , -lactones 31,38, not previously reported from nature, in the LCE. Major components were 10-methyldodecan-5-olide (34), 10-methyldodec-2-en-4-olide (36), and 10-methyldodec-3-en-4-olide (38). The structures of all new lactones were verified by synthesis. Furthermore, more volatiles in higher amounts were produced by the liquid culture than by to the agar plate culture. Since 36 showed inhibitory growth effects against strain GWS-BW-H5, growth inhibition against twelve other strains isolated from the same habitat was tested. Antagonistic activity against four of the strains was observed, with a slightly higher threshold level than found for penicillin G, which was used in control experiments (Table,2). [source] | ||||||||||||||||