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Groups C (groups + c)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	72%
Life Sciences	18%

Selected Abstracts

Comparative in vitro study of the sealing efficiency of white vs grey ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate formulas as apical barriers

DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2008
Spyridon Stefopoulos
Recently conventional grey MTA has been replaced by a new white MTA formula. The aim of this study was to compare the root canal adaptation of white MTA to that of grey MTA when used as an apical barrier in teeth with open apices. We also examined whether a previous calcium hydroxide intracanal medication affects MTA's sealing ability and investigated the ability to remove calcium hydroxide from the root canal walls. Forty-nine teeth were prepared in a manner to simulate a divergent open apex of immature teeth. Four teeth were used in a preliminary experiment to demonstrate the inefficacy of calcium hydroxide removal from the canal walls in teeth with open apices. Four groups of 10 teeth each were created: groups A and B were treated with calcium hydroxide intracanal medication and then received an apical plug of grey and white MTA respectively. Groups C and D received an apical plug of grey and white MTA respectively without previous intracanal medication. Four teeth served as negative and one as a positive control. The marginal adaptation and sealing ability of the apical barrier were tested by means of a dye tracer (basic fuchsine) after longitudinal sectioning. It was found that MTA apical barrier resisted displacement during gutta-percha condensation. Calcium hydroxide pretreatment, adversely affected white MTA sealing ability (P < 0.05). [source]

Comparing botulinum toxin A with casting for treatment of dynamic equinus in children with cerebral palsy

DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 9 2005
Jeffrey D Ackman MD
The purpose of this study was to compare the cumulative efficacy (three treatment sessions) of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) alone, casting alone, and the combination of BTX-A and casting in the management of dynamic equinus in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Thirty-nine children with spastic CP (mean age 5y 10mo, range 3 to 9y) were enrolled in the study. A multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled prospective study was used. Children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: BTX-A only (B), placebo injection plus casting (C), or BTX-A plus casting (B+C). The dosage for the BTX-A injections was 4U/kg per extremity. Assessments were performed at baseline, 3,6,7.5, and 12 months with a total of three treatments administered after the evaluations at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Primary outcome measures were ankle kinematics, velocity, and stride length. Secondary outcome measures were ankle spasticity, strength, range of motion, and ankle kinetics. Group B made no significant change in any variable at any time. Groups C and B+C demonstrated significant improvements in ankle kinematics, spasticity, passive range of motion, and dorsiflexor strength. Results of this 1-year study indicate that BTX-A alone provided no improvement in the parameters measured in this study, while casting and BTX-A/casting were effective in the short- and long-term management of dynamic equinus in children with spastic CP. [source]

Simultaneous exposure to low concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, deltamethrin, nonylphenol and phytoestrogens has negative effects on the reproductive parameters in male Spraque-Dawley rats

ANDROLOGIA, Issue 4 2007
E. Kilian
Summary Many reports suggest that male reproductive health has deteriorated over the last decades, possibly due to environmental contaminants that act as endocrine disruptors. This hypothesis was tested in Sprague-Dawley rats using a modified Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 415 one-generation test. Group A received cottonseed oil as control, and Groups B, C and D received deltamethrin (DM); DM and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); and DM, DDT, phytoestrogens and p -nonylphenol, respectively. Rats were exposed in utero and then received the substances for 10 weeks. The seminal vesicle mass (Group B; P = 0.046) and sperm count [Groups C (P = 0.013) and D (P = 0.003)] were lower and the anogenital distance [Group B (P = 0.047) C (P = 0.045) and D (P = 0.002)] shorter compared with the control group. The seminiferous tubule diameter [Groups B (P = <0.001), C (P = <0.001) and D (P = <0.001)] and epithelium thickness [Groups B (P = 0.030), C (P = <0.001) and D (P = <0.001)] were smaller compared with the control. The histology of the testes showed signs of apical sloughing and vacuolisation. Liver weights [Groups C (P = 0.013) and D (P = 0.005)] and liver enzymes [Group D (P = 0.013)] were also affected. These findings may indicate that simultaneous exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds contributes to the deterioration observed in male reproductive health. [source]

COMBINED SPINAL AND EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA WITH CHLOROPROCAINE FOR HYSTERECTOMY

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
Run-Qiao Fu
SUMMARY 1The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of chloroprocaine (CP) for gynaecological surgery. 2One hundred and twenty gynaecological patients scheduled for hysterectomy were divided randomly into four groups: Group A (n = 30), 2.5% CP 1.0 mL; Group B (n = 30), 2.5% CP 1.2 mL; Group C (n = 30), 2.5% CP 1.4 mL; and Group D (n = 30), 2.5% CP 1.6 mL. The dose of CP used in each group was mixed with 1 mL vehicle containing 5% glucose and 1.5% ephedrine. Spinal anaesthesia was achieved by lumbar puncture in the L2,3 interspace and injection of the mixture. Wherever necessary, CP (2.5%) was used for epidural anaesthesia. 3Although the times to onset and peak effect, as well as the grade of motor block of the lower limbs (Bromage scale), were similar among the four groups, the level of the highest sensory nerve block increased gradually, from T7 (± 1), T6 (± 1), T4 (± 1) to T3 (± 1) in Groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The rate of unsatisfactory spinal anaesthesia was 80 and 16.7% in Groups A and B, respectively, and consequently epidural anaesthesia was superimposed in those patients for surgery to start. Spinal anaesthesia was very satisfactory for surgery in Groups C and D. In contrast, the incidence of hypotension in Groups B, C and D was 6.7, 16.7 and 67.7%, respectively; however, respiratory depression only occurred in Group D in nine cases (30%). No other adverse events or neurologic deficits were found. 4The present results suggest that 30,35 mg CP in a total volume of 2.2,2.4 mL used for spinal anaesthesia in hysterectomy is safe and efficient. The combination of spinal and epidural anaesthesia with 2.5% CP can achieve 100% satisfactory anaesthesia for this type of surgery. [source]

Effect of GBR in combination with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and/or enamel matrix proteins on the healing of critical-size defects

CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004
Nikolaos Donos
Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effect of guided bone regeneration (GBR) in combination with or without deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and/or an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on the healing of critical-size calvarial defects. Material and methods: Forty rats were used. In all animals, a standardized critical-size calvarial defect was created surgically. The animals were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Group A: One calvarial defect was left untreated, while the galeal and the cerebral aspect of the contralateral defect were covered with a bioresorbable membrane (GBR). Group B: One calvarial defect was filled with EMD, while the contralateral defect was treated with GBR and EMD. Group C: One defect was filled with DBBM, while the contralateral defect was treated with combination of GBR and DBBM. Group D: One defect was filled with DBBM combined with EMD, while the contralateral defect was treated with combination of GBR, DBBM and EMD. The healing period was 4 months. Five specimens from each group were macerated and the length, the width and the vertical dimension (thickness) of the remaining defect were evaluated by a stereomicroscope. The remaining specimens in each group were analyzed histologically. Results: The defects of the macerated specimens that were left untreated or were treated only by EMD, DBBM and combination of EMD and DBBM did not present predictably complete healing of the defects. All the defects where GBR was applied alone or combined with DBBM and/or EMD presented always complete healing (P<0.05). The combined use of GBR with EMD and/or DBBM did not offer any significant advantage above GBR alone in terms of healing of the length and the width of the defect. However, the vertical dimension of the defect was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the GBR-treated specimens of Groups C and D. The histological analysis supported these findings. Conclusion: The predictability of bone formation in critical-size defects depends mainly on the presence or absence of barrier membranes (GBR). The combined use with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and/or enamel matrix proteins did not significantly enhance the potential for complete healing provided by the GBR procedure. Résumé Le but de cette étude a été d'évaluer l'effet de l'association de la ROG avec ou sans minéral osseux bovin déprotéiné (DBBM) et/ou un dérivé de la matrice amélaire (EMD) sur la guérison de lésions crâniennes. Cette étude a eu recours à quarante rats. Chez tous les animaux, une lésion crânienne standardisée de grandeur critique a été créée chirurgicalement. Les animaux ont été répartis au hasard en quatre groupes de dix. Groupe A : une lésion crânienne fût laissée sans traitement, tandis que les deux côtés de la lésion latérale étaient recouvertes par une membrane biorésorbable (ROG), groupe B : une lésion crânienne remplie avec EMD tandis que la lésion contralatérale était traitée avec GBR et EMD, groupe C : une lésion remplie avec DBBM et la lésion contralatérale traitée par GBR et DBBM, Groupe D : une lésion remplie avec DBBM combinée avec EMD tandis que la lésion contralatérale a été traitée par une combinaison de ROG, DBBM et EMD. La période de guérison était de quatre mois. Cinq spécimens de chaque groupe ont été macérés et la longueur, la largeur et l'épaisseur de la lésion restante ont étéévaluées au stéréomicroscope. Les autres spécimens de chaque groupe ont été analysés histologiquement. Les lésions des spécimens macérés laissées sans traitement ou qui avaient été traitées seulement par EMD, DBBM et une combinaison de EMD et DBBM ne produisaient pas de manière prévisible une guérison complète des lésions. Toutes les lésions où la ROG était appliquée seule ou en association avec DBBM et /ou EMD présentaient toujours une guérison complète (p<0,05). L'utilisation conjointe de la ROG avec EMD et/ou DBBM n'offrait aucun avantage significatif sur la ROG seule en termes de guérison de la longueur et de la largeur de la lésion. Cependant la dimension verticale était significativement plus importante (p<0,05) dans les spécimens traités ROG des groupes C et D. L'analyse histologique a étayé ces découvertes. La prévision d'une formation osseuse dans les lésions de taille critique dépend essentiellement de la présence ou de l'absence de membranes barrières (ROG). L'utilisation combinée du minéral osseux bovin déprotéiné et /ou des protéínes de la matrice amélaire n'augmentait pas de manière significative le potentiel d'une guérison complète apportée par le processus ROG. Zusammenfassung Ziele: Die Untersuchung des Effekts der GBR in Kombination mit oder ohne deproteiniertem bovinem Knochenmineral (DBBM) und/oder einem Schmelzmatrix Derivat (EMD) auf die Heilung von Defekten mit kritischer Grösse. Material & Methoden: Es wurden 40 Ratten verwendet. Bei allen Tieren wurde auf der Calvaria chirurgisch ein standardisierter Defekt mit einer kritischen Grösse kreiert. Die Ratten wurden zufällig in 4 Gruppen mit je 10 Tieren aufgeteilt. Gruppe A: Ein Calvariadefekt wurde unbehandelt belassen, während der kontralaterale Defekt sowohl auf der cerebralen als auch auf der galealen Seite mit einer bioresorbierbaren Membran abgedeckt wurde (GBR). Gruppe B: Ein Calvariadefekt wurde mit EMD gefüllt, während der kontralaterale Defekt mit GBR und EMD behandelt wurde. Gruppe C: Ein Defekt wurde mit DBBM gefüllt, während der kontralaterale Defekt mit einer Kombination von GBR und DBBM behandelt wurde. Gruppe D: Ein Defekt wurde mit einer Kombination aus DBBM und EMD gefüllt, während der kontralaterale Defekt mit einer Kombination von GBR, DBBM und EMD behandelt wurde. Die Heilungszeit betrug 4 Monate. Fünf Präparate von jeder Gruppe wurden mazeriert und es wurden die Länge, die Breite und vertikale Dimension (Dicke) des verbleibenden Defekts unter dem Stereomikroskop ausgewertet. Die übrigen Präparate jeder Gruppe wurden histologisch analysiert. Resultate: Die Defekte der mazerierten Präparate, welche unbehandelt belassen oder nur mit EMD,DBBM und einer Kombination von EMD und DBBM behandelt worden waren, zeigten keine voraussagbare komplette Heilung der Defekte. Alle Defekte, bei denen GBR allein oder in Kombination mit DBBM und/oder EMD appliziert worden war, zeigten immer eine komplette Heilung (P>0.05). Die Kombination von GBR mit EMD und/oder DBBM bot gegenüber der GBR allein keine signifikanten Vorteile bezüglich Ausheilung der Länge und Breite der Defekte. Jedoch war die vertikale Dimension der Defekte bei den GBR behandelten Präparaten der Gruppen C und D signifikant grösser (P>0.05). Die histologische Analyse unterstützte diese Befunde. Schlussfolgerung: Die Voraussagbarkeit der Knochenbildung in Defekten mit kritischer Grösse hängt hauptsächlich von der Präsenz oder Absenz von Barrieremembranen (GBR) ab. Die kombinierte Verwendung von deproteiniertem bovinem Knochenmineral und/oder Schmelzmatrix Proteinen verbesserte das Potential für eine komplette Defektausheilung durch das GBR Verfahren nicht signifikant. Resumen Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto de GBR en combinación con o sin mineral óseo bovino desproteinizado (DBBM) y/o derivado de la matriz del esmalte (EMD) en la cicatrización de defectos de tamaño crítico en el calvario. Material y Métodos: Se usaron cuarenta ratas. En todos los animales se creó quirúrgicamente un defecto estándar de tamaño crítico en el calvario. Los animales se alojaron aleatoriamente en 4 grupos de 10 animales. Grupo A: Un defecto del calvario se dejó sin tratar, mientras que los aspectos galeales y cerebrales del defecto contralateral se cubrieron con una membrana biorreabsorbible (GBR). Grupo B: Un defecto del calvario se rellenó con EMD, mientras que el defecto contralateral se trató con GBR y EMD. Grupo C: Un defecto se rellenó con DBBM, mientras el defecto contralateral se trató con una combinación de GBR y DBBM. Grupo D: UN defecto se rellenó con DBBM combinado con EMD, mientras que el defecto contralateral se trató con una combinación de GBR, DBBM y EMD. El periodo de cicatrización fue de 4 meses. Cinco especímenes de cada grupo se maceraron, y se evaluó la longitud, la anchura y la dimensión vertical (grosor) del defecto remanente por estereomicroscopía. Los especímenes restantes de cada grupo se analizaron histológicamente. Resultados: Los defectos de los especímenes macerados que se dejaron sin tratar o se trataron solo con EMD, DBBM y una combinación de EMD y DBBM no presentaron una cicatrización completa predecible de los defectos. Todos los defectos en los que se aplicó GBR sola o combinada con DBBM y/o EMD siempre presentó cicatrización completa (p<0.05). El uso combinado de GBR con EMD y/o DBBM no ofreció ninguna ventaja significativa sobre GBR solo en términos de cicatrización de la longitud y la anchura del defecto. De todos modos, la dimensión vertical del defecto fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) in los grupos tratados con GBR de los grupos C y D. Los análisis histológicos apoyaron estos hallazgos. Conclusión: La predictibilidad de la formación de hueso en defectos de tamaño crítico depende principalmente de la presencia o ausencia de membranas de barrera (GBR). El uso combinado con mineral óseo bovino desproteinizado y/o proteínas de la matriz del esmalte no realzaron significativamente el potencial para la cicatrización completa suministrado por el procedimiento de GBR. [source]

Prevalence of alcohol use disorders and associated factors: a population-based study using AUDIT in southern Brazil

ADDICTION, Issue 6 2003
Raúl A. Mendoza-Sassi
ABSTRACT Aims To assess the prevalence of potential alcohol use disorders and associated factors using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting A town in southern Brazil. Participants A representative sample of 1260 people aged 15 and over. Measurements Demographic, socioeconomic, smoking habit and mental health data were collected. Logistic regression was used in the multivariate analysis, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Findings Overall prevalence of alcohol use disorder was 7.9%, with 14.5% prevalence among men and 2.4% among women. The risk of alcohol misuse increased across social class (P linear trend = 0.03) and compared with the highest classes (A and B), groups C through E had ORs of 1.48, 1.51 and 2.36, respectively. Males had an OR of 6.89 (CI 3.61,13.16) compared with women. A linear trend was found (P = 0.001) between smoking categories, and smokers (OR 3.27; CI 1.91,5.58) and ex-smokers (OR 1.30; CI 0.56,2.98) were at higher risk than non-smokers. Those with minor psychiatric disorders had a 2.48 OR (CI 1.35,4.56) of presenting a positive test. Conclusions The AUDIT detected a high prevalence of potential alcohol use disorders in the population sampled. Those identified are potential targets for preventive measures implemented through health policies. [source]

Effect of cell seeding concentration on the quality of tissue engineered constructs loaded with adult human articular chondrocytes

JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Issue 1 2008
Sebastian Concaro
Abstract Many aspects of the process of in vitro differentiation of chondrocytes in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds need to be further investigated. Chitosan scaffolds were produced by freeze-drying 3% w/v 90% DDA chitosan gels. The effect of the cell seeding concentration was evaluated by culturing human adult chondrocytes in chitosan scaffolds After the first passage, cells were seeded into chitosan scaffolds with a diameter of 8 mm. The final cell seeding concentration per cm3 of chitosan scaffold was: Group A, 3 × 106; Group B, 6 × 106; Group C, 12 × 106; and Group D, 25 × 106 cells. After 14 and 28 days in 3D culture, the constructs were assesed for collagen, glucosaminoglycans and DNA content. The mechanical properties of the constructs were determined using a dynamic oscillatory shear test. The histological aspect of the constructs was evaluated using the Bern score. The collagen and GAG concentration increased, varying the cell seeding concentration. There was a significant increase in proteoglycan and hydroxyproline production between groups C and D. The sulphated GAG content increased significantly in the group D as compared to the other groups. The mechanical properties of the different constructs increased over time, from 9.6 G,/kPa at 14 days of 3D culture to 14.6 G,/kPa at 28 days under the same culture conditions. In this study we were able to determine that concentrations of 12,25 million cells/cm2 are needed to increase the matrix production and mechanical properties of human adult chondrocytes under static conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Effects of Supplementation with Ascorbic Acid for a Period of 120 days on the Myosin-V and NADPHd Positive Myenteric Neurons of the Ileum of Rats

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 3 2005
J. N. Zanoni
Summary We investigated the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation on the NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) and myosin-V myenteric neurons in the ileum of rats, after 4 months of treatment. Two groups were compared, i.e. controls rats (C) and AA-treated rats (CA). Myosin-V immunohistochemistry and NADPHd histochemistry were employed. We investigated the areas of 500 cell bodies of myosin-V neurons and of 500 NADPHd stained neurons from all groups. The quantitative analysis was performed using an area of 8.96 mm2 from each ileum. There was an increase of 21.9% in the myosin-V immunoreactive myenteric neurons (P > 0.05) and of 22.5% in the NADPHd in group CA when compared with C (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences when we compared the area of myosin-V stained neurons between groups C and CA. However, we verified an area reduction of 7.5% in NADPHd neurons when comparing group C to group CA (P < 0.05). [source]

Body lipid and fatty acid composition in male gilthead seabream broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle: effects of a diet lacking n-3 and n-6 HUFA

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2009
M.V. MARTÍN
Abstract Total lipid (TL), lipid classes and fatty acid composition of neutral (NL) and polar (PL) lipids were studied in the gonads, liver and muscle of gilthead seabream males (Sparus aurata) fed a control diet (diet C) or an n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA)-deficient diet (diet D), at different stages of the reproductive cycle. Between pre-spermatogenesis (November) and spermatogenesis (March), the lipid content was high and particularly rich in cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in gonads from both dietary groups. At post-spermatogenesis (June), TL and especially PL dramatically decreased in the gonads from both groups. However, at this period diet C fish gonads were richer in triacylglycerides (TAG) than those from diet D fish. The liver lipid contents and particularly TAG were over 200% lower in June than in March for both groups. Nevertheless, the most noteworthy depletion of lipids during this period was achieved by the n-3 HUFA in diet D fish. Conversely, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) did not decrease in NL or PL from gonads and liver in groups C and D. Muscle lipids from diet C fish were relatively insensitive to seasonal influences. However, in June, the muscle TAG content was significantly reduced in diet D fish. [source]

Effect of 50 Hz, 0.2 mT magnetic fields on RBC properties and heart functions of albino rats

BIOELECTROMAGNETICS, Issue 8 2003
Fadel M. Ali
Abstract In this work the effect of sinusoidal 50 Hz, 0.2 mT magnetic fields on the red blood cells (RBCs) and heart functions of Albino rats were investigated. Twenty-four male Albino rats were equally divided into four groups, A, B, C, and D. Animals from groups B were continuously exposed to the magnetic field for 15 days; and groups C and D, for 30 days. Group A was used as control. Animals from group D were kept after exposure to the magnetic field for a period of 45 days for delayed effect studies. The osmotic fragility and shape of RBCs' membrane and hemoglobin (Hb) structure tests were carried out for all groups. The dielectric relaxation of Hb molecules was measured in the frequency range of 0.1,10 MHz and the dielectric increment (,,), relaxation time (,), molecular radius (r), and Cole-Cole parameter (,) were calculated for all groups. The ECG was measured for all animals before and after exposure to the magnetic field. The results indicated that exposure of the animals to 50 Hz, 0.2 mT magnetic fields resulted in the decrease of RBCs membrane elasticity and permeability and changes in the molecular structure of Hb. The ECG of the exposed animals was considerably altered. The data also indicated that there was no sign of repair in the newly generated RBCs structure and the ECG after removing the animals from the magnetic field, which indicates that the blood generating system was severely injured. The injuries in the heart of the animals were attributed to the loss of some physiological functions of the RBCs as a result of exposures of the rats to the magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 24:535,545, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Alteration of inflammatory response following small-volume resuscitation

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 7 2000
F. Gebhard
Background Small-volume resuscitation is rather effective in the primary volume treatment of major trauma. Blood pressure stabilizing effects occur immediately but last for a limited period only. Influences on inflammatory reactions in humans have not been reported so far. This prospective randomized study therefore analysed the inflammatory response in the very early (pre)clinical period after administration of crystalloids plus starch, hyperosmolar/hyperoncotic starch and lyophilized plasma solutions. Methods Upon approval of the ethics committee, 41 patients were enrolled with multiple injuries (injury severity score (ISS) mean 34 (range 9,75)). The patients received randomly either standard solutions, i.e. starch plus crystalloids (group C (control); n = 14), hyperosmolar/hyperoncotic starch (group S (small volume); n = 14) or lyophilized plasma (group L (lyoplasma); n = 13). Subsets were performed according to the different solutions as well as to the severity of trauma (ISS below 17, 18,31, 32 or more) and survivors/non-survivors. The first blood sample was obtained at the scene of the accident before cardiopulmonary resuscitation, when appropriate. Subsequently, blood samples were collected hourly. All samples were spun immediately at 4°C and stored at ,70°C. Interleukin (IL) 6 as well as several different prostaglandins (PGI2, thromboxane A2, PGE2) were determined to characterize the overall inflammatory response. Results Eleven casualties (seven men and four women, mean age 31 years) died because of major trauma within 24 h after the incident. In all patients IL-6 levels promptly increased within the first 2 h, most pronounced in patients with the severest trauma (ISS greater than 32) and non-survivors. Patients in groups C and S had a comparable time course of IL-6 plasma levels with a slightly higher release in minor injuries (ISS less than 30). The same was true for prostaglandins. In contrast, patients in group L had clearly higher IL-6 concentrations during the first 2,12 h, again most pronounced in those with the severest trauma (ISS greater than 32). Conclusion These results demonstrate that the early systemic inflammatory response after small-volume resuscitation is rather similar to that of patients infused with standard-volume therapy after trauma. In contrast, lyoplasma seems to increase the inflammatory response regardless of the injury severity. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source]