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Gross
Terms modified by Gross Selected AbstractsGross and Microscopic Findings in Patients Submitted to Nonablative Full-Face Resurfacing Using Intense Pulsed Light: A Preliminary StudyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2002Enrique Hernįndez-Pérez MD background. Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a noncoherent, nonlaser, filtered flashlamp emitting a broadband visible light that has been shown to be effective in photoepilation, as well as in a number of vascular and pigmented lesions of the skin. Their efficacy has also been reported recently in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin. In the last condition, however, there are few studies showing the clinical and microscopic changes produced by IPL. objective. To assess the gross and microscopic changes that occur in photodamaged skin submitted to nonablative full-face resurfacing (NAFFR) using IPL. methods. Five women were submitted to five NAFFR sessions using IPL, one every 2 weeks. Skin biopsies and photographs were taken on all of the patients before the first procedure and after the last one, as well as weekly clinical assessment. Data concerning skin features (wrinkles, oiliness, thickness, dilated pores, and general appearance) were all assessed. Microscopic improvement of the aging features in the epidermis and dermis were all assessed. For the statistical analysis a t test for small samples was used. results. All the patients showed clinical and microscopic improvement in every one of the parameters assessed. The t test for small samples showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) in epidermal thickness. conclusion. Facial photodamage was clinically and microscopically improved using IPL. Use of IPL as a rejuvenating method seems to be promising, with minimal side effects, a wide safety margin, and minimal downtime. [source] Great northern researchers: discoverers of the earliest Palaeozoic vertebratesACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2009Hans-Peter Schultze Abstract The lives and works of Dr Elga Mark-Kurik and Dr Valentina Karatajute-Talimaa, Estonian and Lithuanian palaeontologists, respectively, are presented as part of their celebration at the 11th Symposium on Early/Lower Vertebrates at Uppsala. Both graduated from the university of their home town, Tartu and Vilnius, respectively. Elga became a Researcher at the Institute of Geology of the Estonian S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, in Tallinn, whereas Valentina worked for the Institute of Geology, Vilnius. Both were mentored by D. V. Obruchev of Moscow. Elga chose placoderms and psammosteid heterostracans as main research objects. Valentina also began with whole fish, antiarch placoderms, but then chose fish microfossils with W. Gross as mentor and discovered the oldest chondrichthyans. Both work as palaeobiologists understanding the implications of their fossils for functional interpretation and palaeogeography; their main contribution is in biostratigraphy (over 50% of their publications). In 1976 Elga organized the 1st Middle Palaeozoic Fossil Fish Symposium in Tallinn. The co-operation of young eastern and western palaeoichthyologists begun there culminating in the 1990s with the international research effort of the UNESCO-IUGS International Geological Correlation Programmes (328, 406 and 491). [source] Visiting America: notes from an alcohol-focused study tour made in 1961ADDICTION, Issue 12 2008Griffith Edwards ABSTRACT Aims This paper has as its focus a study tour made by the author in 1961. Diary notes are used to capture a historical moment in the evolution of alcohol studies. The paper will argue for the continuing value today of such experiences in support of career development and the building of ,the field'. Data sources Diary notes and personal recollection. Findings The United States was at the time more active than the United Kingdom in its response to alcohol problems. There was, however, a disjunction between the elite American research world and the world of action, which was not informed greatly by research. For the most part, treatment services and prevention strategies seemed driven by opinion rather than by evidence. But at the level of serious scientific endeavour there was opportunity to meet influential figures including Seldon Bacon, Morris Chafetz, Milton Gross, Ebbe Curtis Hoff, Harris Isbell, E. M. Jellinek, Mark Keller, Benjamin Kissen, Robert Strauss, Wolf Schmidt and Abraham Wikler, who generously made their time available. Conclusions These diary notes provide a snapshot of a field of endeavour at a critical stage of transition from uninformed assumptions towards establishment of a research base which can inform public action. The visit was of tangible value to the visitor in several different identified ways. Such an experience is inevitably time-bound and personal, but there are general conclusions to be drawn as to the benefits which will be derived from early travel opportunities in a field such as alcohol studies, which is all too easily culture-bound in its horizons and assumptions. Alcohol science needs to be more reflective on its history and the mechanisms that help to make it happen. [source] Zur Geschichte der Geowissenschaften im Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin.FOSSIL RECORD-MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE, Issue 1 2004Teil 6: Geschichte des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin 1910--200 Abstract Die Entwicklung des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin von einer Institution, die Geologie zusammen mit Paläontologie als eine Einheit vertrat, über eine Institution, die eine geotektonische Ausrichtung hatte, zu einer auf Paläontologie konzentrierten Institution wird nachvollzogen. Die beiden Institutsdirektoren am Anfang des 20sten Jahrhunderts waren Vertreter der allumfassenden Geologie des 19ten Jahrhunderts, während die beiden folgenden Direktoren eine Geologie ohne Paläontologie vertraten. Das führte zu einer Trennung der beiden Richtungen, und nach der III. Hochschulreform der DDR 1968 verblieb allein die sammlungsbezogene Paläontologie am Museum. Nach der Wiedervereinigung wurde ein Institut für Paläontologie mit biologischer Ausrichtung mit zwei Professuren, einer für Paläozoologie und einer für Paläobotanik, eingerichtet. The development of the Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum of the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt University (formerly Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität) in Berlin from a geology-paleontology institution to a pure paleontology institution is described. The first two directors of the department in the beginning of the 20th century, Prof, von Branca and Prof. Pompeckj, represented a 19th century concept of a geology, which included paleontology, even vertebrate paleontology as the crown jewel of geology. They fought sometimes vigorously against a separation of paleontology from geology. The next two directors. Prof. Stille and Prof, von Bubnoff, were the leading geologists in Germany; to be a student of Stille was a special trade mark in geology of Germany. They represented a geology centered on tectonics. The separation of paleontology as separate section was prepared. The destructions of the Second World War, the following restaurations and the division of Germany into two States influenced strongly their directorships. The education of geologists at the Museum für Naturkunde ended with the III. University Reform of the German Democratic Republik in 1968. Paleontology was represented by the international renown vertebrate paleontologist, Prof. Dr. W. Gross, up to 1961. Since 1969, paleobotany was strengthened by the inclusion of the paleobotany unit of the Akademie der Wissenschaften into the museum. After reunification of Germany n 1990, the department was rebuild as a Institut für Palaontologie with close connection to biology, a unique situation in Germany. Two professorships, one for paleozoology, Prof. Schultze. and one for paleobotany, Prof. Mai, were established. The number of curators increased to ten from one under the first director of the 20th century. [source] Colored Amazons: Crime, Violence, and Black Women in the City of Brotherly Love, 1880,1910 by Kali N. GrossGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 1 2008TIMOTHY J. GILFOYLE No abstract is available for this article. [source] The ancestral complement system in sea urchinsIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2001L. Courtney Smith Summary: The origin of adaptive immunity in the vertebrates can be traced to the appearance of the ancestral RAG genes in the ancestral jawed vertebrate; however, the innate immune system is more ancient. A central subsystem within innate immunity is the complement system, which has been identified throughout and seems to be restricted to the deuterostomes. The evolutionary history of complement can be traced from the sea urchins (members of the echinoderm phylum), which have a simplified system homologous to the alternative pathway, through the agnathans (hagfish and lamprey) and the elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) to the teleosts (bony fish) and tetrapods, with increases in the numbers of complement components and duplications in complement pathways. Increasing complexity in the complement system parallels increasing complexity in the deuterostome animals. This review focuses on the simplest of the complement systems that is present in the sea urchin. Two components have been identified that show significant homology to vertebrate C3 and factor B (Bf), called SpC3 and SpBf, respectively. Sequence analysis from both molecules reveals their ancestral characteristics. Immune challenge of sea urchins indicates that SpC3 is inducible and is present in coelomic fluid (the body fluids) in relatively high concentrations, while SpBf expression is constitutive and is present in much lower concentrations. Opsonization of foreign cells and particles followed by augmented uptake by phagocytic coelomocytes appears to be a central function for this simpler complement system and important for host defense in the sea urchin. These activities are similar to some of the functions of the homologous proteins in the vertebrate complement system. The selective advantage for the ancestral deuterostome may have been the amplification feedback loop that is still of central importance in the alternative pathway of complement in higher vertebrates. Feedback loop functions would quickly coat pathogens with complement leading to phagocytosis and removal of foreign cells, a system that would be significantly more effective than an opsonin that binds upon contact as a result of simple diffusion. An understanding of the immune response of the sea urchin, an animal that is a good estimator of what the ancestral deuterostome immune system was like, will aid us in understanding how adaptive immunity might have been selected for during the early evolution of the vertebrates and how it might have been integrated into the pre-existing innate immune system that was already in place in those animals. The authors are grateful to Drs Sham Nair and Paul Gross for their critique of the manuscript and helpful suggestions. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (MCB 9603086). [source] Gross versus microscopic pancolitis and the occurrence of neoplasia in ulcerative colitisINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 6 2003Christian Mathy Abstract Objective The gross extent of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recognized risk factor for the development of colitis-related dysplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). The risk of neoplasia associated with the microscopic extent of colitis is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the gross and microscopic extent of colitis in patients with UC,related dysplasia/CRC. Methods All patients who underwent colectomy at our institution between 1992,2001 with colitis-related dysplasia/CRC were identified. Histological sections from each colectomy specimen were reviewed for the microscopic extent of colitis and the location of all lesions with dysplasia/CRC. Results Thirty-six patients with colitis-related dysplasia/CRC were identified of whom 30 had slides available for review. Gross pancolitis was identified in 19 patients, though microscopic pancolitis was evident in all 30 patients. Among the 11 patients with only distal gross colitis, 4/15 neoplastic lesions were proximal to the area of gross involvement. Conclusions UC-related neoplasia can occur in areas of the colon not grossly involved with colitis, though it did not occur in any patients without microscopic pancolitis. To devise rational cancer surveillance guidelines, further studies are needed to determine the risk of colitis-related neoplasia in patients with microscopic pancolitis but limited gross disease. [source] Simulation of lid-driven cavity flows by parallel lattice Boltzmann method using multi-relaxation-time schemeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 9 2004J.-S. Wu Abstract Two-dimensional near-incompressible steady lid-driven cavity flows (Re = 100,7,500) are simulated using multi-relaxation-time (MRT) model in the parallel lattice Boltzmann BGK Bhatnager,Gross,Krook method (LBGK). Results are compared with those using single-relaxation-time (SRT) model in the LBGK method and previous simulation data using Navier,Stokes equations for the same flow conditions. Effects of variation of relaxation parameters in the MRT model, effects of number of the lattice points, improved computational convergence and reduced spatial oscillations of solution near geometrically singular points in the flow field using LBGK method due to MRT model are highlighted in the study. In summary, lattice Boltzmann method using MRT model introduces much less spatial oscillations near geometrical singular points, which is important for the successful simulation of higher Reynolds number flows. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] New perspectives on the fundamental theorem of density functional theoryINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2008Xiao-Yin Pan Abstract The fundamental theorem of time-independent/time-dependent density functional theory due to Hohenberg,Kohn (HK)/Runge,Gross (RG) proves the bijectivity between the density ,(r)/,(rt) and the Hamiltonian /(t) to within a constant C/function C(t), and wave function ,/, (t). The theorems are each proved for scalar external potential energy operators. By a unitary or equivalently a gauge transformation that preserves the density, we generalize the realm of validity of each theorem to Hamiltonians, which additionally include the momentum operator and a curl-free vector potential energy operator defined in terms of a gauge function , (R)/, (Rt). The original HK/RG theorems then each constitute a special case of this generalization. Thereby, a fourfold hierarchy of such theorems is established. As a consequence of the generalization, the wave function ,/, (t) is shown to be a functional of both the density ,(r)/,(rt), which is a gauge-invariant property, and a gauge function ,(R)/,(Rt). The functional dependence on the gauge function ensures that as required by quantum mechanics, the wave function written as a functional is gauge variant. The hierarchy and the dependence of the wave function functional on the gauge function thus enhance the significance of the phase factor in density functional theory in a manner similar to that of quantum mechanics. Various additional perspectives on the theorem are arrived at. These understandings also address past critiques of time-dependent theory. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008 [source] Parallelization of the quantum dynamics code for cluster architecture and its applications to the Gross,Pitaevskii equationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2006Adam Gorecki Abstract We present a parallel version of a quantum dynamics (QD) algorithm in a wave function representation. The algorithm has been optimized for a Linux cluster as well as for Cray T3E, using a parallel version of a three-dimensional FFT library. We have applied this algorithm for solving the nonlinear Gross,Pitaevskii equation (GPE), which describes the evolution of Bose,Einstein condensates (BEC) in the mean field approximation. Our method reduces the computational time and allows the study of nonlinear quantum systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006 [source] Subchronic toxicity of chloral hydrate on rats: a drinking water studyJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 4 2002R. Poon Abstract The subchronic toxicity of chloral hydrate, a disinfection byproduct, was studied in rats following 13 weeks of drinking water exposure. Male (262 ± 10 g) and female (190 ± 8 g) Sprague-Dawley rats, ten animals per group, were administered chloral hydrate via drinking water at 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 ppm. Control animals received distilled water only. Gross and microscopic examinations, serum chemistry, hematology, biochemical analysis, neurogenic amine analysis and serum trichloroacetic acid (TCA) analysis were performed at the end of the treatment period. Bronchoalveolar fluids were collected at necropsy and urine specimens were collected at weeks 2, 6 and 12 for biochemical analysis. No treatment-related changes in food and water intakes or body weight gains were observed. There were no significant changes in the weights of major organs. Except for a mild degree of vacuolation within the myelin sheath of the optic nerves in the highest dose males, there were no notable histological changes in the tissues examined. Statistically significant treatment-related effects were biochemical in nature, with the most pronounced being increased liver catalase activity in male rats starting at 2 ppm. Liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) was significantly depressed, whereas liver aniline hydroxylase activity was significantly elevated in both males and females receiving the highest dose. A dose-related increase in serum TCA was detected in both males and females starting at 2 ppm. An in vitro study of liver ALDH confirmed that chloral hydrate was a potent inhibitor, with an IC50 of 8 µM, whereas TCA was weakly inhibitory and trichloroethanol was without effect. Analysis of brain biogenic amines was conducted on a limited number (n = 5) of male rats in the control and high dose groups, and no significant treatment-related changes were detected. Taking into account the effect on the myelin sheath of male rats and the effects on liver ALDH and aniline hydroxylase of both males and females at the highest dose level, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was determined to be 20 ppm or 1.89 mg kg,1 day,1 in males and 2.53 mg kg,1 day,1 in females. This NOEL is ca. 1000-fold higher than the highest concentration of chloral hydrate reported in the municipal water supply. Copyright © 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The War Against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth Germany , By Michael B. GrossJOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Issue 1 2010Gregory Munro No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Reader's Companion to Against Prediction: A Reply to Ariela Gross, Yoram Margalioth, and Yoav Sapir on Economic Modeling, Selective Incapacitation, Governmentality, and RaceLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 1 2008Bernard E. Harcourt From parole prediction instruments and violent sexual predator scores to racial profiling on the highways, instruments to predict future dangerousness, drug-courier profiles, and IRS computer algorithms to detect tax evaders, the rise of actuarial methods in the field of crime and punishment presents a number of challenging issues at the intersection of economic theory, sociology, history, race studies, criminology, social theory, and law. The three review articles of Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age by Ariela Gross, Yoram Margalioth, and Yoav Sapir, raise these challenges in their very best light. Ranging from the heights of poststructuralist and critical race theory to the intricate details of mathematical economics and criminological analysis, the articles apply different disciplinary lenses to the analysis of the actuarial turn offered in Against Prediction and set forth both substantive and structural challenges to the book. By means of a detailed reply to the three reviews, this article provides a reader's companion to Against Prediction. [source] Global well posedness for the Gross,Pitaevskii equation with an angular momentum rotational termMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 6 2008Chengchun Hao Abstract In this paper, we establish the global well posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Gross,Pitaevskii equation with a rotational angular momentum term in the space ,2. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Safety of Transesophageal Pacing for 24 Hours in a Canine ModelPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2009D.A.C.V.I.M. Cardiology, HENRY W. GREEN III D.V.M. Background: Temporary epicardial pacing is often necessary following surgical correction of congenital heart disease. Epicardial pacing wires, while generally effective, can, however, become nonfunctional. Transesophageal atrial pacing (TEAP) can be a useful adjunct in this setting. The potential for esophageal damage with sustained TEAP is unknown. We assessed the safety of continuous (24 hours) TEAP by evaluating gross and histological changes to the esophagus in a canine model. Methods: Thirteen juvenile beagle dogs were fitted with a 4-Fr multipolar catheter placed transnasally into the esophagus to a level to sustain atrial capture. Pacing was established in nine dogs for 24 hours while four control dogs had catheters but no pacing stimulus applied. Paced dogs were divided into two groups: group A (n = 5) that were euthanized immediately and group B (n = 4) that were euthanized 7 days after the pacing period. Nonpaced dogs (group C, n = 4) were treated similar to group A. Gross and histological examination of the esophageal tissue was completed. Results: Gross and histological evidence of mild esophagitis was noted in dogs from groups A and C but not in dogs from group B. There was no evidence of esophageal stricture or fibrosis in any dog from any group. Conclusions: TEAP did not result in permanent esophageal changes after 24 hours of stimulation. Microscopic lesions of mild erosive esophagitis, seen after 24 hours of TEAP, were absent 7 days postpacing. Mechanical irritation from the catheter cannot be ruled out as a cause of these changes. [source] Light emission from different ZnO junctions and nanostructuresPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009M. Willander Abstract We will discuss our experimental results for optical spectra produced by hole-injection from different p-type organic and inorganic materials into n-type ZnO nanowires. The influence of different growth techniques and conditions on the nanowires and their emission spectral characteristics will then be analyzed and discussed. The latest findings on the mixture of the green emission band responsible for visible light emission from ZnO and the blue light emission from the organic polymer will be presented. Different high brightness light emitting diodes (HB-LEDs) from our grown ZnO nanowires are demonstrated. The p-type multi layer organic structures contain PEDOT:PSS as hole injectors combined with a hole transporting layer, and in some structures, a final top electron blocking/hole barrier stepping layer is placed. The purpose of this layer is to adjust the hole and electron emission from the corresponding junction side to optimize the LED performance. Structural scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrical (I ,V characteristics), photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) characteristics of these devices are displayed. Theoretically, we study the superfluidity of a two-dimensional system of excitonic polaritons in an optical microcavity with an embedded quantum well. Using the effective low-energy action for thermodynamic phase fluctuations, we obtain an expression for the analogue of the superfluid density in the system in terms of the "current,current" correlation function. The Kosterlits,Thouless transition temperature to the superfluid state as a function of the controlling parameters is calculated. Two methods are considered for producing traps for a polariton system in an optical microcavity. The behaviour of a two-component Bose condensate of photons and excitons is analyzed theoretically for both types of the trap. The Bose condensate is described by the coupled system of equations of the Gross,Pitaevskii type. The approximate wave functions and the spatial profiles of coupled photon and exciton condensates are obtained. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Von der Freiheit in der Welt der QuarksPHYSIK IN UNSERER ZEIT (PHIUZ), Issue 6 2004Jochen Bartels Die Schwedische Akademie der Wissenschaften vergab in diesem Jahr den Physik-Nobelpreis zu gleichen Teilen an die amerikanischen Physiker David Gross, David Politzer und Frank Wilczek. Sie würdigte damit ihre theoretischen Arbeiten zur asymptotischen Freiheit in der starken Wechselwirkung. [source] Extensive Sampling Changes T-Staging of Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of Breast: A Comparative Study of Gross versus Microscopic Tumor SizesTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 6 2006Neda A. Moatamed MD Abstract:, Infiltrating lobular carcinoma represents 7,10% of all invasive breast cancers. The greatest diameter of the tumors in the surgical specimens is required for an accurate T-staging. Tumors with dimension of zero cm, >0 to ,2 cm, >2 to ,5 cm, and >5 cm are staged as T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. A retrospective study on the specimens was performed on the specimens of 74 cases with infiltrating lobular carcinoma at the UCLA Medical Center from 2003 to 2005. The patients' ages ranged from 38 to 95 years. Specimens were from lumpectomy and mastectomy procedures on 36 and 38 patients, respectively. The specimens were divided in four groups according to the gross T-stages. Microscopic measurement of the tumors was carried out within each of the four groups for restaging purposes. Resizing of tumors was performed by marking the microscopic tumor extensions and compiling the measurements. In group 1, all 26 gross T0 tumors changed to T1 (69%), T2 (19%), and T3 (12%) after microscopic restaging. In group 2, 50% of the 26 gross T1 tumors became T2 (35%) and T3 (15%). In group 3, 9 (50%) of the T2 tumors changed to T3 microscopically. All 7 specimens (100%) in group 4 remained as T3. The results show that the gross measurements alone may underestimate 40,50% of the tumor T-stages. Therefore, the T-stages of the tumors with a gross size of 5 cm or less may change by microscopic resizing after an extensive sampling of the specimen. [source] The Secret History of Emotion: From Aristotle's Rhetoric to Modern Brain Science , By Daniel M. GrossTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 3 2008Tad Brennan No abstract is available for this article. [source] Tracheal Agenesis in NewbornsTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 9 2004Timothy A. Lander MD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: A series of three newborns with tracheal agenesis is described. The preferred methods of diagnosis, description of the clinical course, and a review of the pertinent embryology, associated anomalies, and clinical management are presented. Study Design: A retrospective study of a clinical series of referred patients from 2002 to 2003 who were seen at a single institution. Methods: Chart review for clinical course and pathological specimens was performed in all cases. Three patients were identified with tracheal agenesis. Results: All three newborns died within 48 hours of birth. All of the children underwent emergency laryngoscopy and neck exploration. Gross and microscopic pathological examination was accomplished on all patients. Conclusion: Although tracheal agenesis is rare, it may be more common than previously thought. The diagnosis is not straightforward, and the prognosis is grim. The embryology of the trachea and other foregut derivatives is closely related, and associated birth defects are common. [source] Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Pineal Gland in Nasua nasua, Coati (Linnaeus, 1766)ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 6 2008P. O. Favaron Summary Nasua nasua, coati, is a mammal of the Carnivora order and Procyonidae family. It lives in bands composed of females and young males. The pineal gland or epiphysis of brain is endocrine, producing the melatonin. Its function is the control of the cycle of light environment, characteristic of day and night. For this research, five adult coatis were used, originating from CECRIMPAS-UNIfeob (Proc. IBAMA 02027.003731/04-76), Brazil. The animals were killed and perfusion-fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Pineals were measured and a medium size was found to be 2.3-mm-long and 1.3-mm-wide. Pineal gland was located in the habenular commissure in the most caudal portion of the third ventricular roof, lying in a dorso-caudal position from the base to the apex. Pinealocytes were predominantly found in the glandular parenchyma. Distinct and heterogeneous arrangements of these cells throughout the three pineal portions were observed as follows: linear cords at the apex, circular cords at the base of the gland, whereas at the body a transition arrangement was found. Calcareous concretions could be observed in the apex. The pineal gland was classified as subcallosal type [Rec. Méd. Vét.1, 36 (1956)] and as AB type [Prog. Brain Res. 42, 25 (1979); The Pineal Organ, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag (1981)]. [source] Cartilage degradation biomarkers predict efficacy of a novel, highly selective matrix metalloproteinase 13 inhibitor in a dog model of osteoarthritis: Confirmation by multivariate analysis that modulation of type ii collagen and aggrecan degradation peptides parallels pathologic changesARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 10 2010Steven Settle Objective To demonstrate that the novel highly selective matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) inhibitor PF152 reduces joint lesions in adult dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) and decreases biomarkers of cartilage degradation. Methods The potency and selectivity of PF152 were evaluated in vitro using 16 MMPs, TACE, and ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, as well as ex vivo in human cartilage explants. In vivo effects were evaluated at 3 concentrations in mature beagles with partial medial meniscectomy. Gross and histologic changes in the femorotibial joints were evaluated using various measures of cartilage degeneration. Biomarkers of cartilage turnover were examined in serum, urine, or synovial fluid. Results were analyzed individually and in combination using multivariate analysis. Results The potent and selective MMP-13 inhibitor PF152 decreased human cartilage degradation ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner. PF152 treatment of dogs with OA reduced cartilage lesions and decreased biomarkers of type II collagen (type II collagen neoepitope) and aggrecan (peptides ending in ARGN or AGEG) degradation. The dose required for significant inhibition varied with the measure used, but multivariate analysis of 6 gross and histologic measures indicated that all doses differed significantly from vehicle but not from each other. Combined analysis of cartilage degradation markers showed similar results. Conclusion This highly selective MMP-13 inhibitor exhibits chondroprotective effects in mature animals. Biomarkers of cartilage degradation, when evaluated in combination, parallel the joint structural changes induced by the MMP-13 inhibitor. These data support the potential therapeutic value of selective MMP-13 inhibitors and the use of a set of appropriate biomarkers to predict efficacy in OA clinical trials. [source] Clinical and pathological findings associated with congenital hypovitaminosis A in extensively grazed beef cattleAUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009BD Hill Objective To determine the cause of exceptionally high mortality (41.4%) in perinatal calves on a beef cattle property 50 km south-west of Julia Creek in north-western Queensland. Design Investigations were based on clinical assessment of affected calves and laboratory analysis of pre- and postmortem specimens taken from 12 calves aged from 6 to 36 h of age. Methods Associations between gross and histopathological findings and biochemical analyses conducted on serum and tissue samples were examined in relation to clinical observations. Results Clinical signs varied, but commonly included mild to severe ataxia, difficulty finding a teat and sucking, blindness (partial or complete, as judged by avoidance of obstacles) and depression with prominent drooping of the head. Gross and histopathological findings included herniation of the cerebellar vermis through the foramen magnum, squamous metaplasia of interlobular ducts in the parotid salivary glands and Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerves. Biochemical analysis of serum and liver samples available from four of the calves revealed low or undetectable levels of both vitamin A and vitamin E. Conclusion Although vitamin E is known to have a sparing effect on vitamin A, the role (if any) played by deficiency of this vitamin was uncertain. The combination of clinical signs, postmortem findings, histopathological features and biochemical findings indicate that gestational vitamin A deficiency was highly likely to have been an important contributor to perinatal calf mortalities in this herd. [source] Sequential developmental changes in holoprosencephalic mouse embryos exposed to ethanol during the gastrulation period,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 7 2007Daisuke Higashiyama Abstract BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to ethanol induces holoprosencephalic malformations in both humans and laboratory animals. However, its teratogenic window for inducing holoprosencephaly is narrow, and the teratogenic mechanism is not well understood. In the present study, we examined the morphological changes in the craniofacial structures of mouse embryos/fetuses at intervals following ethanol treatment and evaluated gene expression patterns in the embryos. METHODS: Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were given two doses of ethanol (30 mg/kg in total) on the morning (7:00 and 11:00 AM) of day 7. The fetuses were observed at E10.5 and E15.5 grossly and/or histologically. The expression of Shh and Nkx2.1 gene transcripts was examined at E8.5 by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Gross and histological abnormalities of the brain and face were found in ethanol-exposed fetuses, and their midline structures were most frequently affected. The midline commissural fibers were often lacking in ethanol-exposed fetuses, even in those cases without external gross malformations. In situ hybridization revealed down-regulation of Shh and Nkx2.1 genes in ethanol-exposed embryos. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that ethanol may perturb the expression of some developmental genes at a critical stage of embryonic development and induce holoprosencephaly and other midline craniofacial malformations, including histological brain abnormalities. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequencesPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2002James J. Gross One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271,299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes. [source] Cryolipolysis for Noninvasive Fat Cell Destruction: Initial Results from a Pig ModelDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 10 2009BRIAN ZELICKSON MD BACKGROUND Liposuction is one of the most frequently performed cosmetic procedures in the United States, but its cost and downtime has led to the development of noninvasive approaches for adipose tissue reduction. OBJECTIVE To determine whether noninvasive controlled and selective destruction of fat cells (Cryolipolysis) can selectively damage subcutaneous fat without causing damage to the overlying skin or rise in lipid levels. METHODS Three Yucatan pigs underwent Cryolipolysis at 22 sites: 20 at cooling intensity factor (CIF) index 24.5 (,43.8 mW/cm2), one at CIF 24.9 (,44.7 mW/cm2), and one at CIF 25.4 (,45.6 mW/cm2). Treated areas were evaluated using photography, ultrasound, and gross and microscopic pathology. Lipids were at various times points. One additional pig underwent Cryolipolysis at various days before euthanasia. RESULTS The treatments resulted in a significant reduction in the superficial fat layer without damage to the overlying skin. An inflammatory response triggered by cold-induced apoptosis of adipocytes preceded the reduction in the fat layer. Evaluation of lipids over a 3-month period following treatment demonstrated that cholesterol and triglyceride values remained normal. CONCLUSIONS Cryolipolysis is worthy of further study because it has been shown to significantly decrease subcutaneous fat and change body contour without causing damage to the overlying skin and surrounding structures or deleterious changes in blood lipids. [source] Gross and Microscopic Findings in Patients Submitted to Nonablative Full-Face Resurfacing Using Intense Pulsed Light: A Preliminary StudyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2002Enrique Hernįndez-Pérez MD background. Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a noncoherent, nonlaser, filtered flashlamp emitting a broadband visible light that has been shown to be effective in photoepilation, as well as in a number of vascular and pigmented lesions of the skin. Their efficacy has also been reported recently in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin. In the last condition, however, there are few studies showing the clinical and microscopic changes produced by IPL. objective. To assess the gross and microscopic changes that occur in photodamaged skin submitted to nonablative full-face resurfacing (NAFFR) using IPL. methods. Five women were submitted to five NAFFR sessions using IPL, one every 2 weeks. Skin biopsies and photographs were taken on all of the patients before the first procedure and after the last one, as well as weekly clinical assessment. Data concerning skin features (wrinkles, oiliness, thickness, dilated pores, and general appearance) were all assessed. Microscopic improvement of the aging features in the epidermis and dermis were all assessed. For the statistical analysis a t test for small samples was used. results. All the patients showed clinical and microscopic improvement in every one of the parameters assessed. The t test for small samples showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) in epidermal thickness. conclusion. Facial photodamage was clinically and microscopically improved using IPL. Use of IPL as a rejuvenating method seems to be promising, with minimal side effects, a wide safety margin, and minimal downtime. [source] Reproducibility evaluation of gross and net walking efficiency in children with cerebral palsyDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 1 2007Merel-Anne Brehm MSc In evaluating energy cost (EC) of walking, referred to as walking efficiency, the use of net measurement protocols (i.e. net=gross-resting) has recently been recommended. However, nothing is known about the comparative reproducibility of net protocols and the commonly used gross protocols. Ten minutes of resting and 5 minutes of walking at a self-selected speed were used to determine gross and net EC in 13 children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP; seven males, six females; mean age 8y 7mo [SD 3y 4mo], range 4y 1mo,13y) and in 10 children (three males, seven females) with typical development. In the former, their Gross Motor Function Classification System levels ranged from Level I to Level III; and seven had hemiplegia and six diplegia. There were four repeated sessions on different days, with periods of 1 week between sessions. Reproducibility was assessed for speed, and gross and net EC, by using the standard error of measurement. The results of this preliminary study showed that EC measurements were more variable for children with CP than for children with typical development. Furthermore, in both groups there was considerably more variability in the net measurements than in the gross measurements. We conclude that, on the basis of the methodology used, the use of gross EC, rather than net EC, seems a more sensitive measure of walking efficiency to detect clinically relevant changes in an individual child with CP. [source] The association of snus and smoking behaviour: a cohort analysis of Swedish males in the 1990sADDICTION, Issue 9 2009Magnus Stenbeck ABSTRACT Background The European Union has banned sales of moist snuff (snus) in all member states, with the exception of Sweden. The ban is motivated by the potential adverse health effects of snus, but snus may also help people to avoid smoking or stop tobacco use. Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between snus and smoking behaviour. Measurements The Swedish Survey of Living Conditions (ULF) health interview panel running from 1988/9 to 1996/7 was used to examine the gross and net flows between smoking and snus among Swedish males. Females were excluded from the analysis due to low snus prevalence. Contingency table models were used to investigate several hypotheses about the relationships between snus and smoking behaviour. Findings We found clear associations between the two habits. For the younger cohort (age 16,44 years), snus use contributed to approximately six smoking quitters per smoking starter attributable to snus. For the older cohort (age 45,84) there were slightly more than two quitters per starter. In terms of odds ratios, in the younger group smoking cessation attributable to snus was twice as common as smoking initiation, but in the older group the odds of starting smoking attributable to snus was 2.5 times higher than for quitting. Conclusions Snus contributed to the reduction of smoking among Swedish males in the 1990s. Snus had different effects among non-smokers and smokers in different age groups. [source] Contribution of Chloroflexus respiration to oxygen cycling in a hypersaline microbial mat from Lake Chiprana, SpainENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2007Lubos Polerecky Summary In dense stratified systems such as microbial mats, photosynthesis and respiration are coupled due to a tight spatial overlap between oxygen-producing and -consuming microorganisms. We combined microsensors and a membrane inlet mass spectrometer with two independent light sources emitting in the visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) regions to study this coupling in more detail. Using this novel approach, we separately quantified the activity of the major players in the oxygen cycle in a hypersaline microbial mat: gross photosynthesis of cyanobacteria, NIR light-dependent respiration of Chloroflexus -like bacteria (CLB) and respiration of aerobic heterotrophs. Illumination by VIS light induced oxygen production in the top ,1 mm of the mat. In this zone CLB were found responsible for all respiration, while the contribution of the aerobic heterotrophs was negligible. Additional illumination of the mat with saturating NIR light completely switched off CLB respiration, resulting in zero respiration in the photosynthetically active zone. We demonstrate that microsensor-based quantification of gross and net photosyntheses in dense stratified systems should carefully consider the NIR light-dependent behaviour of CLB and other anoxygenic phototrophic groups. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||