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Green Colour (green + colour)
Selected AbstractsCombined effect of mild heat and acetic acid treatment for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in an asparagus pureeJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006J.-H. Shin Abstract Aims:, This study was conducted to validate combined heat and acid treatments for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in an acidified brine containing, or pickled, asparagus model food. Methods and Results:, A mixture of three strains of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium were inoculated onto pickled asparagus samples. Combinations of various concentrations of acetic acid [0%, 0·25%, 0·5%, 0·75%, 1%, 1·5% and 2% (v/v)] and various temperatures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 75°C) were investigated. Following treatment, asparagus samples were stored at room temperature and enumerated at 0, 0·5, 1, 2 and 3 days. Heat and acetic acid treatments were synergistic. The inhibitory effects of these combined treatments on the tested foodborne pathogens were also effective during storage. Loss of green colour in the pickled asparagus significantly increased with increasing concentrations of acetic acid. Conclusions:, Using a combination of mild heat and acetic acid treatments can successfully control E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium in pickled asparagus, combinations of heat and acid are synergistic and effective treatments can be selected to reduce adverse effect on colour which occur during product storage. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Mild heating plus acetic acid treatment are synergistic, so combined treatments can be developed, which would lower the temperature and amount of acetic acid required for minimally processed vegetables while maintaining pathogen control. [source] Search for predictors of cooking quality of marrowfat pea (Pisum sativum L) cultivarsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 8 2001Geoffrey P Savage Abstract The grain from 116 marrowfat pea breeding lines was assessed subjectively using current visual methods and then analysed objectively for L*a*b* colour, hydration capacity and cooking quality. The data show that the current method of selecting genotypes by subjective methods is not able to select marrowfat peas for specific processing uses. However, an objective measure, the ,a* value of the dry grain, was a very good predictor (p,<,0.001) for the hydrated and cooked green colour. Cultivars which have a high hydration coefficient may be more suitable for canning and deep frying because they hydrate to a larger size, while cultivars with a high bulk density and a darker green grain are more suitable for use as extrusion products. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Ovarian maturation of wild Farfantepenaeus paulensis in relation to histological and visual changesAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 14 2003S Peixoto Abstract The present study describes the ovarian development stages of wild Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante) through the combined observation of histological and visual characteristics. Twenty-five females (61.8±2.4 g) were captured in 35,40-m deep waters off southern Brazil (27°S). The females were grouped according to the size and shape of their ovary and then killed. The colour of the fresh ovary was compared with a chromatic scale catalogue. Analysis of the histological sections of each ovary determined the morphological characteristics, size and frequency of the different oocyte types. Based on these characteristics, four distinct stages of ovarian maturation are proposed: stage I (immature), characterized by the presence of small basophilic oocytes (52.1±19.9 ,m) and ovary colour ranging from translucent to creamy; stage II (developing), with yolky oocytes (YOs) (144.2±26.1 ,m) and a light green colour; stage III (mature), presenting large YOs but with cortical rods (235.0±30.2 ,m) and an olive-brown colour; and stage IV (spent), with atretic oocytes and the same ovary colour pattern as stage I. The gonadosomatic index ranged from 1.6 (stage IV) to 13.7% (stage III) and was closely related to the different ovarian maturation stages. The observation of visual features coupled with histological characteristics was found to represent a reliable procedure to evaluate the ovarian maturation of F. paulensis. [source] DEEPLY COLOURED AND BLACK GLASS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BEFORE AND AFTER ad 150*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 5 2009V. VAN DER LINDEN In this work we attempt to elucidate the chronological and geographical origin of deeply coloured and black glass dating between 100 bc and ad 300 on the basis of their major and trace element compositions. Samples from the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire were analysed. Analytical data were obtained by means of a scanning electron microscope , energy-dispersive system (SEM,EDS, 63 samples analysed) and laser ablation , inductively coupled plasma , mass spectrometry (LA,ICP,MS, 41 samples analysed). Among the glass fragments analysed, dark brown, dark purple and dark green hues could be distinguished. Only among the dark green fragments could a clear compositional distinction be observed between fragments dated to the periods before and after ad 150. In the early samples (first century bc to first century ad), iron, responsible for the green hue, was introduced by using impure sand containing relatively high amounts of Ti. In contrast, a Ti-poor source of iron was employed, containing Sb, Co and Pb in trace quantities, in order to obtain the dark green colour in the later glass samples. The analytical results obtained by combining SEM,EDS and LA,ICP,MS are therefore consistent with a differentiation of glassmaking recipes, detectable in glass composition, occurring in the period around ad 150. [source] Maya blue,green pigments found in Calakmul, Mexico: a study by Raman and UV-visible spectroscopyJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 8 2008Renata Garcia Moreno Abstract After more than two decades of fieldwork in the Maya archaeological site of Calakmul, Mexico, numerous remnants of blue and green pigments have been reported on wall paintings, as well as on funerary paraphernalia, such as masks, miniatures and vases. The importance of these pigments is linked to the sacred values that Maya people associate with blue and green colours since pre-Columbian times. These hues symbolise water, and are therefore associated with fertility and regeneration. This paper aims to perform a survey of the blue and green pigments used in the Early Classic and Late Classic periods in Calakmul (300,850 A.D.), in order to have a better understanding of their chemical composition and origin. Analyses were performed on microsamples using Raman and UV-visible spectroscopies to evaluate the possibilities that these techniques can offer in future in situ researches on Mesoamerican archaeological materials and objects. With these analyses, we have documented a large blue,green chromatic palette, which includes the earliest Blue Maya and Green Maya known to date, as well as malachite, pseudomalachite and an unknown-up-to-now blue-green mineral pigment, veszelyite, used specifically for ritual objects. The results indicate a careful selection of imported products and the mastering of a complex ancient Maya pictorial tradition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic study of pigments present in decorative wallpapers of the middle nineteenth century from the Santa Isabel factory (Vitoria, Basque Country, Spain),JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 1 2002K. Castro One of the earliest wallpapers manufactured by the Santa Isabel factory (Vitoria, Basque Country, Spain) (1845) was found at the Torre de los Varona (near Vitoria) during restoration work on the building. As part of this cleaning and restoration work, the identification of the wallpaper's pigments was carried out by Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. Fragments of paper were set in a sampler kit for planar surfaces. By moving the paper samples, it is possible to locate the laser beam's spot at the point that it is going to be analysed with a spatial resolution of about 0.5 mm. With this method it is possible to map a surface of several square centimetres without the need for an optical microscope. As FT-Raman analysis is totally non-destructive, the samples were restored and integrated with the whole wallpaper at the end of the analysis. Small particles of pigment were collected for the analysis of the pink and green colours by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In both cases, the damage caused by the pigment sampling was minimal and non-visible. BaSO4, CaCO3, Pb3O4, PbCrO4, PbO, Prussian Blue, gypsum and an organic black pigment were detected. It is important to take into account the laser beam's penetrative power in order to interpret the spectra correctly. The identification of only eight pigments to make 12 different colours, mostly in two different shades, shows the ability of the wallpaper manufacturer to create a rich palette at low cost. This type of primitive industrial decorative work has become real artwork that it is necessary to preserve and restore. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] THE SECTILIA PANELS OF FARAGOLA (ASCOLI SATRIANO, SOUTHERN ITALY): A MULTI-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GREEN, MARBLED (GREEN AND YELLOW), BLUE AND BLACKISH GLASS SLABSARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2010E. GLIOZZO Analyses at the Cu,K, Fe,K and Mn,K edge were performed to study the green, marbled (green and yellow), blue and blackish (deep greyish olive green) glass slabs decorating three sectilia panels from the archaeological site of Faragola. Results indicate that all slabs were made by mixing siliceous sand with natron, sometimes probably mixed with small percentages of plant ash. Cu2+ and Pb antimonates should be responsible for the opaque green colours. The dark green and yellow portions of the marbled slabs are respectively comparable to the slabs comprising only one of these colours. Cu2+ together with Ca antimonates probably produced light blue slabs, whereas cobalt was used to produce dark blue slabs. We consider it possible that the abundance ratio of Fe2+/Fe3+ and the complex Fe3+S2, would have an effect on the blackish slabs. The contribution of Mn cannot be ascertained even if it could have played a role in darkening glass colour. The comparison between the chemical composition of Faragola samples and several glass reference groups provided no conclusive evidence of provenance; whereas, the presence of a secondary local workshop can be hypothesized. [source] | ||||||||||