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Allocation Rules (allocation + rule)
Selected AbstractsInfrastructure Investment and Maintenance Expenditure: Optimal Allocation Rules in a Growing EconomyJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 2 2009PIERRE-RICHARD AGÉNOR This paper studies the allocation of public expenditure between infrastructure investment and maintenance in an endogenous growth framework. In the basic model, maintenance spending affects both the durability and efficiency of public capital. The balanced growth path is derived and transitional dynamics associated with a revenue-neutral increase in expenditure on maintenance are analyzed. The model is then extended to account for the possibility that public spending on maintenance affects also the durability of private capital. The growth-maximizing tax rate and share of infrastructure investment are calculated in both cases. First- and second-best welfare-maximizing solutions are also discussed. [source] Current Kidney Allocation Rules and Their Impact on a Pediatric Transplant CenterAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 2 2009E. C. Abraham In 2005, kidney allocation rules in the United States were updated to enhance access to kidneys from young adult deceased donors (DDs) for pediatric recipients. We studied how this rule change affected transplant activity at our pediatric center. We retrospectively compared kidney transplant activity at our center since the rule change (until December 31, 2007) to before the change (n = 36 each), focusing on those recipients directly affected by it, that is, younger than 18 years. There were no significant differences in recipients' age, gender or ethnicity before versus after the rule change. Percentages of preemptive transplants and retransplants were similar in both groups, as was the percentage of sensitized patients. There was a significant decrease in overall, but not DD, mean donor age. Mean wait time for DD kidneys decreased for pediatric recipients. Increases were found in percentage of DD transplants and in mean HLA mismatches after the rule change. Patient and short-term graft survival were not significantly different. These data suggest that the allocation rule change was not only followed by improvement in overall access to kidney transplantation for children, but also by decreases in living donor transplants and HLA matching. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the long-term impact of the change. [source] Outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma listed for liver transplantation within the Eurotransplant allocation system,LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2008Michael Adler Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a recognized indication for liver transplantation, the rules governing priority and access to the waiting list are not well defined. Patient- and tumor-related variables were evaluated in 226 patients listed primarily for HCC in Belgium, a region where the allocation system is patient-driven, priority being given to sicker patients, based on the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score. Intention-to-treat and posttransplantation survival rates at 4 years were 56.5 and 66%, respectively, and overall HCC recurrence rate was 10%. The most significant predictors of failure to receive a transplant in due time were baseline CTP score equal to or above 9 (relative risk [RR] 4.1; confidence interval [CI]: 1.7,9.9) and , fetoprotein above 100 ng/mL (RR 3.0; CI: 1.2,7.1). Independent predictors of posttransplantation mortality were age equal to or above 50 years (RR 2.5; CI: 1.0,3.7) and United Network for Organ Sharing pathological tumor nodule metastasis above the Milan criteria (RR 2.1; CI: 1.0,5.9). Predictors of recurrence (10%) were , fetoprotein above 100 ng/mL (RR 3.2; CI:1.1,10) and vascular involvement of the tumor on the explant (RR 3.6; CI: 1.1,11.3). Assessing the value of the pretransplantation staging by imaging compared to explant pathology revealed 34% accuracy, absence of carcinoma in 8.3%, overstaging in 36.2%, and understaging in 10.4%. Allocation rules for HCC should consider not only tumor characteristics but also the degree of liver impairment. Patients older than 50 years with a stage above the Milan criteria at transplantation have a poorer prognosis after transplantation. Liver Transpl 14:526,533, 2008. © 2008 AASLD. [source] Developmental plasticity varied with sex and position in hatching hierarchy in nestlings of the asynchronous European roller, Coracias garrulusBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 3 2010DESEADA PAREJO Allocation rules between ornamental and other functional traits of birds may differ among individuals and vary with environmental conditions. We supplemented roller (Coracias garrulus) nestlings with methionine in a between-nest design to investigate the way in which the sex and position in the hatching hierarchy affect the allocation of resources among growth, immunity, and plumage coloration. Methionine induces the production of lymphocytes at expense of growth; thus, we used it to manipulate growth and immunity, which are two traits likely to compromise plumage coloration. We predicted that late-hatched chicks within a brood (juniors) compared to early-hatched chicks (seniors) should allocate more to traits directly providing fitness than to ornamental traits because juniors are more affected than seniors by sibling competition. The methionine treatment effectively enhanced the production of lymphocytes in experimental broods. This appeared to be at the expense of plumage coloration in junior nestlings because, in supplemented nests, junior males showed a trend to display less greenish bellies than junior males from control nests. However, juniors from supplemented nests maintained wing growth as in control juniors. The plumage coloration of seniors was unaffected by the methionine supplementation, although they paid the costs of lymphocyte production at a level of growth that was reduced compared to senior nestlings in control nests. Hence, sex, and hatching order affected resource allocation among growth, immunity, and plumage coloration of roller nestlings. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 500,511. [source] Characterization of Revenue EquivalenceECONOMETRICA, Issue 1 2009Birgit Heydenreich The property of an allocation rule to be implementable in dominant strategies by a unique payment scheme is called revenue equivalence. We give a characterization of revenue equivalence based on a graph theoretic interpretation of the incentive compatibility constraints. The characterization holds for any (possibly infinite) outcome space and many of the known results are immediate consequences. Moreover, revenue equivalence can be identified in cases where existing theorems are silent. [source] Extended social ordering functions for rationalizing fair allocation rules as game forms in the sense of Rawls and SenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 1 2005Reiko Gotoh D63; D71; I31 We examine the possibility of constructing social ordering functions, each of which associates a social ordering over the feasible pairs of allocations and allocation rules with each simple production economy. Three axioms on the admissible class of social ordering functions are introduced, which embody the values of procedural fairness, non-welfaristic egalitarianism, and welfaristic consequentialism, respectively. The logical compatibility of these axioms and their lexicographic combinations subject to constraints are examined. Two social ordering functions that give priority to procedural values rather than to consequential values are identified. These two can uniformly rationalize a nice allocation rule in terms of the values of procedural fairness, non-welfaristic egalitarianism, and Pareto efficiency. [source] Strategyproof and Nonbossy Multiple AssignmentsJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 3 2001Szilvia Pápai We consider the allocation of heterogeneous indivisible objects without using monetary transfers. Each agent may be assigned more than one object. We show that an allocation rule is strategyproof, nonbossy, and satisfies citizen sovereignty if and only if it is a sequential dictatorship. In a sequential dictatorship agents are assigned their favorite objects that are still available, according to a sequentially endogenously determined hierarchy of the agents. We also establish that replacing nonbossiness by a stronger criterion restricts the characterized class of allocation rules to serial dictatorships, in which the hierarchy of the agents is fixed a priori. [source] On the first come,first served rule in multi-echelon inventory controlNAVAL RESEARCH LOGISTICS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007Sven Axsäter Abstract A two-echelon distribution inventory system with a central warehouse and a number of retailers is considered. The retailers face stochastic demand and replenish from the warehouse, which, in turn, replenishes from an outside supplier. The system is reviewed continuously and demands that cannot be met directly are backordered. Standard holding and backorder costs are considered. In the literature on multi-echelon inventory control it is standard to assume that backorders at the warehouse are served according to a first come,first served policy (FCFS). This allocation rule simplifies the analysis but is normally not optimal. It is shown that the FCFS rule can, in the worst case, lead to an asymptotically unbounded relative cost increase as the number of retailers approaches infinity. We also provide a new heuristic that will always give a reduction of the expected costs. A numerical study indicates that the average cost reduction when using the heuristic is about two percent. The suggested heuristic is also compared with two existing heuristics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007 [source] GENDER DISCRIMINATION, INTRAHOUSEHOLD RESOURCE ALLOCATION, AND IMPORTANCE OF SPOUSES' FATHERS: EVIDENCE ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE FROM RURAL INDIATHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2006Nobuhiko FUWA D12; D13; D63; D64 Data collected from rural India was used to examine the rules governing intrahousehold resource allocations. Testing for gender-age discrimination among household members using Deaton's (1989) method, results suggest a general bias favoring boys over girls in allocation of consumption goods, however, the findings are not always statistically significant. Intrahousehold resource allocation rules are then examined to see if such discrimination is based on the unanimous decision of parents. The novelty in our test on allocation rule are: (1) use of grandparental variables as extra-household environmental parameters (EEPs) in expenditure estimation, (2) derivation of a test of the unitary model that only requires EEPs, and (3) semi-formal use of survival status of grandparents in testing collective models. It is interesting that spouse's father characteristics are importantly correlated with greater mother and child goods expenditure shares, and smaller father goods shares. Their survival status matters, and this is stronger evidence for a collective as opposed to unitary model. [source] On The Empirics of Foreign Aid and Growth,THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 496 2004Carl-Johan Dalgaard The present paper re-examines the effectiveness of foreign aid theoretically and empirically. Using a standard OLG model we show that aid inflows will in general affect long-run productivity. The size and direction of the impact may depend on policies, ,deep' structural characteristics and the size of the inflow. The empirical analysis investigates these possibilities. Overall we find that aid has been effective in spurring growth, but the magnitude of the effect depends on climate-related circumstances. Finally, we argue that the Collier-Dollar allocation rule should be seriously reconsidered by donor agencies if aid effectiveness is related to climate. [source] Sex-specific transgenerational effects of early developmental conditions in a passerineBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 3 2007CARLOS ALONSO-ALVAREZ Most studies dealing with the trade-off between offspring number and quality have overlooked the long-term consequences for the progeny. High investment in offspring number usually results in an increased competition among nest mates. The deterioration of the early developmental conditions, due to this increased competition, can impair individual quality over the long term, and subsequently affect survival and lifetime fecundity. Moreover, the consequences of the allocation rule to offspring number vs. quality can extend across generations and give raise to grandparental effects. These transgenerational trade-offs have been explored rarely. In the present study, we manipulated the breeding effort of captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) by offering them enlarged or reduced broods. Offspring reared under these conditions were allowed to breed freely in an outdoor aviary, during their entire lifespan. Second-generation fledglings whose mother was raised in enlarged broods were in lower body condition than offspring whose mother was raised in reduced broods. However, second-generation fledglings were not affected by the brood size experienced by the father. These results show that the solution of parental dilemma, whether producing a small number of high quality offspring or a large number of poor quality descendants, must take into account the long-term transgenerational effects acting on grandchildren. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 91, 469,474. [source] A Generalized Discriminant Rule When Training Population and Test Population Differ on Their Descriptive ParametersBIOMETRICS, Issue 2 2002Christophe Biernacki Summary. Standard discriminant analysis methods make the assumption that both the labeled sample used to estimate the discriminant rule and the nonlabeled sample on which this rule is applied arise from the same population. In this work, we consider the case where the two populations are slightly different. In the multinormal context, we establish that both populations are linked through linear mapping. Estimation of the nonlabeled sample discriminant rule is then obtained by estimating parameters of this linear relationship. Several models describing this relationship are proposed and associated estimated parameters are given. An experimental illustration is also provided in which sex of birds that differ morphometrically over their geographical range is to be determined and a comparison with the standard allocation rule is performed. Extension to a partially labeled sample is also discussed. [source] District magnitude, electoral formula, and the number of partiesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2001KENNETH BENOIT Duverger's propositions concerning the psychological and mechanical consequences of electoral rules have previously been examined mainly through the lens of district magnitude, comparing the properties of single,member district plurality elections with those of multimember proportional representation elections. The empirical consequences of multimember plurality (MMP) rules, on the other hand, have received scant attention. Theory suggests that the effect of district magnitude on the number and concentration of parties will differ with regard to whether the allocation rules are plurality,based or proportional. I test this theory by drawing on a uniquely large,sample dataset where district magnitude and electoral formula vary but the basic universe of political parties is held constant, applying regression analysis to data from several thousand Hungarian local bodies elected in 1994 consisting of municipal councils, county councils, and mayors. The results indicate that omitting the variable of electoral formula has the potential to cause significant bias in estimates of Duvergerian consequences of district magnitude. In addition, the analysis of multi,member plurality elections from the local election dataset reveals counter,intuitively that candidate and party entry may increase with district magnitude under MMP, suggesting important directions for future investigation of MMP rules. [source] Efficient allocation of resources to prevent HIV infection among injection drug users: the Prevention Point Philadelphia (PPP) needle exchange programHEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2006Zoë K. Harris Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the allocation of resources within a multi-site needle exchange program (NEP) that achieves the largest possible reduction in new HIV infections at minimum cost. We present a model that relates the number of injection drug user (IDU) clients and the number of syringes exchanged per client to both the costs of the NEP and the expected reduction in HIV infections per unit time. We show that cost-effective allocation within a multi-site NEP requires that sites be located where the density of IDUs is highest, and that the number of syringes exchanged per client be equal across sites. We apply these optimal allocation rules to a specific multi-site needle exchange program, Prevention Point Philadelphia (PPP). This NEP, we find, needs to add 2 or 3 new sites in neighborhoods with the highest density of IDU AIDS cases, and to increase its total IDU client base by about 28%, from approximately 6400 to 8200 IDU clients. The case-study NEP also needs to increase its hours of operation at two existing sites, where the number of needles distributed per client is currently sub-optimal, by 50%. At the optimal allocation, the estimated cost per case of HIV averted would be $2800 (range $2300,$4200). Such a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio derives primarily from PPP's low marginal costs per distributed needle. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Fuzzy-logic-based decision-making system for stock allocation in a distribution supply chainINTELLIGENT SYSTEMS IN ACCOUNTING, FINANCE & MANAGEMENT, Issue 1-2 2006Ying Xie Stock allocation in a distribution supply chain (DSC) means that the warehouse has to determine quantities of the available stock to be delivered to each retailer. Different allocation rules have been developed with various aims. In this paper, a new fuzzy-logic-based decision-making system for stock allocation (DMS_SA) is presented, and the objective is to achieve the target DSC fill rate whilst incurring an acceptable total holding cost, or to achieve the target holding cost whilst with a certain level of fill rate. It is shown how DMS_SA can be extended to be applied to a multi-echelon DSC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Extended social ordering functions for rationalizing fair allocation rules as game forms in the sense of Rawls and SenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 1 2005Reiko Gotoh D63; D71; I31 We examine the possibility of constructing social ordering functions, each of which associates a social ordering over the feasible pairs of allocations and allocation rules with each simple production economy. Three axioms on the admissible class of social ordering functions are introduced, which embody the values of procedural fairness, non-welfaristic egalitarianism, and welfaristic consequentialism, respectively. The logical compatibility of these axioms and their lexicographic combinations subject to constraints are examined. Two social ordering functions that give priority to procedural values rather than to consequential values are identified. These two can uniformly rationalize a nice allocation rule in terms of the values of procedural fairness, non-welfaristic egalitarianism, and Pareto efficiency. [source] The role of economics in irrigation water management,,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 2 2006Petra J. G. J. Hellegers allocation optimale de l'eau; fonction de satisfaction sociale; instruments économiques Abstract Economic literature and international conferences have extensively discussed the importance of treating irrigation water as an economic good, but there is still confusion about the role of economics in irrigation water management. Economics provides us with two contributions: analytical tools that help predict and interpret implications of various allocation procedures, and economic instruments that can assist in guiding users towards socially desirable outcomes. In this article the potential role of both contributions to improved irrigation water management is discussed, which is an extension of conventional work in this field. It becomes clear that, at this point in time, there is little empirical evidence of the effectiveness of economic instruments in irrigation water management. Economics mainly plays a role in understanding the implications of different procedures for allocating water, and guiding policymakers in defining appropriate allocation rules. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. La littérature économique et les conférences internationales ont débattu en détail de l'importance de traiter l'eau d'irrigation comme un bien économique, mais il règne encore une certaine confusion sur le rôle de l'économie dans la gestion de l'eau en irrigation. La science économique nous fournit deux contributions: des outils analytiques qui aident à prévoir et à interpréter les implications de diverses procédures d'allocation, et des instruments économiques qui peuvent aider à guider les usagers vers des effets socialement souhaitables. Dans cet article le rôle potentiel de ces deux apports dans l'amélioration de la gestion de l'eau en irrigation est examiné, ce qui va plus loin que l'approche traditionnelle dans ce domaine. Il devient clair que, à ce jour, il existe peu de preuves empiriques de l'effectivité des instruments économiques dans la gestion de l'eau en irrigation. L'économie joue surtout un rôle dans la compréhension des implications des différentes procédures d'allocation de l'eau, et dans la définition des règles d'allocation appropriées. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Net Present Value-Consistent Investment Criteria Based on Accruals: A Generalisation of the Residual Income-IdentityJOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 7-8 2004Thomas Pfeiffer Abstract: In recent years, many firms have favoured residual income for value based management. One main argument for this measure is its identity with the net present value rule and that this compatibility with the net present value rule holds true for all possible depreciation schedules selected. In this article, we analyse whether there are other, undiscussed, accrual accounting numbers that enable net present value-consistent investment decisions for all possible depreciation schedules. Our analysis provides an if-and-only-if characterisation of the entire class of net present value-consistent investment criteria, based on accounting information. This provides new insights into the residual income concept, hurdle rates, opening and closing error conditions achieved by applying more common performance measure structures, and allocation rules. Moreover, our analysis shows the limits of constructing such investment criteria. [source] Legal Liabilities, Audit Accuracy and the Market for Audit ServicesJOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 3-4 2002Sankar De In quality-differentiated audit markets with client-firms of unknown types, insider-managers of client firms strategically select auditors who respond to legal liabilities to decide their care level. In this signaling game, uninformed-investors use the audit report and the auditors' identity for firm valuation. The analysis shows that increased legal liability increases the auditor's effort and audit accuracy but reduces the demand for high quality auditing because, apart from the increased audit costs, the adverse selection benefit of the worse type reduces with increased accuracy. Furthermore, alternative legal regimes and damage allocation rules alter informational efficiency of the financial market. [source] The distributive consequences of machismo: a simulation analysis of intra-household discrimination,JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2006José Cuesta Abstract Empirical evidence questions the unitary allocation model of the household that underpins the standard measurement of monetary poverty and inequality. Intra-household gender discrimination has been widely shown to shape expenditure decisions, nutrition status, and human capital accumulation of household members. However, conventional poverty and inequality analyses are conducted for the household as a whole, which might lead to different conclusions compared with studies based on individuals. Using recent developments in intra-household bargaining modelling, this paper constructs non-cooperative allocation rules dominated by gender discrimination among household members. Estimates for Chile show a substantial worsening of poverty and inequality under such allocation rules. This suggests that intra-household discrimination deserves some of the attention typically directed to extra-household discrimination in labour markets, access to public services or political participation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Strategyproof and Nonbossy Multiple AssignmentsJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 3 2001Szilvia Pápai We consider the allocation of heterogeneous indivisible objects without using monetary transfers. Each agent may be assigned more than one object. We show that an allocation rule is strategyproof, nonbossy, and satisfies citizen sovereignty if and only if it is a sequential dictatorship. In a sequential dictatorship agents are assigned their favorite objects that are still available, according to a sequentially endogenously determined hierarchy of the agents. We also establish that replacing nonbossiness by a stronger criterion restricts the characterized class of allocation rules to serial dictatorships, in which the hierarchy of the agents is fixed a priori. [source] Public Good, Private Protections: Competing Values in German Transplantation LawLAW & POLICY, Issue 2 2002Linda Hogle Organ transplantation has become almost routine practice in many industrialized countries. Policy, ethical, and legal debates tend to center on fairness of allocation rules or alternatives to promote greater numbers of donations. There are also certain beliefs about the use of bodily materials that are often presumed to be homogenous across Euro,American societies. In Germany, however, the idea of using the bodies of some for the good of others, and the right to proclaim some bodies dead for large,scale medical and political purposes is highly charged. This is due to the historical context of medical experimentation, selection, and euthanasia under National Socialism, and the former East German socialist policies which intervened in the private lives and bodies of citizens. This article is based on an ethnography of organ procurement practices during the period when German policymakers struggled with writing a transplant law. Active public resistance revealed deep concern about state intervention in private matters and amplified the growing unrest over definitions of moral community in a changing, post,reunification society. The article shows how public disputes about health policy become a way through which societies deal with other social conflicts. [source] Phenotypic tradeoffs between egg number and egg size in three parasitic anisakid nematodesOIKOS, Issue 10 2007M. Victoria Herreras Phenotypic tradeoffs between number and size of eggs were tested in three component populations of three marine anisakid nematodes: Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum. Body and uterine volumes (as proxies of female size), and egg number, mean egg volume and clutch volume (as descriptors of reproductive output) were measured in 50 females of each species. Evidence of a phenotypic tradeoff was detected only in A. simplex; the first time that has been found in a parasite population. Comparison of feasible values inferred from the van Noordwijk and de Jong's model and current data showed that interindividual variation in egg size was narrower than expected in the three populations. Structural constrictions in response to optimal allocation rules might account for this pattern. In P. decipiens and C. osculatum variation in egg size was the lowest and independent of female size, suggesting that the tradeoff is absent, rather than being present but masked by unaccounted variables. Spatial constrictions imposed by uterine size seemed to play an important role determining the emergence of the tradeoffs. So factors accounting for the tradeoff in A. simplex are probably constructional rather than physiological. Individual variability in investment in clutch volume was similar to previous studies but variation in allocation between number and size of eggs was much smaller than that reported previously. Perhaps differences in life-history strategies might explain this because the nematodes studied are either semelparous or short-lived iteroparus organisms whereas previous data derive from long-lived iteroparous ones. Despite the perception that parasites live in resource-rich habitats, the present study indicates that patterns relating number and size of eggs might not differ much from those observed in free-living populations and thus the same range of factors would operate in both types of organisms. [source] Der EU-Emissionshandel im Zielkonflikt zwischen Effizienz, Kompensation und WettbewerbsneutralitätPERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 3 2005Christoph Böhringer We show how institutional features set by the EU Commission and the required subsidiary decisions by the respective Member States are potentially in conflict with the objectives of efficiency, compensation and competition neutrality. Inefficiencies can emerge from the decisions on the number of emission allowances and the way in which they are allocated. These problems are intensified by pressure from political interest groups. We argue that costs from recurring political debates and decisions on the National Allocation Plans could be avoided by using truly lump-sum-free allocation rules or moving towards auctioning off emission allowances. [source] Der steinige Weg von der Theorie in die Praxis des Emissionshandels: Die EU-Richtlinie zum CO2 -Emissionshandel und ihre nationale UmsetzungPERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 1 2005Patrick Graichen In this article we firstly critically discuss the institutional rules set by the EU-directive. Secondly, we analyse consequences for the national allocation plans. Furthermore, we discuss the allocation rules for emission permits, which are currently under consideration for Germany. In particular we focus on output-based versus emission-based allocation rules and on treatments of new entrants and firm exits. We argue that free permits should only be allocated due to either historic output or historic emissions. We further argue that new entrants should not get any free permits and that firms which leave the market should not lose their permits assigned for future periods. Finally we discuss interaction of emission trading and related instruments such as eco-taxes, and subsidies for renewable energy. [source] Examining the Nature and Magnitude of Intradistrict Resource Disparities in Mid-Size School DistrictsPUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE, Issue 4 2008LARRY MILLER While a growing research base has examined resource disparities across schools within large school districts, the literature has largely overlooked resource allocation in the mid-size school districts that a large portion of the nation's children attend. In this paper, we measure disparities in teacher resources within four New York State districts and conclude that intradistrict equity is not just a big city problem. We also explore the budgeting processes and mechanisms leading to these disparities, including fund-based budgeting, grant-based allocation rules, class size formulae, and ad-hoc mechanisms. We conclude with policy implications and recommendations for improving intradistrict resource equity. [source] GENDER DISCRIMINATION, INTRAHOUSEHOLD RESOURCE ALLOCATION, AND IMPORTANCE OF SPOUSES' FATHERS: EVIDENCE ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE FROM RURAL INDIATHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2006Nobuhiko FUWA D12; D13; D63; D64 Data collected from rural India was used to examine the rules governing intrahousehold resource allocations. Testing for gender-age discrimination among household members using Deaton's (1989) method, results suggest a general bias favoring boys over girls in allocation of consumption goods, however, the findings are not always statistically significant. Intrahousehold resource allocation rules are then examined to see if such discrimination is based on the unanimous decision of parents. The novelty in our test on allocation rule are: (1) use of grandparental variables as extra-household environmental parameters (EEPs) in expenditure estimation, (2) derivation of a test of the unitary model that only requires EEPs, and (3) semi-formal use of survival status of grandparents in testing collective models. It is interesting that spouse's father characteristics are importantly correlated with greater mother and child goods expenditure shares, and smaller father goods shares. Their survival status matters, and this is stronger evidence for a collective as opposed to unitary model. [source] Current Kidney Allocation Rules and Their Impact on a Pediatric Transplant CenterAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 2 2009E. C. Abraham In 2005, kidney allocation rules in the United States were updated to enhance access to kidneys from young adult deceased donors (DDs) for pediatric recipients. We studied how this rule change affected transplant activity at our pediatric center. We retrospectively compared kidney transplant activity at our center since the rule change (until December 31, 2007) to before the change (n = 36 each), focusing on those recipients directly affected by it, that is, younger than 18 years. There were no significant differences in recipients' age, gender or ethnicity before versus after the rule change. Percentages of preemptive transplants and retransplants were similar in both groups, as was the percentage of sensitized patients. There was a significant decrease in overall, but not DD, mean donor age. Mean wait time for DD kidneys decreased for pediatric recipients. Increases were found in percentage of DD transplants and in mean HLA mismatches after the rule change. Patient and short-term graft survival were not significantly different. These data suggest that the allocation rule change was not only followed by improvement in overall access to kidney transplantation for children, but also by decreases in living donor transplants and HLA matching. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the long-term impact of the change. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||