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Allocation
Kinds of Allocation Terms modified by Allocation Selected AbstractsGENDER-BASED RISK AVERSION AND RETIREMENT ASSET ALLOCATIONECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 1 2010KATHLEEN ARANO This research examines whether women have higher risk aversion than men as demonstrated by their retirement asset allocation. The analysis is extended to investigate how retirement asset investment decisions are made in married households. Initial results suggest controlling for demographic, income, and wealth differences lead to no significant difference in the proportion of retirement assets held in stocks between women and male faculty. For married households with joint investment decision making, results indicate that gender differences are a significant factor in explaining individual retirement asset allocation. Our estimates imply that women faculty are more risk averse than their male spouse. (JEL J16, G11, D10) [source] PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY OF HERMAPHRODITE SEX ALLOCATION PROMOTES THE EVOLUTION OF SEPARATE SEXES: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE SEX-DIFFERENTIAL PLASTICITY HYPOTHESIS USING SAGITTARIA LATIFOLIA (ALISMATACEAE)EVOLUTION, Issue 4 2008Marcel E. Dorken Separate sexes can evolve under nuclear inheritance when unisexuals have more than twice the reproductive fitness of hermaphrodites through one sex function (e.g., when females have more than twice the seed fertility of hermaphrodites). Because separate sexes are thought to evolve most commonly via a gynodioecious intermediate (i.e., populations in which females and hermaphrodites cooccur), the conditions under which females can become established in populations of hermaphrodites are of considerable interest. It has been proposed that resource-poor conditions could promote the establishment of females if hermaphrodites are plastic in their sex allocation and allocate fewer resources to seed production under these conditions. If this occurs, the seed fertility of females could exceed the doubling required for the evolution of unisexuality under low-, but not high-resource conditions (the sex-differential plasticity hypothesis). We tested this hypothesis using replicate experimental arrays of the aquatic herb Sagittaria latifolia grown under two fertilizer treatments. The results supported the sex-differential plasticity hypothesis, with females having more than twice the seed fertility of hermaphrodites under low-, but not high-fertilizer conditions. Our findings are consistent with the idea that separate sexes are more likely to evolve under unfavorable conditions. [source] MULTIPLE-PRIZE CONTESTS , THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF PRIZESJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 1 2009Dana Sisak Abstract Multiple-prize contests are important in various fields of economics ranging from rent seeking over labour economics, patent and R&D races to tendering for (governmental) projects. Hence it is crucial to understand the incentive effects of multiple prizes on effort investment. This survey attempts to outline, compare and evaluate the results from the literature. While a first prize always results in a positive incentive to invest effort, second and later prizes lead to ambiguous effects. Depending on the objective function, the characteristics of the individuals and the type of contest a different prize allocation is optimal. [source] EFFECT OF NUTRIENT DEPRIVATION AND RESUPPLY ON METABOLITES AND ENZYMES RELATED TO CARBON ALLOCATION IN GRACILARIA TENUISTIPITATA (RHODOPHYTA),JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Pi Nyvall Collén The starch content of red algae normally increases during nitrogen limitation. Based on this we hypothesized that nutrient deprivation would result in an increased activity of starch-synthesizing enzymes and a decrease in the activity of starch-degrading enzymes, with the opposite scenario when nutrients were sufficient. We therefore examined the effect of the nutrient status of Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia on the content of starch and floridoside and on the activity of enzymes involved in the allocation of carbon into starch, floridoside, and agar; floridoside phosphate synthase and ,-galactosidase involved in synthesis and degradation of floridoside; starch synthase and starch phosphorylase involved in the metabolism of starch; uridine 5,-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose pyrophosphorylase; adenosine 5,-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase; UDP-glucose 4-epimerase; and phosphoglucomutase. During the period of nutrient limitation the starch and floridoside content increased, as did dry weight and C/N ratio, whereas growth rate and protein content decreased. A general decrease in the enzyme activities during nutrient limitation was also observed, indicating a decrease in overall cellular metabolism. The addition of nutrients caused an increase in enzyme activities and a decrease in the contents of starch and floridoside. Of the enzymes examined, only the activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase increased during nutrient limitation and decreased abruptly after nutrient addition. This implies a regulatory role for this enzyme in the supply of UDP-glucose for starch synthesis. It also supports our suggestion that UDP-glucose is the substrate for starch synthesis in red algae. This assertion is further strengthened by the observation that of the potential starch synthases only the UDP-glucose starch synthase could support the observed rate of starch synthesis. [source] DECISION SUPPORT FOR ALLOCATION OF WATERSHED POLLUTION LOAD USING GREY FUZZY MULTIOBJECTIVE PROGRAMMING,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 3 2006Ho-Wen Chen ABSTRACT: This paper uses the grey fuzzy multiobjective programming to aid in decision making for the allocation of waste load in a river system under versatile uncertainties and risks. It differs from previous studies by considering a multicriteria objective function with combined grey and fuzzy messages under a cost benefit analysis framework. Such analysis technically integrates the prior information of water quality models, water quality standards, wastewater treatment costs, and potential benefits gained via in-stream water quality improvement. While fuzzy sets are characterized based on semantic and cognitive vagueness in decision making, grey numbers can delineate measurement errors in data collection. By employing three distinct set theoretic fuzzy operators, the synergy of grey and fuzzy implications may smoothly characterize the prescribed management complexity. With the aid of genetic algorithm in the solution procedure, the modeling outputs contribute to the development of an effective waste load allocation and reduction scheme for tributaries in this subwatershed located in the lower Tseng-Wen River Basin, South Taiwan. Research findings indicate that the inclusion of three fuzzy set theoretic operators in decision analysis may delineate different tradeoffs in decision making due to varying changes, transformations, and movements of waste load in association with land use pattern within the watershed. [source] CAPITAL ALLOCATION AND RISK CONTRIBUTION WITH DISCRETE-TIME COHERENT RISKMATHEMATICAL FINANCE, Issue 1 2009Alexander S. Cherny We define the capital allocation and the risk contribution for discrete-time coherent risk measures and provide several equivalent representations of these objects. The formulations and the proofs are based on two instruments introduced in the paper: a probabilistic notion of the extreme system and a geometric notion of the generator. These notions are also of interest on their own and are important for other applications of coherent risk measures. All the concepts and results are illustrated by JP Morgan's Risk Metrics model. [source] AN AXIOMATIC APPROACH TO CAPITAL ALLOCATIONMATHEMATICAL FINANCE, Issue 3 2005Michael Kalkbrener Capital allocation techniques are of central importance in portfolio management and risk-based performance measurement. In this paper we propose an axiom system for capital allocation and analyze its satisfiability and completeness: it is shown that for a given risk measure , there exists a capital allocation ,, that satisfies the main axioms if and only if , is subadditive and positively homogeneous. Furthermore, it is proved that the axiom system uniquely specifies ,,. We apply the axiomatization to the most popular risk measures in the finance industry in order to derive explicit capital allocation formulae for these measures. [source] GENDER DISCRIMINATION, INTRAHOUSEHOLD RESOURCE ALLOCATION, AND IMPORTANCE OF SPOUSES' FATHERS: EVIDENCE ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE FROM RURAL INDIATHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2006Nobuhiko FUWA D12; D13; D63; D64 Data collected from rural India was used to examine the rules governing intrahousehold resource allocations. Testing for gender-age discrimination among household members using Deaton's (1989) method, results suggest a general bias favoring boys over girls in allocation of consumption goods, however, the findings are not always statistically significant. Intrahousehold resource allocation rules are then examined to see if such discrimination is based on the unanimous decision of parents. The novelty in our test on allocation rule are: (1) use of grandparental variables as extra-household environmental parameters (EEPs) in expenditure estimation, (2) derivation of a test of the unitary model that only requires EEPs, and (3) semi-formal use of survival status of grandparents in testing collective models. It is interesting that spouse's father characteristics are importantly correlated with greater mother and child goods expenditure shares, and smaller father goods shares. Their survival status matters, and this is stronger evidence for a collective as opposed to unitary model. [source] GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WEALTH TRANSFER AND EXPENDITURE ALLOCATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE RURAL PHILIPPINESTHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2001Jonna P. ESTUDILLO First page of article [source] INDUCTIVE RISK AND JUSTICE IN KIDNEY ALLOCATIONBIOETHICS, Issue 8 2010ANDREA SCARANTINO ABSTRACT How should UNOS deal with the presence of scientific controversies on the risk factors for organ rejection when designing its allocation policies? The answer I defend in this paper is that the more undesirable the consequences of making a mistake in accepting a scientific hypothesis, the higher the degree of confirmation required for its acceptance. I argue that the application of this principle should lead to the rejection of the hypothesis that ,less than perfect' Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) matches are an important determinant of kidney graft survival. The scientific community has been divided all along on the significance of partial antigen matches. Yet reliance on partial matches has emerged as one of the primary factors leading blacks to spend a much longer time than whites on the waiting list for kidneys, thereby potentially impacting the justice of the kidney allocation policy. My case study illustrates one of the legitimate roles non-epistemic values can play in science and calls into question the ideal of a value-free science. [source] AN ADAPTIVE LEARNING FRAMEWORK FOR FORECASTING SEASONAL WATER ALLOCATIONS IN IRRIGATED CATCHMENTSNATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 3 2010SHAHBAZ KHAN Abstract This paper describes an adaptive learning framework for forecasting end-season water allocations using climate forecasts, historic allocation data, and results of other detailed hydrological models. The adaptive learning framework is based on artificial neural network (ANN) method, which can be trained using past data to predict future water allocations. Using this technique, it was possible to develop forecast models for end-irrigation-season water allocations from allocation data available from 1891 to 2005 based on the allocation level at the start of the irrigation season. The model forecasting skill was further improved by the incorporation of a set of correlating clusters of sea surface temperature (SST) and the Southern oscillation index (SOI) data. A key feature of the model is to include a risk factor for the end-season water allocations based on the start of the season water allocation. The interactive ANN model works in a risk-management context by providing probability of availability of water for allocation for the prediction month using historic data and/or with the incorporation of SST/SOI information from the previous months. All four developed ANN models (historic data only, SST incorporated, SOI incorporated, SST-SOI incorporated) demonstrated ANN capability of forecasting end-of-season water allocation provided sufficient data on historic allocation are available. SOI incorporated ANN model was the most promising forecasting tool that showed good performance during the field testing of the model. [source] A Bigger Piece of a Very Small Pie: Intrahousehold Resource Allocation and Poverty Reduction in AfricaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2007Bridget O'Laughlin ABSTRACT Feminist research has convincingly shown that an increase in household income does not necessarily lead to improvement in the well-being of all members of the household. More questionable is the policy conclusion often drawn from this research for rural Africa: redressing gender imbalance in control of productive resources will significantly reduce poverty. This contribution argues that the evidence and analysis presented by two studies repeatedly cited to show that gender inequality is inefficient are problematic. It is mythical to suggest that tinkering with women's market position by exchanging unequal collective rights to productive resources for individual ones will decisively reduce rural poverty in Africa. That will depend on the restructuring of long-term and deeply unequal processes of integration in the market, not on a firmer insertion of women within existing patterns of individualization and commodification of productive resources. [source] Cyclone Mitigation, Resource Allocation and Post-disaster Reconstruction in South India: Lessons from Two Decades of ResearchDISASTERS, Issue 1 2000Peter Winchester This paper opens with a history of development and disaster-prevention strategies in a cyclone-prone area of the east coast of India and traces the evolution in the area of British and Indian governments' programmes and policy over a century. Research over the last 20 years has shown however that the programmes and policies have failed to balance economic growth with safety. Resources intended for the benefit of all have been diverted by alliances of powerful people to a small minority, and recent developments have reduced the physical protection of the area. The result is that increasing numbers of people are vulnerable to the effects of cyclones and floods. The findings suggest that the best way to reduce vulnerability is to improve the socio-economic standing of the most vulnerable and for this to happen these people must have an assured income based on assets that will enable them to acquire social and economic credit-worthiness within the local economy. This paper presents evidence that suggests that non-governmental organisation (NGO)-supported co-operatives are the best way to achieve this through self-help and self-employment schemes. It also suggests that NGOs should be encouraged to take up environmentally and ecologically beneficial activities involving the poorest groups in the communities, in this way combining sustained self-employment with environmental protection. [source] Allocation of Male Parental Care in Relation to Paternity Within and Among Broods of the Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)ETHOLOGY, Issue 7 2001Kara A. Peterson The relationship between male parental care and paternity has been investigated in a number of avian species, but in many cases the influences of confounding factors, such as variation in male and territory quality, were not addressed. These sources of variation can be controlled for by making within-male comparisons between successive broods or within-brood comparisons between groups of fledglings in a divided brood. We studied the relationship between male parental care and paternity in the common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) at three levels: between groups of fledglings in divided broods, between first and second broods of the same pair, and among all broods in the population. In this study we proposed three hypotheses: first, males in double-brooded pairs should provide relatively more parental care to broods in which they have higher paternity; secondly, after fledging and brood division, males should provide more care to related offspring; and finally, among all broods in the population, paternity should be related positively to male parental care. Brood division occurred in many of the broods studied; however, broods were not divided according to fledgling size or paternity. Furthermore, within divided broods, males fed within-pair and extra-pair fledglings at similar rates. For sequential broods of the same pair, male feeding rates were not associated with differences in paternity between broods. Among all broods in the population, males did not provide relatively less care to broods containing unrelated young. The lack of a relationship between male parental care and paternity suggests that either males cannot assess their paternity or the costs of reducing male parental care outweigh the benefits. [source] Optimal Portfolio Allocation under Higher MomentsEUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2006Eric Jondeau C22; C51; G12 Abstract We evaluate how departure from normality may affect the allocation of assets. A Taylor series expansion of the expected utility allows to focus on certain moments and to compute the optimal portfolio allocation numerically. A decisive advantage of this approach is that it remains operational even for a large number of assets. While the mean-variance criterion provides a good approximation of the expected utility maximisation under moderate non-normality, it may be ineffective under large departure from normality. In such cases, the three-moment or four-moment optimisation strategies may provide a good approximation of the expected utility. [source] Socialism and Intrafirm Asset AllocationEUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2005Petra Joerg G31; L22; M14 Abstract We rely on a survey of Swiss firms to document deviation from first-best for reasons of internal ,fairness' when allocating resources. This ,socialist' practice is more widespread in smaller than in larger firms. It ignores the reputation and past performance of the managers who apply for funding, but takes into account their hierarchical position and their past use of resources. Socialism is only partially explained by concerns about empire building and managerial optimism, and it is not meant to benefit shareholders. [source] Funding Allocation and Staff Management.EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, Issue 1 2009A Portuguese Example For many years the Portuguese Ministry of Education used a funding formula to allocate the State budget to public higher education institutions. Some of its major objectives were higher enrolments and allocation equity. As the expenditure on salaries was a major component of the budget, the formula was supposed to force convergence to established standard staff/student ratios. This article analyses the evolution of staff numbers in Portuguese public universities to assess how successful the funding formula has been in forcing convergence to standard staff numbers. [source] A new algorithm for reactive power management and pricing in an open access environmentEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 2 2008G. Reza Yousefi Abstract In deregulated electricity markets, reactive power is one of the ancillary services that is provided by the Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper we propose a new algorithm to ,tune' reactive power resources with the objectives of minimizing active power losses and optimizing system voltage profile and stability. In our solution, we assume that reactive power resources are either owned by or are under long-term contracts with the ISO. The optimization problem is solved as an Extended Multi-objective Optimal Power Flow (EMOPF) problem using Lexico Graphic Method (LGM). Thereafter, using the concept of Fair Resource Allocation (FRA), the cost of reactive power is allocated to existing transactions. The application of the algorithm to a test system is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Allocation of plant carbon to foraging and storage in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungiFEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Mayra E Gavito Abstract Foraging strategies, the cost,benefit associated with the search for new resources, have only begun to be explored in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We show the use of 13C-labelling, via shoot photosynthesis, of the 16:1,5 fatty acid biomarker (the dominant and rather specific fatty acid in AMF storage lipids) to study the immediate patterns of carbon allocation to fungal lipids in response to inorganic and organic nutrient amendments. Signature fatty acid measurements, the incorporation of the label and complementary hyphal length density measurements showed that the extraradical mycelium of AMF proliferated in response to all the amendments provided whereas its development into unamended sand was minor in all treatments. We demonstrate the foraging capacity of AMF, linked to plant carbon, through their hyphal proliferation and accumulation of energy reserves. [source] THE SEARCH FOR A PROPORTIONATE CARE LAW BY FORMULA FUNDING IN THE ENGLISH NHSFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2009Gwyn Bevan Although the National Health Service was created to achieve equity of access to health care in 1948, over twenty years later an ,inverse care law' was seen to operate. The 1976,Report of the Resource Allocation Working Party,laid the principles of formula funding to achieve an equitable distribution of resources, to move, over time, towards the operation of a proportionate care law. These principles have been applied ever since in England. This paper describes the context, governance and subsequent development of formulas and three persistent problems: accounting for populations, their needs and variations in the unavoidable costs of providers. The paper concludes by outlining continuing problems from the past and new challenges of formula funding in England to reduce ,avoidable' inequalities in health. [source] Governance and Funds Allocation in United States Medical Research CharitiesFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2000Edward A. Dyl We examine boards of directors of medical research charities and find that medical charities spend less on program activities and more on fund-raising when the executive director of the charity serves on the board of directors, especially when the board is small. Executive salaries are also higher at charities where management is represented on the board. Management and general expenses and fund balances are, however, unrelated either to the presence of an insider on the board or to the size of the board. [source] Capital Allocation and Risk Performance Measurement In a Financial InstitutionFINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS & INSTRUMENTS, Issue 5 2000Stuart M. Turnbull This paper provides an analytical and practical framework, consistent with maximizing the wealth of existing shareholders, to address the following questions: What are the costs associated with economic capital? What is the tradeoff between the probability of default and the costs of economic capital? How do we take into account the time profile of economic capital when assessing the performance of a business? What is the appropriate measure of profitability, keeping the probability of default constant? It is shown that the capital budgeting decision depends not only on the covariance of the return of a project with the market portfolio, but also on the covariance with the bank's existing assets. This dependency arises from the simple fact that the economic capital is not additive. [source] Self-Interest, Foreign Need, and Good Governance: Are Bilateral Investment Treaty Programs Similar to Aid Allocation?FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2006ERIC NEUMAYER Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have become the most important legal mechanism for the encouragement and governance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. Yet practically no systematic evidence exists on what motivates capital-exporting developed countries to sign BITs earlier with some developing countries than with others, if at all. The theoretical framework from the aid allocation literature suggests that developed countries pursue a mixture of self-interest, foreign need and, possibly, good governance. We find evidence that both economic interests of developed countries' foreign investors and political interests of developed countries determine their scheduling of BITs. However, foreign need as measured by per capita income is also a factor, whereas good governance by and large does not matter. These results suggest that BIT programs can be explained using the same framework successfully applied to the allocation of aid. At the same time, self-interest seems to be substantively more important than developing country need when it comes to BITs. [source] Allocation of above-ground growth is related to light in temperate deciduous saplingsFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2003D. A. King Summary 1Allocational shifts in response to light may be an important factor in allowing plants to survive in shade, while increasing their extension rates and competitive ability in sun. To investigate this response, the allocation of above-ground growth between leaves, branches and stems was studied in saplings of Acer pensylvanicum L. and Castenea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. in the Appalachian mountains of western Virginia, USA. Measurements of current leaf biomass, current and past year leaf numbers and the growth ring widths of branches and stem were used to estimate biomass partitioning for saplings growing in locations ranging from forest understorey to large openings. 2Both species showed higher leaf area per unit leaf biomass (SLA) and higher allocation of above-ground growth to leaves in shade than in sun. 3There were no differences between species in the slopes of the relationships of allocation and SLA vs estimated irradiance, but SLA was significantly greater in A. pensylvanicum than in C. dentata at a given light level. Hence, somewhat lower production per unit leaf area is required to maintain the canopy in A. pensylvanicum, consistent with foresters' ratings of greater shade tolerance for this species. 4Greater foliar allocation in shade than sun has also been observed in broad-leaved evergreen saplings, but generally not in seedlings. This difference is probably related to differences in size and age between seedlings and saplings. Young seedlings typically show exponential growth with no immediate foliar losses, while shaded saplings lie closer to the steady state where new leaves replace old ones with little additional stem growth. 5Thus trees shift their allocation patterns in an acclimatory fashion, depending on their size and light environment, with the costs of replacing senesced leaves becoming of consequence as juveniles age. [source] Asymmetric Abstraction and Allocation: The Israeli-Palestinian Water Pumping RecordGROUND WATER, Issue 1 2009Mark Zeitoun The increased attention given to international transboundary aquifers may be nowhere more pressing than on the western bank of the Jordan River. Hydropolitical analysis of six decades of Israeli and Palestinian pumping records reveals how ground water abstraction rates are as asymmetrical as are water allocations. The particular hydrogeology of the region, notably the variability in depth to ground water, variations in ground water quality, and the vulnerability of the aquifer, also affect the outcome. The records confirm previously drawn conclusions of the influence of the agricultural lobby in maintaining a supply-side water management paradigm. Comparison of water consumption rates divulges that water consumed by all sectors of the farming-based Palestinian economy is less than half of Israeli domestic consumption. The overwhelming majority of "reserve" flows from wet years are sold at subsidized rates to the Israeli agricultural sector, while very minor amounts are sold at normal rates to the Palestinian side for drinking water. An apparent coevolution of water resource variability and politics serves to explain increased Israeli pumping prior to negotiations in the early 1990s. The abstraction record from the Western Aquifer Basin discloses that the effective limit set by the terms of the 1995 Oslo II Agreement is regularly violated by the Israeli side, thereby putting the aquifer at risk. The picture that emerges is one of a transboundary water regime that is much more exploitative than cooperative and that risks spoiling the resource as it poisons international relations. [source] Reply: Ferritin and Liver Allocation?HEPATOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Impact on Mortality Not Only on the Waiting List But Also After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Should Be Considered No abstract is available for this article. [source] Middlemen and the Allocation of Heterogeneous Goods*INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2002Alok Johri First page of article [source] A travelling salesman problem with allocation, time window and precedence constraints , an application to ship schedulingINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2000K. Fagerholt Abstract A Travelling Salesman Problem with Allocation, Time Window and Precedence Constraints (TSP-ATWPC) is considered. The TSP-ATWPC occurs as a subproblem of optimally sequencing a given set of port visits in a real bulk ship scheduling problem, which is a combined multi-ship pickup and delivery problem with time windows and multi-allocation problem. Each ship in the fleet is equipped with a flexible cargo hold that can be partitioned into several smaller holds in a given number of ways, thus allowing multiple products to be carried simultaneously by the same ship. The allocation constraints of the TSP-ATWPC ensure that the partition of the ship's flexible cargo hold and the allocation of cargoes to the smaller holds are feasible throughout the visiting sequence. The TSP-ATWPC is solved as a shortest path problem on a graph whose nodes are the states representing the set of nodes in the path, the last visited node and the accumulated cargo allocation. The arcs of the graph represent transitions from one state to another. The algorithm is a forward dynamic programming algorithm. A number of domination and elimination tests are introduced to reduce the state space. The computational results show that the proposed algorithm for the TSP-ATWPC works, and optimal solutions are obtained to the real ship scheduling problem. [source] Does Corporate Transparency Contribute to Efficient Resource Allocation?JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 4 2009JERE R. FRANCIS ABSTRACT This paper examines whether a country's corporate transparency environment, which includes the quality of accounting information, contributes to efficient resource allocation. Based on a cross-country study of 37 manufacturing industries in 37 countries, we provide three pieces of related evidence. First, we find the contemporaneous correlations in industry growth rates across country pairs are higher when there is a greater level of corporate transparency in the country pairs, after controlling for country-level economic and financial development. Second, we find the influence of transparency on these correlations is stronger when country pairs are at similar levels of economic development (GDP). Finally, when we control for the level of transparency explained by a country's institutions in place, we find that residual transparency (unexplained by country-level factors) is associated with industry-specific growth rates. Taken together, the results are consistent with corporate transparency facilitating the allocation of resources across industry sectors. [source] Allocation of Photosynthates and Grain Growth of Two Wheat Cultivars with Different Potential Grain Growth in Response to Pre- and Post-anthesis ShadingJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2003Z. Wang Abstract Grain yield in wheat is dependent on photosynthate production and allocation. Light intensity is one of the main factors affecting photosynthate production and allocation, and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine whether cultivars varying in grain number per spike and grain weight respond differently to pre-anthesis shading (PRE) and post-anthesis shading (POST), and to characterize the responses in production and allocation of photosynthate, yield and yield components, and spike traits. Both PRE and POST caused a decrease in both dry matter (DM) accumulation and allocation to grain. Cultivar Lumai 22, which has a large spike and large grains, was more sensitive to either PRE or POST. PRE reduced photosynthate production and partitioning to the spike in Lumai 22 at anthesis. In contrast, PRE had little influence on these parameters in the small-spike, small-grain cultivar Yannong 15. POST reduced the partitioning to the grain, especially in Lumai 22, for which marked reductions in biomass and grain yield were found for both the PRE and POST treatments. Changes in yield components attributable to shading varied with cultivars. The number of spikes m,2 was not affected by either PRE or POST. Lumai 22 was more seriously affected by shading than Yannong 15 in terms of grain number per spike and weight per grain. The decreases in grain number or weight per spikelet in both the PRE and POST treatments took place mainly in the upper and basal spikelets, especially in Lumai 22. We concluded that the adaptability of the small-spike, small-grain cultivar Yannong 15 to either PRE or POST was much greater than that of the large-spike, large-grain cultivar Lumai 22 in terms of many characteristics closely related to grain yield. Hence, we suggest that, in areas where low light intensity often occurs, the small-spike, small-grain cultivar would be more likely to produce high, stable grain yields. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||