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Good Integrity (good + integrity)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Chemistry	40%

Selected Abstracts

Nanowires: Fabrication of Sub-10,nm Metallic Lines of Low Line-Width Roughness by Hydrogen Reduction of Patterned Metal,Organic Materials (Adv. Funct.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 14 2010
Mater.
This computer rendered graphic displays direct writing of sub-10 nm metallic wires of low line-width roughness using an electron beam (shown as a sinusoidal wave), as presented by M. S. M. Saifullah, D. J. Kang, U. Steiner, et al. on page 2317. Sub-10 nm metallic wires of good integrity and low line-width roughness were obtained by reducing electron-beam patterned metal naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500°C for 1 h. [source]

Fabrication of Sub-10,nm Metallic Lines of Low Line-Width Roughness by Hydrogen Reduction of Patterned Metal,Organic Materials,

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 14 2010
Mihaela Nedelcu
Abstract The fabrication of very narrow metal lines by the lift-off technique, especially below sub-10,nm, is challenging due to thinner resist requirements in order to achieve the lithographic resolution. At such small length scales, when the grain size becomes comparable with the line-width, the built-in stress in the metal film can cause a break to occur at a grain boundary. Moreover, the line-width roughness (LWR) from the patterned resist can result in deposited metal lines with a very high LWR, leading to an adverse change in device characteristics. Here a new approach that is not based on the lift-off technique but rather on low temperature hydrogen reduction of electron-beam patterned metal naphthenates is demonstrated. This not only enables the fabrication of sub-10,nm metal lines of good integrity, but also of low LWR, below the limit of 3.2,nm discussed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Using this method, sub-10,nm nickel wires are obtained by reducing patterned nickel naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500,°C for 1,h. The LWR (i.e., 3 ,LWR) of these nickel nanolines was found to be 2.9,nm. The technique is general and is likely to be suitable for fabrication of nanostructures of most commonly used metals (and their alloys), such as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, and so on, from their respective metal,organic compounds. [source]

Oxidative coupling of methane in dense ceramic membrane reactor with high yields

AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 10 2002
F. T. Akin
Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) was studied with dense tubular Bi1.5Y0.3Sm0.2O3 (BYS) membranes at various temperatures (870,930°C). BYS powders were synthesized by a citrate method. Tubular-shaped dense membranes of BYS in the fluorite-type FCC phase structure were fabricated by cold isostatic pressing with green machining. The best one-pass C2 (C2H4 + C2H6) yield achieved for OCM in the BYS dead-end membrane reactor was 35% at a C2 selectivity of 54% at 900°C. At the same C2 yield, the membrane reactor mode gives C2 selectivity of over 200% higher than the cofeed mode in the same membrane reactor under similar conditions. The oxygen permeation fluxes through tubular BYS membrane reactors under OCM reaction conditions are approximately 1.5 to 3.5 times higher than those under oxygen permeation conditions with He as the purge. After 6 days of OCM, BYS membrane remained in good integrity with minor phase segregation observed at the reaction side of the membrane. [source]

Development of an Index of Biotic Integrity for a Southeastern Coastal Plain Watershed, USA,

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 2 2007
Charles C. Morris
Abstract:, This study evaluated biological integrity expectations of fish assemblages in wadeable streams for the Alabama portion of the Choctawhatchee River watershed using a multimetric approach. Thirty-four randomly selected stream sites were sampled in late spring 2001 to calibrate an index of biotic integrity (IBI). Validation data were collected during the spring 2001, and summer and fall of 2003 from disturbed and least-impacted targeted sites (n = 20). Thirty-five candidate metrics were evaluated for their responsiveness to environmental degradation. Twelve metrics were selected to evaluate wadeable streams and four replacement metrics were selected for headwater streams. Scores that ranged from 58 to 60 were considered to be representative of excellent biotic integrity (none found in this study), scores of 48-52 as good integrity (31% of the sites in this study), 40-44 as fair (43%), 28-34 as poor (21%), and 12-22 as very poor (5%). Of the four stream condition categories (urban, cattle, row crop, and least impacted), the IBI scores for urban and cattle sites differed significantly from least-impacted sites. Row crop sites, although not significantly different from least-impacted, tended to have greater variability than the other categories. Lower IBI scores at both urban and cattle sites suggest that the IBI accurately reflects stream impairment in the Choctawhatchee River drainage. [source]

Procyanidins: extraction and micro- encapsulation

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 12 2007
Lianfu Zhang
Abstract As by-products of grape juice and wine production, grape seeds are a rich source of procyanidins but are usually discarded as waste. We have treated grape seeds with supercritical fluid extraction to remove the oils and have extracted the procyanidins from the residues. In order to extend the shelf life, micro-encapsulating methods for procyanidins were studied: the use of gum arabic and maltodextrin as wall materials (the contents of arabic gum and maltodextrin were 40% and 60%, respectively). The raw materials were then mixed (the ratio of core substance to wall material was 30:70 w/w and the content of the slurry was 20% w/v). After homogenisation, spray drying was used to prepare microcapsules. The micro-encapsulation efficiency was up to 88.84%. Analysis of the product showed that the procyanidin was not changed during the processing and the procyanidin microcapsule membrane was uninterrupted and with fairly good integrity. The stability of the products was also obviously improved. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source]