			Home About us Contact

Goal Setting (goal + setting)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	21%
Psychology	12%
4 Other Domains	17%

Selected Abstracts

Macro and Micro Goal Setting: In Search of Coherence

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2000
Marco De Haas
In this article we discuss macro and micro goal setting approaches, focusing on the relations between goals at different organisational levels. Translating strategic goals in a top-down manner throughout the organisation is a rather complex process. In organisations, at least one intermediate level between macro (i.e. strategic) and micro (i.e. operational) goals can be distinguished: the level of meso (i.e. tactical) goal setting. The process of a strategic dialogue is introduced to arrive at organisational goal coherence, which is defined as consensus on goal priorities within single constituencies and between multiple constituencies at different organisational levels. This process is illustrated in a case study, in which the CATPCA method has been applied to empirically operationalise degrees of consensus. Effects of the strategic dialogue on organisational goal coherence are demonstrated. Dans cet article sont discute´s les approches de la fixation d' objectifs macro et micro et privile`gie´s les relations entre ces objectifs, aux diffe´rents niveaux de l'organisation. Traduire les objectifs strate´giques de haut en bas de l'organisation est un processus assez complexe. On peut distinguer au moins un niveau interme´diaire entre les objectifs macros (c'est a` dire strate´giques) et micro (c'est a` dire ope´rationnels): le niveau des objectifs meso (c'est a` dire tactiques). On pre´sente le processus d'une concertation strate´gique pour parvenir a` une cohe´rence des objectifs organisationnels. Ce processus est illustre´ par une e´tude de cas. La me´thode ,CATPCA' y a e´te´ applique´e pour rendre ope´rationnels les degre´s de consensus. On a ainsi de´montre´ les effets d'un dialogue strate´gique sur la cohe´rence des objectifs organisationnels. [source]

Improving glycaemic control in children and adolescents: which aspects of therapy really matter?

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010
T. C. Skinner
Diabet. Med. 27, 369,375 (2010) Abstract In paediatric diabetes, the concept of intensive therapy in the post-Diabetes Control and Complications Trial period has become subverted by a pharmaco-technological paradigm at the expense of other aspects of care such as goal-setting and psychosocial support. This review examines which patients benefit most from intensive therapy in terms of glycaemic control (HbA1c). It also reviews published controlled trial and observational data relating to the impact of various insulin types and delivery systems on glycaemic control and canvasses the literature dealing with the impact of patient support, philosophy of care, goal setting and treating team dynamic on HbA1c. Taking into account the characteristics of those patients who benefit most from intensive therapy, the quantum of HbA1c change and the persistence of changes that have been reported in selected and non-selected patient groups, it appears that there is a clear hierarchy in aspects of therapy that improve glycaemic control for children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Prime issues appear to be patient support, team cohesion and goal setting. The reported glycaemic benefits achieved by an isolated emphasis upon a pharmaco-technological paradigm are limited in children and adolescents. It appears that only after the prime issues have been first considered will the potential benefits of the insulin types and regimens then be realized. [source]

Development of the web-based type 2diabetes education programme: DIEP

EUROPEAN DIABETES NURSING, Issue 2 2009
E Heinrich MSc PhD student
Abstract Background: Education is an essential part of diabetes care. However, in The Netherlands, no education programme was available for everyone at any time and adaptive to users' specific needs. Aim: To describe the structured development and final content of a type 2 diabetes web-based education programme. Methods: A web-based education programme,the Diabetes Interactive Education Programme (DIEP),was developed using intervention mapping and involved collaboration between programme planners, Dutch diabetes organisations and potential users (patients and healthcare providers). DIEP incorporates information, multimedia and tools to support self-reflection, goal setting, problem solving and active patient participation. Results:www.diep.info consists of seven chapters with basic and additional information, a dictionary, self-management checklists and a workbook for goal setting and preparation for consultations. The information included is mostly spoken text supported by headlines, images, video and patient experiences. Adoption, implementation and evaluation plans have been made. Outcomes of the process and effect evaluation will be reported in the future. Conclusions: DIEP is a unique education programme, based on theory and planned development, which is supported by diabetes organisations. By using multimedia and incorporating different functionalities, DIEP attempts to meet the current practice requirements. DIEP aims to meet the needs of multiple, specific patient groups in the future, and has already been adapted for use in different countries (eg Belgium). Copyright © 2009 FEND [source]

One-year changes in glucose and heart disease risk factors among participants in the WISEWOMAN programme

EUROPEAN DIABETES NURSING, Issue 2 2007
JC Will PhD
Abstract Background: WISEWOMAN provides chronic disease risk factor screening, referrals and lifestyle interventions to low-income, uninsured women, to reduce their heart disease and stroke risk. Participants learn behaviour-changing skills tailored to low-income populations, such as collaborative goal setting, the need to take small steps and other empowerment techniques. Aim: To quantify the baseline prevalence of pre-diabetes (fasting blood glucose 5.5,6.9 mmol/l) and diabetes among WISEWOMAN participants and assess one-year changes in glucose levels and other diabetes risk factors. Methods: We used 1998,2005 baseline and one-year follow-up data from WISEWOMAN participants. Using a multilevel regression model, we assessed one-year changes in glucose, blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among participants with baseline pre-diabetes (n=688) or diabetes (n=338). Results: At baseline, 15% of participants had pre-diabetes and 10% had diabetes. Of those with diabetes, 26% were unaware of their condition before baseline screening. During the one-year follow-up period, participants with pre-diabetes experienced statistically significant improvements in glucose (2.9%) and cholesterol (2.1%) levels and 10-year CHD risk (4.3%). Participants with newly diagnosed diabetes experienced statistically significant improvements in glucose (11.5%), BP (3.1%,3.5%) and cholesterol (6.4%) levels. Participants with previously diagnosed diabetes experienced significant improvements in BP (1.9%,3.4%), cholesterol level (3.8%), and 10-year CHD risk (8.5%). Conclusions: Implementing patient-centered, comprehensive and multilevel interventions and demonstrating their effectiveness will likely lead to the adoption of this approach on a much broader scale. [source]

Performance management and assessment: Methods for improved rater accuracy and employee goal setting

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2004
Manuel London
This article examines the gaps between research and practice in the areas of rater accuracy and goal setting. Prior research has shown that human resource managers may incorrectly believe that training raters to recognize errors will increase rater accuracy and that employee participation in goal setting is more effective than assigning goals. Theory-based research suggests ways to help raters recognize expected performance and enable employees to self-regulate their pursuit of goals. We describe applications of these findings to performance management programs and suggest methods for evaluating their effectiveness once implemented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

Clinical indicators: the role of patient in goal setting, evaluation and ethical practice

INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010
J. Myers
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Interventions to reduce the incidence of falls in older adult patients in acute-care hospitals: a systematic review

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED HEALTHCARE, Issue 4 2009
Cindy Stern BHS(Hons)
Abstract Aim, Falls can cause serious physical and emotional injuries to patients leading to poor quality of life and increased length of hospital stay. The aim of this study was to present the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of risk assessment or other interventions that aimed to minimise the number of falls. Methods, A systematic review of randomised controlled trials was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of interventions that were designed to reduce the incidence of falls in older acute-care patients. Only trials published between 1998 and 2008 were considered. Results, Only seven studies were included in the review, indicating the evidence on this topic is sparse. There is some evidence to suggest that implementing the following interventions in acute hospitals may be effective in reducing the amount of falls of older adult inpatients: ,,A multidisciplinary multifactorial intervention program consisting of falls risk alert card, an exercise program, an education program and the use of hip protectors after approximately 45 days ,,A one-on-one patient education package entailing information on risk factors and preventative strategies for falls as well as goal setting ,,A targeted fall risk factor reduction intervention that includes a fall risk factor screen, recommended interventions encompassing local advice and a summary of the evidence There is also some evidence to suggest that implementing a multidisciplinary multifactorial intervention that consists of systematic assessment and treatment of fall risk factors, as well as active management of postoperative complications, can reduce the amount of falls in patients following surgery for femoral neck fracture. Conclusion, There is some evidence to suggest that certain multifactorial interventions are more effective than others and that increasing patient education or targeting fall risk factors may be of benefit. Further high-quality research is needed in order to ascertain effective fall-prevention strategies in acute-care facilities. [source]

Behavioral treatment of substance abuse in schizophrenia

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2009
Wendy N. Tenhula
Abstract Co-occurring substance use disorders are highly prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia and other serious and persistent mental illnesses (SPMI) and are associated with clinically significant consequences. A multifaceted behavioral treatment called Behavioral Treatment for Substance Abuse in Serious and Persistent Mental Illness (BTSAS) can reduce substance abuse in persons with SPMI. The key treatment strategies in BTSAS include a urinalysis contingency, short-term goal setting, training in drug refusal skills, psychoeducation about the impact of drug use, and relapse prevention training. A case example illustrating the application of BTSAS is presented and relevant clinical issues are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1,11, 2009. [source]

Moving targets: The dynamics of goal setting and performance

JOURNAL OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 3 2009
C. J. McNair-Connolly
As organizations seek ways to improve performance, reduce costs, and maximize the value created for customers and other stakeholders, they need to make sure that the dynamics embedded in their management control system,the linkages between goal setting and performance,create a natural platform for internalization of the organization's goals by the workforce. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

An interactive education session and follow-up support as a strategy to improve clinicians' goal-writing skills: a randomized controlled trial

JOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2010
Elisabeth Marsland BAppSc(OT)Hons
Abstract Background, Recent research indicates that allied health clinicians have difficulty articulating client needs and priorities into specific and measurable goals. As a result, a number of strategies to facilitate improvement in allied health clinicians' goal-setting skills have been recommended in the literature. In order to assist clinicians develop the skills required to set SMART goals, it is necessary that the strategies are rigorously tested. Aim, To determine if a 50-minute education session and 3-month email and telephone support programme improves clinicians' SMART goal-writing skill and accurately predicts improved goal-writing behaviour. Methods, Concealed random allocation of participants (n = 120) into two parallel groups: (1) intervention group received education on writing goals using the SMART Goal Evaluation Method as part of a workshop on outcome measurement and received 3 months of follow-up support (n = 60); and (2) control group attended a workshop on evidence-based practice (n = 60). Results, Education and follow-up support improved clinicians' SMART goal-writing skills at both the 3- and 6-month review (Yates ,2 = 4.324, d.f. = 1, P = 0.0375). Structural equation modelling revealed education and follow-up support is an accurate predictor of SMART goal-setting behaviour change at both 3 months (standardized regression weights = 0.21; P = 0.014) and 6 months (standardized regression weights = 0.19; P = 0.02) post intervention. Changes were modest and developed over a 6-month period. Conclusion, This study provides empirical evidence that a programme of educating clinicians in a standardized method of goal setting and providing follow-up support improves allied health clinicians' SMART goal-writing skills. [source]

The effects of a back rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain

JOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 5 2007
Lynne Gaskell M (Res) Grad Dip Phys MCSP SRP
Abstract Aim, The aim of this paper was to perform a pragmatic before,after analysis of a back rehabilitation programme (BRP) for patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). A total of 877 patients were recruited onto the BRP, which were carried out at four centres within the Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Trust. The BRP consisted of nine 2-hour group sessions of therapy run over 5 weeks and included 1 hour of exercise and 1 hour of education, advice problem solving and goal setting. Method, Using the Wilcoxen signed rank tests and paired t -tests levels of pain, disability, anxiety and depression were significantly reduced pre-post programme (P < 0.001). In addition, the levels of fitness and perceived control improved significantly (P < 0.001) suggesting that participants were better able to manage their LBP. Conclusion, Overall, the BRP proved to be effective in reducing pain, disability, anxiety and depression levels for people with chronic LBP. However, despite significant improvements in outcome measures only 50% of the patients completed the BRP and questionnaires post BRP. The implications of the findings are discussed with respect to modified programmes and alternative management for patients within different subgroups of LBP. [source]

Conservation goals and fisheries management units for Atlantic salmon in the Baltic Sea area

JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 2001
M-L. Koljonen
The effective application of genetic information in fisheries management strategies implies political goal setting taking both conservation and fisheries management into account. The concept of sustainable use as set out by the Convention on Biological Diversity offers a valuable starting point in this respect, since the criterion for it is defined as the maintenance of genetic diversity within each species. However, strategic decisions are also needed on the practical level, where the actual genetic information can be taken into account. Genetic factors, such as glacial differentiation, the postglacial genetic structure of populations, gene flow levels and the probability of the existence of adaptive differences, have an effect on the formation of conservation and management units and on the long-term strategy for the sustainable use of aspecies. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Baltic Sea area is treated here as an example of a complicated management problem with a highly hierarchical genetic structure associated with marked loss of naturally reproductive stocks, extensive hatchery production and an effective international offshore fishery. The implications of genetic factors for the conservation and management strategy of the Baltic salmon is discussed in the light of the goals set by the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement, the Habitats Directive of the European Union and the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission. [source]

A new evidence-based model for weight management in primary care: the Counterweight Programme

JOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 3 2004
The Counterweight Project Team
Abstract Background/Aims Obesity has become a global epidemic, and a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Management strategies and treatment protocols are however poorly developed and evaluated. The aim of the Counterweight Programme is to develop an evidence-based model for the management of obesity in primary care. Methods The Counterweight Programme is based on the theoretical model of Evidence-Based Quality Assessment aimed at improving the management of obese adults (18,75 years) in primary care. The model consists of four phases: (1) practice audit and needs assessment, (2) practice support and training, (3) practice nurse-led patient intervention, and (4) evaluation. Patient intervention consisted of screening and treatment pathways incorporating evidence-based approaches, including patient-centred goal setting, prescribed eating plans, a group programme, physical activity and behavioural approaches, anti-obesity medication and weight maintenance strategies. Weight Management Advisers who are specialist obesity dietitians facilitated programme implementation. Eighty practices were recruited of which 18 practices were randomized to act as controls and receive deferred intervention 2 years after the initial audit. Results By February 2004, 58 of the 62 (93.5%) intervention practices had been trained to run the intervention programme, 47 (75.8%) practices were active in implementing the model and 1256 patients had been recruited (74% female, 26% male, mean age 50.6 years, SD 14). At baseline, 75% of patients had at one or more co-morbidity, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 36.9 kg/m2 (SD 5.4). Of the 1256 patients recruited, 91% received one of the core lifestyle interventions in the first 12 months. For all patients followed up at 12 months, 34% achieved a clinical meaningful weight loss of 5% or more. A total of 51% of patients were classed as compliant in that they attended the required level of appointments in 3, 6, and 12 months. For fully compliant patients, weight loss improved with 43% achieving a weight loss of 5% or more at 12 months. Conclusion The Counterweight Programme is an evidence-based weight management model which is feasible to implement in primary care. [source]

The role of organizational cultures in information-systems security management: A goal-setting perspective

JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES, Issue 1 2008
Ioannis V. Koskosas
The aim of this research is to investigate the role of strong organizational cultures in setting information-systems security goals. In doing so, we explore and discuss the concept of culture within three financial organizations with different social and organizational structures, and seek to demonstrate the importance of having a cohesive culture in efficiently setting information-security goals. The relationship between goal setting, culture strength, and performance is also discussed, as there have been studies that indirectly indicate that such a relationship may exist. The contribution of this work to interpretive information-systems research consists of its study of culture and goal setting in a security-management context, and its grounding within an interpretive epistemology. In addition, this research promotes an interdisciplinary and interorganizational theory to foster dialogue that transcends industry-specific contexts and explores different organizational practices that can improve leadership's role in human life. [source]

The Impact of Profit Sharing on the Performance of Financial Services Firms*

JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 4 2005
Michel Magnan
abstract Relying on macro theories (agency and organizational control) as well as micro theories (goal setting and expectancy), this study investigates the impact of profit-sharing plan (PSP) adoption on the value creation process of financial services firms. The study relies on a comprehensive methodological approach that is both quantitative, with a dual cross-sectional/longitudinal (pre-post) design that compares PSP adopters with a control group of PSP non-adopter firms, and qualitative through interviews with some adopting firms' managing directors. Results show that firms adopting a PSP enhance their profitability in comparison to both their own prior performance and to firms that are not adopting a PSP. Results also show that the adoption of a PSP: (a) positively influences only profit drivers that are under employee control; and (b) is more likely to have a long term, positive impact on external profit drivers than on internal profit drivers. Qualitative data from field interviews corroborate and enrich these quantitative findings. [source]

A Review of 21 Curricula for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs

JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 3 2005
Kelly L. Wilson
ABSTRACT: The authors reviewed the content, methods, and overall quality of 21 curricula used in abstinence-only-until-marriage programs. Only materials designed for use in middle school grades (fifth to eighth) or with middle school-aged audiences (9,13 years of age), which presented the abstinence message in at least 40% of their content, were included. A rating instrument adapted from 2 sets of education guidelines structured the assessment of each curriculum. Four experienced teachers rated each curriculum. Curricula exhibited considerable variability in overall quality ratings. While on average, materials scored a 3.33 on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = Unacceptable; 5 = Excellent), 12 curricula received summative scores above the average, with 4 scoring 4.0 or higher. Eight curricula, however, received a below-average rating. While abstinence materials vary considerably in terms of overall quality, the values and world views underlying this sample of curricula were clear and consistent: those who develop abstinence education curricula value nonsexual antecedents of sexual behavior such as skills (goal setting, decision making, and assertiveness), ideals (fidelity, friendships), and psychological factors such as self-esteem. [source]

Coverage of Adolescent Substance Use Prevention in State Frameworks for Health Education

JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 9 2001
David Wyrick MPH
ABSTRACT: Ten secondary health education state curriculum frameworks were reviewed for their inclusion of 12 mediators commonly used to prevent adolescent substance use. Specific aims of the investigation were: a) to identify the extent to which the 12 mediators were found in each framework; and b) to identify those frameworks that included Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs (ATOD) sections and determine to what extent the 12 mediators were found in those sections. A panel of three researchers independently reviewed each framework. Beliefs about consequences, decision-making skills, and stress management skills were identified most often while commitment, lifestyle incongruence, and normative beliefs were identified least often. Among states that included ATOD sections, beliefs about consequences and resistance skills were the most commonly identified mediators. Commitment, goal setting, and normative beliefs were not identified in any ATOD sections. Research in prevention and implications for health education are discussed. [source]

Predictors of Success in Individuals with Learning Disabilities: A Qualitative Analysis of a 20-Year Longitudinal Study

LEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 4 2003
Roberta J. Goldberg
The research described here is part of a larger longitudinal project tracing the lives of a group of individuals with learning disabilities who attended the Frostig Center more than 20 years ago. The purpose of the larger project has been to identify variables that predict successful outcomes for adults with learning disabilities. This article focuses on the qualitative findings obtained using an ethnographic approach to analyzing in-depth interviews with participants. Six previously identified "success attributes" (self-awareness, proactivity, perseverance, appropriate goal setting, effective use of social support systems, and emotional stability/emotional coping strategies) were further defined. Using qualitative analysis, significant components of the success attributes that differentiated the successful from unsuccessful groups were identified, and changes over time were revealed. In addition, the following new themes were identified: (1) the learning disability exerted a critical influence across the entire lifespan; (2) there were differences in participants' family functioning; and (3) there were differences in participants' social relationships. Support for the salience of the success attributes and the additional themes to the participants is given in the form of direct quotations from the corpus of interview transcripts. Qualitative methodologies are stressed throughout the study for the purpose of obtaining an "insider's view" of LD. [source]

Does professional-centred training improve consultation outcomes?

PRACTICAL DIABETES INTERNATIONAL (INCORPORATING CARDIABETES), Issue 6 2006
FETC Senior Lecturer in Dietetic Practice, Mrs T Parkin BSc(Hons)
Abstract This study aimed to examine whether professional-centred training improves consultation outcomes. Using a pre- and post-data collection design, immediately after consultations, professionals and patients completed a consultation review sheet which was coded for the level of agreement on issues discussed and decisions made. Patients also completed the Health Care Climate Questionnaire (HCCQ). Pre-training results were fed back to the professionals to provide an objective measure of current practice. Training day one comprised 10 minutes' observation of videoed consultations of each professional in order to identify strengths and training needs. Each professional identified key areas of their consultation that they felt needed further development. Training day two centred on goal setting and negotiating agendas as these were identified as priority areas requiring more skills. Data from 110 baseline and 73 follow-up consultations were collected. The HCCQ showed no significant difference between baseline and follow up. Non-parametric tests indicated that the level of agreement on decisions had improved (Mann-Whitney U = 951; p = 0.002; ,2 = 3.67; df = 2; p = 0.026). The number of consultations where complete disagreement occurred between the patient and professional, on decisions made, reduced from 17% at baseline to 11% at follow up. It was concluded that professional-centred training can be effective in improving patients' perceptions of the consultation, and in increasing patient/professional agreement on recall of decisions made. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Defining the Limits of Restoration: The Need for Realistic Goals

RESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2000
Joan G. Ehrenfeld
The search for a universal statement of goals for ecological restoration continues to generate discussion and controversy. I discuss the diverse roots of restoration ecology, and show how the complex lineages within the field have led to diverse, and divergent, sets of goals. I then review the three major themes that currently are used to develop statements of goals: restoration of species, restoration of whole ecosystems or landscapes, and the restoration of ecosystem services, and point out both the advantages and the limitations and problems associated with each category. Finally, I suggest that restoration ecology would be better served by recognizing that the diversity of conditions requiring restoration demands much flexibility in goal setting, and that restorationists should seek to develop guidelines for defining the sets of conditions under which different kinds of goals are appropriate. I further suggest that goals would be more easily and more appropriately set if restorationists would set forth at the outset the true scope and limitations of what is possible in a given project. Key words: goal-setting, wetlands, conservation biology, ecosystem management, ecosystem services, landscape management. [source]

Thinking about learning: Implications for principle-based professional education

THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 2 2002
Dr. Karen V. Mann PhD
Abstract The understanding of teaching and learning in medical education has increased to improve medical education at all levels. Selected approaches to understanding learning provide a basis for eliciting principles that may inform and guide educational practice. In this article, these approaches are discussed from two perspectives: the cognitive and the environmental. The cognitive perspective includes activation of prior knowledge, elaboration of new learning, learning in context, transfer of learning, and organization of knowledge. The environmental perspective includes the dynamic interaction of learners with their environment, observational learning, incentives and rewards in the environment, goal setting and self-monitoring, self-efficacy, and situated learning. Implications are presented for facilitation of effective learning and support of the learning environment throughout the continuum of medical education. [source]

Dietary Planning as a Mediator of the Intention,Behavior Relation: An Experimental-Causal-Chain Design

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2008
Tabea Reuter
Health behavior change is seen as a self-regulatory process that consists of a motivation phase of goal setting and a volition phase of goal pursuit. Previous studies suggest that the intention,behavior association is mediated by planning. However, evidence is based on observational studies rather than on experimental designs. To validate the causal assumptions, an experimental-causal-chain design was employed. Study 1 (n= 145) examined whether changing dietary intentions by a motivational intervention engenders changes in planning activities 1 month later. Study 2 (n= 115) examined, in a different sample, whether a volitional planning intervention engenders changes in dietary behavior 1 month later. In both studies, repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a significant Time × Condition interaction. Changes in intention mediated the effects of the motivational intervention on planning activities (Study 1). Changes in planning mediated the effect of a planning intervention on dietary behavior (Study 2). Previous observational findings on planning as a mediator in the intention,behavior association were supported by the two experiments. The findings might help to identify points of intervention in the process underlying health behavior change. Le changement de comportement au plan de la santé est considéré comme un processus d'auto-régulation qui se compose d'une phase de motivation (fixation des buts) et d'une phase de volition (poursuite des buts). Des études précédentes suggèrent que le passage de l'intention au comportement est médiatisé par la planification. Ces résultats sont obtenus par voie d'observations plutôt que par expérimentations. Pour valider les hypothèses de causalité, un modèle de chaîne-causale-expérimentale a été employé. L'étude 1 examine si, en changeant les intentions alimentaires par une intervention motivationnelle, on obtient des changements dans la planification des activités un mois après (n= 145). L'étude 2 examine, sur un échantillon différent, si la planification d'une intervention engendre des changements du comportement alimentaire un mois plus tard (n= 115). Pour ces deux études, des ANOVA à mesures répétées révèlent une interaction significative entre le temps et la condition étudiée. Les changements de l'intention influencent les effets de l'intervention motivationnelle sur la planification des activités (étude 1). Les changements de la planification influencent les effets de l'intervention de la volition sur le comportement alimentaire (Etude 2). Les résultats obtenus par observation sur la planification comme lien entre l'intention et le comportement sont confirmés par les expérimentations. Les résultats peuvent permettre d'identifier les modalités d'interventions relatives au processus sous-tendant le changement du comportement de santé. [source]

Macro and Micro Goal Setting: In Search of Coherence

Generational Characteristics and Their Impact on Preference for Management Control Systems

AUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REVIEW, Issue 3 2010
Emma Petroulas
Research indicates that different macro-socialisation results in systematic differences in generational characteristics, which may in turn result in different generational workplace preferences for management control systems (MCS). An exploratory study was undertaken of three generations (Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y) and their MCS preferences in a large Australian professional services firm. The results found that each generation exhibited different characteristics and these differences are linked to specific generational MCS preferences for goal setting, performance evaluation, administrative controls and incentives. These findings have implications for MCS design that attracts, motivates and retains employees, improves organisational performance, and manages intergenerational conflict. [source]

GOAL ATTAINMENT SCALING: AN EFFECTIVE OUTCOME MEASURE FOR RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH SERVICES

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 5 2002
Ruth Cox
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) as an effective, multidisciplinary measure of client outcomes for rural and remote health services. Goal Attainment Scaling was adopted by the Spinal Outreach Team (SPOT) as a client-focussed evaluation tool, as it is sensitive to the individual nature of clients' presenting issues and the multidisciplinary focus of the team. It enables individualised goals to be set on a five-point scale. Goal Attainment Scaling was introduced to the SPOT service after a pilot trial established guidelines for its effective implementation. An ongoing review process ensures that goal scaling remains realistic and relevant. Service outcomes can be effectively summarised using a frequency distribution of GAS scores. One of the important benefits of GAS is its facilitation of collaborative goal setting between clinician and client. Goal Attainment Scaling is recommended to rural and remote multidisciplinary health services because of its ability to summarise outcomes from heterogeneous service activities. [source]

Exploring the factors that influence the goal setting process for occupational therapy intervention with an individual with spinal cord injury

AUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002
Linda Barclay
This paper investigates the factors that influence the process that occurs between an individual with a spinal injury and his/her occupational therapist when setting goals for therapy intervention. A single case study design was adopted using a combination of in-depth semistructured interviews with a therapist and patient, and observation of occupational therapy treatment sessions. After analysis of the results, the following four categories emerged as influencing the goal setting process: the context for setting goals; the concept of independence; the features of goals; and the process dimensions of goal setting. The study highlights that the patient and therapist's respective views of independence, and their understanding of the features of goals may influence the success of the goal setting process. Further investigation into these areas is indicated. [source]

Measuring the outcome of occupational therapy: Tools and resources

AUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2000
Carolyn Unsworth
Current pressures to document outcomes and demonstrate the efficacy of occupational therapy intervention arise from fiscal restraints as much as from the humanitarian desire to provide the best quality health care to consumers. However, measuring outcomes is important in facilitating mutual goal setting, increasing the focus of therapy on the client, monitoring client progress, as well as demonstrating that therapy is valuable. The aims of this article are to provide the reader with an overview of what outcomes research is and to provide resources to aid the selection of outcomes assessments in a variety of practice areas. This article adopts the latest version of the World Health Organisation's health classification system (International Classification of Impairments, Activities and Participation), as an organizing framework, and promotes the use of this framework when undertaking outcomes research. [source]

Use and performances of Web-based portfolio assessment

BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
Chi-Cheng Chang
This research explored the influence of a Web-based portfolio assessment system on students' performances. The methodological procedure adopted was to have the experimental group use the system, with the control group using conventional assessment. The study subjects were junior high school students of two computer classes. The experimental results revealed that the use of the system has significant positive influence on students' performances. According to estimated effect size, the most significant indicators were reflection, self-assessment, continuous improvement, goal setting, problem solving, data gathering, work and peer interaction. However, peer-assessment performance was not enhanced significantly. Therefore, one recommendation was to reduce peer-assessment and instead offer specific illustrations to the students as well as the opportunity to drill. [source]

Goal Attainment Scaling in paediatric rehabilitation: a report on the clinical training of an interdisciplinary team

CHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2008
D. Steenbeek
Abstract Background Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) is a responsive method for individual goal setting and treatment evaluation. However, current knowledge about its reliability when used in paediatric rehabilitation treatment is insufficient and depends highly on standardization of the GAS method. A training programme was developed to introduce GAS to a team of 27 professionals from five disciplines. The purpose of the paper is to share the experiences of professionals and parents during this training. Methods The training consisted of three 2-h general discussion sessions and intensive individual feedback from the study leader (i.e. the first author). Feedback was given until the GAS scales met predetermined criteria of ordinality, described specific, measurable, acceptable, realistic abilities and activities in a single dimension, used the ,can-do' principle and could be scored within 10 min. Therapists and parents were asked to give their opinion by completing a questionnaire. Results One hundred and fifteen GAS scales were developed and scored by professionals. The development of a GAS scale remained a time-consuming procedure, despite the training: 45 (SD = 27) minutes per scale. The content criteria of GAS were found to be useful by all participants. Common issues requiring revision of the initial scales were equal scale intervals, specificity, measurability and selection of a single variable. After the training, 70% of the therapists and 60% of the parents regarded GAS as a suitable tool to improve the quality of rehabilitation treatment. Examples of GAS scales developed by the various disciplines are presented and discussed. Conclusions The experiences reported in this paper support the further development of training procedures for GAS before it can be used as an outcome measure in effect studies. The findings may be helpful in introducing GAS in the field of childhood disability. [source]

Parent participation in paediatric rehabilitation treatment centres in the Netherlands: a parents' viewpoint

CHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2007
R. C. Siebes
Abstract Aim, The importance of family-centred care and services has been increasingly emphasized in paediatric rehabilitation. One aspect of family-centred care is parent involvement in their child's treatment. The aims of this study were (1) to describe how, and to what extent parents are involved in the paediatric rehabilitation treatment process in the Netherlands; (2) to determine the level of parents' satisfaction about the services they and their child have received; and (3) to describe what ideas parents have to enhance their involvement in the treatment process. Methods, A total of 679 parents of children aged 1,20 years who participated in our longitudinal study on family centred care in the Netherlands. The children had various diagnoses and were treated in nine out of 23 Dutch paediatric rehabilitation centres. A random sample of 75 parents was interviewed within 4 weeks after completion of the Measure of Processes of Care and the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire. A Quality of Care cycle with six stages was used to structure the evaluation. Results, The data showed that parents are involved in all stages of their child's rehabilitation process in various ways. The average level of parent satisfaction about the services received was high. According to the interviewed parents, the communication between professionals and parents, parents' involvement in goal setting, and parents' involvement in treatment could be improved upon. Conclusion, Parents are to a large extent involved in all stages of the treatment process in Dutch paediatric rehabilitation settings. Although parents valued the services received, they suggested various ways to enhance parent participation. [source]