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Glutamate Decarboxylase (glutamate + decarboxylase)
Selected AbstractsStructure of the Mouse Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 Gene and Its PromoterJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2000Preferential Expression of Its Promoter in the GABAergic Neurons of Transgenic Mice Abstract: GABA is synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which has two forms, GAD65 and GAD67. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of mouse GAD65 (mGAD65) gene expression, we isolated and characterized the mGAD65 gene. The mGAD65 gene was found to be divided into 16 exons and spread over 75 kb. The sequence of the first exon and the 5,-flanking region indicated the presence of potential neuron-specific cis -regulatory elements. We used transgenic mice to examine the expression pattern conferred by a 9.2-kb promoter-proximal DNA fragment of the mGAD65 gene fused to the bacterial lacZ reporter gene. Transgenic mice showed high ,-galactosidase activity specifically in brain and testis. They also showed characteristic patterns of transgene expression in olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex, and spinal cord, a similar expression pattern to that of endogenous mGAD65. However, no transgene expression was observed in the ventral thalamus or hypothalamus, in which high mGAD65 gene expression levels have been observed. These results suggest that the 9.2-kb DNA fragment of the mGAD65 gene is associated with its tissue-specific expression and its targeted expression in GABAergic neurons of specific brain regions but that additional regulatory elements are necessary to obtain fully correct expression. [source] Glutamate Decarboxylase Genes and Alcoholism in Han Taiwanese MenALCOHOLISM, Issue 11 2006El-Wui Loh Objective: Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of , -aminobutyric acid (GABA), may be involved in the development of alcoholism. This study examined the possible roles of the genes that code for 2 forms of GAD (GAD1 and GAD2) in the development of alcoholism. Method: An association study was conducted among 140 male alcoholic subjects meeting the DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence and 146 controls recruited from the Han Taiwanese in community and clinical settings. Psychiatric assessment of drinking conditions was conducted using a Chinese version of the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. The SHEsis and Haploview programs were used in statistical analyses. Results: Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the GAD1 gene were valid for further statistics. Between alcoholic subjects and controls, significant differences were found in genotype distributions of SNP1 (p=0.000), SNP2 (p=0.015), SNP4 (p=0.015), SNP5 (p=0.031), SNP6 (p=0.012), and SNP8 (p=0.004) and in allele distributions of SNP1 (p=0.001), SNP2 (p=0.009), and SNP8 (p=0.009). Permutation tests of SNP1, SNP2, and SNP8 demonstrated significant differences in allele frequencies but not in 2 major haplotype blocks. Three valid SNPs at the GAD2 gene demonstrated no associations with alcoholism. Further permutation tests in the only 1 haplotype block or individual SNPs demonstrated no significant differences. Conclusions: This is the first report indicating a possible significant role of the GAD1 gene in the development of alcohol dependence and/or the course of alcohol withdrawal and outcome of alcoholism. [source] Purification and biochemical characterisation of a novel glutamate decarboxylase from rice branJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2010Li Wang Abstract BACKGROUND: Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a useful enzyme whose main function is to catalyse the irreversible ,-decarboxylation of L -glutamate to produce ,-aminobutyric acid. The cheap and abundant rice-processing by-product rice bran contains a high amount of GAD, the purification and characterisation of which have not yet been reported. In this study, research on rice bran GAD was initiated. RESULTS: Rice bran GAD was purified to homogeneity via a combined purification protocol of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and two gel filtrations, with a purification fold of 128.6 and an activity recovery of 21.3%. The enzyme was active at pH 5.5 and 40 °C and retained 80% of its original activity in the pH range 5,9 and the temperature range 30,50 °C. GAD activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ but strongly inhibited by Ag+, Hg2+, sodium dodecyl sulfate and CH3COOH. Kinetic determination of the apparent Km for L -glutamate and pyridoxal 5,-phosphate gave values of 27.4 mmol L,1 and 1.16 µmol L,1 respectively. CONCLUSION: Considering that rice bran is cheap and commercially available and that rice bran GAD is relatively stable, the development of cost-effective rice bran GAD-related functional foods would seem to be feasible. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Dark-rearing-induced reduction of GABA and GAD and prevention of the effect by BDNF in the mouse retinaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 8 2006Eun-Jin Lee Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important retinal neurotransmitter. We studied the expression of GABA, glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GAD67 by immunocytochemistry and Western blot, in the retinas of control and dark-reared C57BL/6J black mice. This study asked three questions. First, is visual input necessary for the normal expression of GABA, GAD65 and GAD67? Second, can the retina recover from the effects of dark-rearing if returned to a normal light,dark cycle? Third, does BDNF prevent the influence of dark-rearing on the expression of GABA and GAD? At postnatal day 10 (P10), before eye opening, GABA immunoreactivity was present in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), in the innermost rows of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of control and dark-reared retinas. In P30 control retinas, GABA immunoreactivity showed similar patterns to those at P10. However, in P30 dark-reared retinas, the density of GABA-immunoreactive cells was lower in both the INL and GCL than in control retinas. In addition, visual deprivation retarded GABA immunoreactivity in the IPL. Western blot analysis showed corresponding differences in the levels of GAD65 but not of GAD67 expression between control and dark-rearing conditions. In our study, dark-rearing effects were reversed when the mice were put in normal cyclic light,dark conditions for 2 weeks. Moreover, dark-reared retinas treated with BDNF showed normal expression of both GABA and GAD65. Our data indicate that normal expression of GABA and GAD65 is dependent on visual input. Furthermore, the data suggest that BDNF controls this dependence. [source] Demonstration of long-range GABAergic connections distributed throughout the mouse neocortexEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Ryohei Tomioka Abstract ,-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the neocortex have been mainly regarded as interneurons and thought to provide local interactions. Recently, however, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry combined with retrograde labeling experiments revealed the existence of GABAergic projection neurons in the neocortex. We further studied the network of GABAergic projection neurons in the neocortex by using GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice for retrograde labeling and a novel neocortical GABAergic neuron labeling method for axon tracing. Many GFP-positive neurons were retrogradely labeled after Fast Blue injection into the primary somatosensory, motor and visual cortices. These neurons were labeled not only around the injection site, but also at a long distance from the injection site. Of the retrogradely labeled GABAergic neurons remote from the injection sites, the vast majority (91%) exhibited somatostatin immunoreactivity, and were preferentially distributed in layer II, layer VI and in the white matter. In addition, most of GABAergic projection neurons were positive for neuropeptide Y (82%) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (71%). We confirmed the long-range projections by tracing GFP-labeled GABAergic neurons with axon branches traveled rostro-caudally and medio-laterally. Axon branches could be traced up to 2 mm. Some (n = 2 of 4) were shown to cross the areal boundaries. The GABAergic projection neurons preferentially received neocortical inputs. From these results, we conclude that GABAergic projection neurons are distributed throughout the neocortex and are part of a corticocortical network. [source] Altered conditioned fear behavior in glutamate decarboxylase 65 null mutant miceGENES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, Issue 2 2003O. Stork We investigated the involvement of the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and GAD65-mediated ,-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis in the formation and expression of Pavlovian fear memory. To this end, behavioral, endocrine and autonomic parameters were examined during conditioned fear retrieval of mice with targeted ablation of the GAD65 gene (GAD65,/, mice). These mutant mice were found to display specific fear behavior (freezing, escape), as well as autonomic (increased defecation) and endocrine activation (increased plasma corticosterone) during fear memory retrieval. However, freezing was reduced and flight and escape behavior were increased in GAD65,/, mice compared to their wild type and heterozygous littermates, while corticosterone levels and defecation rates did not differ between genotypes. Active defensive behavior of GAD65,/, mice was observed during both auditory cued and contextual retrieval of fear memory, as well as immediately after conditioning. These data indicate a selectively altered behavioral fear response in GAD65,/, mice, most likely due to deficits in threat estimation or the elicitation of appropriate conditioned fear behavior, and suggest that GAD65 is a genetic determinant of conditioned fear behavior. GAD65,/, mice provide a valuable tool to further dissect the GABAergic mechanisms involved in fear and anxiety and to model GABA-related neurological and psychiatric disorders. [source] Modulation of diabetes in NOD mice by GAD65-specific monoclonal antibodies is epitope specific and accompanied by anti-idiotypic antibodiesIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Tyler R. Hall Summary Type 1 diabetes is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Here we show that administration of a human monoclonal antibody (b96·11) specific to the 65-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65) to prediabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice significantly delays the onset of autoimmune diabetes. We found this effect to be epitope-specific, as only b96·11 showed this therapeutic property, while a GAD65-specific human monoclonal control antibody (b78) derived from the same patient, but specific to a different determinant of GAD65, had no significant effect on the progression of disease. Administration of b96·11 or b78 to NOD mice was accompanied by the generation of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Importantly, the induced anti-idiotypic antibodies were specific for the immunizing antibody and blocked the binding of GAD65 by the respective antibody. These findings suggest a potential role for the internal image of the GAD65 determinant recognized by b96·11 in the anti-idiotypic antibody, supporting an immunomodulatory role for GAD65-specific autoantibodies, as originally postulated by Jerne. [source] Simultaneous triple organ specific autoantibody profiling in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their first-degree relatives,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 3 2009S. Dagdelen Summary Aims:, We aimed to document prevalence and clinical presentations of seropositivities for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-antibody, celiac's disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and their first-degree relatives. Methods:, Sixty-five patients with T1DM, 124 first-degree relatives and 65 healthy controls were screened for GAD-antibody, anti-thyroid peroxidase (ATPO), anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), anti-tissue transglutaminase and anti-gliadin antibodies in a matched case,control study. Results:, Prevalence of more than one seropositivity for CD-associated antibodies in T1DM-group is 6.0 times increased, compared with controls (p < 0.05). ATPO seropositivity is 5.3 times increased in T1DM group (p < 0.05), but TSHR antibody is comparable with controls (p > 0.05). Seropositivities for T1DM, AIT and CD are 4.3, 1.9 and 2.4 times more prevalent among first-degree relatives respectively, compared with controls (p < 0.05). Pathologically confirmed cases with CD among first-degree relatives were all identified at screening. In contrast, all of pathologically confirmed cases with CD in T1DM group, were either previously diagnosed or symptomatic at time of screening. In the group of patients with T1DM, 31% of seropositive cases for anti-ATPO were clinically latent for AIT, and 74% of ATPO (+) cases were identified at current screening study. Sixty-four per cent of ATPO (+) first-degree relatives were clinically latent for AIT, and 54% were identified at screening. Conclusion:, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, CD and AIT represent a significant overlap in an adult population with already-diagnosed T1DM and their first-degree relatives. With regard to clinical presentations, CD was less likely to be clinically silent than AIT among patients with T1DM. [source] Structure of the Mouse Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 Gene and Its PromoterJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2000Preferential Expression of Its Promoter in the GABAergic Neurons of Transgenic Mice Abstract: GABA is synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which has two forms, GAD65 and GAD67. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of mouse GAD65 (mGAD65) gene expression, we isolated and characterized the mGAD65 gene. The mGAD65 gene was found to be divided into 16 exons and spread over 75 kb. The sequence of the first exon and the 5,-flanking region indicated the presence of potential neuron-specific cis -regulatory elements. We used transgenic mice to examine the expression pattern conferred by a 9.2-kb promoter-proximal DNA fragment of the mGAD65 gene fused to the bacterial lacZ reporter gene. Transgenic mice showed high ,-galactosidase activity specifically in brain and testis. They also showed characteristic patterns of transgene expression in olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex, and spinal cord, a similar expression pattern to that of endogenous mGAD65. However, no transgene expression was observed in the ventral thalamus or hypothalamus, in which high mGAD65 gene expression levels have been observed. These results suggest that the 9.2-kb DNA fragment of the mGAD65 gene is associated with its tissue-specific expression and its targeted expression in GABAergic neurons of specific brain regions but that additional regulatory elements are necessary to obtain fully correct expression. [source] Estrogen produced in cultured hippocampal neurons is a functional regulator of a GABAergic machineryJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 8 2006Takamitsu Ikeda Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that estrogen is produced locally by the neurons in the brain. We observed that a 48-hr treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonists ICI 182780 and tamoxifen decreased the level of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-65, a rate-limiting ,-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme, in a dissociated hippocampal neuronal culture. Aromatase is an essential enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis. Treatment with an aromatase inhibitor decreased the GAD 65 level, indicating that estrogen biogenesis functions to maintain the level of this enzyme for GABAergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, insofar as the effect of ICI 182780 was observed equivalently in the presence of either brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or BDNF-receptor inhibitor K252a, estrogen probably regulates GAD level independently of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Thus, estrogen produced by neurons is considered to be an intrinsic regulatory factor for neuronal networks that maintain GABAergic neurotransmission. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Purification and biochemical characterisation of a novel glutamate decarboxylase from rice branJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2010Li Wang Abstract BACKGROUND: Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a useful enzyme whose main function is to catalyse the irreversible ,-decarboxylation of L -glutamate to produce ,-aminobutyric acid. The cheap and abundant rice-processing by-product rice bran contains a high amount of GAD, the purification and characterisation of which have not yet been reported. In this study, research on rice bran GAD was initiated. RESULTS: Rice bran GAD was purified to homogeneity via a combined purification protocol of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and two gel filtrations, with a purification fold of 128.6 and an activity recovery of 21.3%. The enzyme was active at pH 5.5 and 40 °C and retained 80% of its original activity in the pH range 5,9 and the temperature range 30,50 °C. GAD activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ but strongly inhibited by Ag+, Hg2+, sodium dodecyl sulfate and CH3COOH. Kinetic determination of the apparent Km for L -glutamate and pyridoxal 5,-phosphate gave values of 27.4 mmol L,1 and 1.16 µmol L,1 respectively. CONCLUSION: Considering that rice bran is cheap and commercially available and that rice bran GAD is relatively stable, the development of cost-effective rice bran GAD-related functional foods would seem to be feasible. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source] The GABAergic-like system in the marine demosponge Chondrilla nuculaMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 11 2007Paola Ramoino Abstract Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is believed to be the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, a function that has been extended to a number of invertebrate systems. The presence of GABA in the marine demosponge Chondrilla nucula was verified using immunofluorescence detection and high-pressure liquid chromatography. A strong GABA-like immunoreactivity (IR) was found associated with choanocytes, exopinacocytes, endopinacocytes lining inhalant, and exhalant canals, as well as in archaeocytes scattered in the mesohyl. The capacity to synthesize GABA from glutamate and to transport it into the vesicles was confirmed by the presence in C. nucula of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and vesicular GABA transporters (vGATs), respectively. GAD-like and vGAT-like IR show the same distribution as GABA-like IR. Supporting the similarity between sponge and mammalian proteins, bands with an apparent molecular weight of about 65,67 kDa and 57 kDa were detected using antibodies raised against mammalian GAD and vGAT, respectively. A functional metabotropic GABAB -like receptor is also present in C. nucula. Indeed, both GABAB R1 and R2 isoforms were detected by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Also in this case, IR was found in choanocytes, exopinacocytes, and endopinacocytes. The content of GABA in C. nucula amounts to 1225.75 ± 79 pmol/mg proteins and GABA is released into the medium when sponge cells are depolarized. In conclusion, this study is the first indication of the existence of the GABA biosynthetic enzyme GAD and of the GABA transporter vGAT in sponges, as well as the first demonstration that the neurotransmitter GABA is released extracellularly. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The solution structure of the Mg2+ form of soybean calmodulin isoform 4 reveals unique features of plant calmodulins in resting cellsPROTEIN SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010Hao Huang Abstract Soybean calmodulin isoform 4 (sCaM4) is a plant calcium-binding protein, regulating cellular responses to the second messenger Ca2+. We have found that the metal ion free (apo-) form of sCaM4 possesses a half unfolded structure, with the N-terminal domain unfolded and the C-terminal domain folded. This result was unexpected as the apo-forms of both soybean calmodulin isoform 1 (sCaM1) and mammalian CaM (mCaM) are fully folded. Because of the fact that free Mg2+ ions are always present at high concentrations in cells (0.5,2 mM), we suggest that Mg2+ should be bound to sCaM4 in nonactivated cells. CD studies revealed that in the presence of Mg2+ the initially unfolded N-terminal domain of sCaM4 folds into an ,-helix-rich structure, similar to the Ca2+ form. We have used the NMR backbone residual dipolar coupling restraints 1DNH, 1DC,H,, and 1DC,C, to determine the solution structure of the N-terminal domain of Mg2+ -sCaM4 (Mg2+ -sCaM4-NT). Compared with the known structure of Ca2+ -sCaM4, the structure of the Mg2+ -sCaM4-NT does not fully open the hydrophobic pocket, which was further confirmed by the use of the fluorescent probe ANS. Tryptophan fluorescence experiments were used to study the interactions between Mg2+ -sCaM4 and CaM-binding peptides derived from smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase and plant glutamate decarboxylase. These results suggest that Mg2+ -sCaM4 does not bind to Ca2+ -CaM target peptides and therefore is functionally similar to apo-mCaM. The Mg2+ - and apo-structures of the sCaM4-NT provide unique insights into the structure and function of some plant calmodulins in resting cells. [source] GABAergic and glycinergic presympathetic neurons of rat medulla oblongata identified by retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus and in situ hybridizationTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2004Ruth L. Stornetta Abstract Electron microscopy suggests that up to half the synaptic input to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPGNs) is GABAergic or glycinergic. A proportion of this input is suspected to originate from neurons located within the medulla oblongata. The present study provides definitive evidence for the existence of these supraspinal presympathetic (PS) neurons with inhibitory phenotypes. PS neurons were identified by retrograde trans-synaptic migration of pseudorabies virus (PRV) injected into the adrenal gland. GABAergic or glycinergic cell bodies were identified by the presence of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-67 mRNA or glycine transporter (GlyT)-2 mRNA detected with in situ hybridization (ISH). Neither GABAergic nor glycinergic PS neurons were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir). GABAergic PS neurons were located within the ventral gigantocellular nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus alpha, and medial reticular formation, mostly medial to the TH-ir PS neurons. About 30% of GABAergic PS neurons were serotonergic cells located in the raphe pallidus (RPa) and parapyramidal region (PPyr). Glycinergic PS neurons had the same general distribution as the GABAergic cells, except that no glycinergic neurons were located in the RPa or PPyr and none were serotonergic. PRV immunohistochemistry combined with ISH for both GlyT2 and GAD-67 mRNAs showed that at least 63% of midline medulla GABAergic PS neurons were also glycinergic and 76% of glycinergic PS neurons were GABAergic. In conclusion, the rostral ventromedial medulla contains large numbers of GABAergic and glycinergic neurons that innervate adrenal gland SPGNs. Over half of these PS neurons may release both transmitters. The physiological role of this medullary inhibitory input remains to be explored. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:257,270, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Quantification and characterization of GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the retina of GAD67-GFP knock-in miceACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 4 2008Christian Albrecht May Abstract. Purpose:, Although the presence of ,-aminobutyrate acid (GABA) in amacrine cells and its co-localization with other neuronal substances is well known, there exists only little information about their quantitative distribution in the mouse eye. The aim of the present study was to characterize GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the retina of the recently introduced glutamate decarboxylase 67-green fluorescent protein (GAD67-GFP) knock-in mouse. Methods:, Whole mounts of the retina were prepared and the GFP-positive neurons quantified. Immunofluorescence staining was performed with antibodies against GABA, calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) 1, VGluT2 and VGluT3. Results:, Displaced GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) showed a density of 1006 ± 170 cells/mm2. In the inner nuclear layer (INL), the density of amacrine cells was 8821 ± 448 cells/mm2 in the central region and 6825 ± 408 cells/mm2 in the peripheral region. GFP-positive amacrine cells co-localized with GABA (99%), CR (INL 18%, GCL 71.3%), CB (INL 6.3%), bNOS (INL 1%, GCL 4%), and ChAT (INL 17%, GCL 92.6%). No co-localization was seen with antibodies against PV, TH, and VGluT 1-3. Conclusions:, This study presents the first quantitative data concerning the co-localization of GABA-ergic neurons in the mouse retina with various neuronal markers. [source] Functional differentiation of a clone resembling embryonic cortical interneuron progenitorsDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 14 2008Hedong Li Abstract We have generated clones (L2.3 and RG3.6) of neural progenitors with radial glial properties from rat E14.5 cortex that differentiate into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Here, we describe a different clone (L2.2) that gives rise exclusively to neurons, but not to glia. Neuronal differentiation of L2.2 cells was inhibited by bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) and enhanced by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) similar to cortical interneuron progenitors. Compared with L2.3, differentiating L2.2 cells expressed significantly higher levels of mRNAs for glutamate decarboxylases (GADs), DLX transcription factors, calretinin, calbindin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and somatostatin. Increased levels of DLX-2, GADs, and calretinin proteins were confirmed upon differentiation. L2.2 cells differentiated into neurons that fired action potentials in vitro, and their electrophysiological differentiation was accelerated and more complete when cocultured with developing astroglial cells but not with conditioned medium from these cells. The combined results suggest that clone L2.2 resembles GABAergic interneuron progenitors in the developing forebrain. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2008 [source] | ||||||||||||||||