Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Glass Windows (glass + window)
Selected AbstractsCOLOUR ATTRIBUTES OF MEDIEVAL WINDOW PANES: ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE AND PROBE MICROANALYSES ON STAINED GLASS WINDOWS FROM PAVIA CARTHUSIAN MONASTERY*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2005C. B. AZZONI Stained glass windows from the Carthusian Monastery of Pavia, dating back to the 15th century, were studied by combining two analytical techniques: electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Chemical compositions and oxidation states of the transition ions, present as minor elements, were investigated by EPMA and EPR, respectively, in order to ascertain the role played by chromophorous ions in the glass coloration. The investigated glass can be defined as K,Ca glass, and the panes with red, green and blue colours were produced using flashing techniques. [source] Visualization and microscopic modeling of phase inversion during compoundingPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 8 2001R. Ratnagiri A detailed description of the sequence of deformation steps leading to phase inversion during compounding in a low-viscosity-ratio co-polyester/polyethylene blend is presented. Visualization using a glass window and sampling of the blend at different mixing times enabled identification of the intermediate morphologies of the major component en route to phase inversion. Based on these observations, a theoretical model is developed to predict the time to phase inversion. The model incorporates a simplified flow-field approximation and the calculation of strain imparted to the major component domains. A strain-based criterion for phase inversion is then proposed, which, in conjunction with the model, yields an explicit expression for the time to phase inversion during compounding, tP.I.. The model predictions are seen to be in good agreement with the increase of tP.I., on scaleup between two mixing bowls. The correct functional dependence of tP.I. on the nominal maximum-shear-rate is predicted. Using combination of pure drag and planar extensional flow, the model predictions are shown to be consistent with the observed dependence of tP.I. on the volume fraction of the minor component and the blend viscosity ratio. [source] Measurements of local flow structures of conical spouted beds by optical fibre probesTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2009Zhiguo Wang Abstract A new calibration set-up was designed and assembled, and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate factors that may affect the calibration of the effective distance of an optical fibre particle velocity probe. It is shown that the glass window has the most significant impact on the calibration result. The optical fibre probe was then applied to measure local particle velocities and solid fractions inside a half and a full circular conical spouted bed. It is found that the overall particle velocity profiles, as well as the shapes of the spout and fountain are quite similar in both columns. Un nouveau réglage d'étalonnage a été conçu et assemblé, et une analyse de sensibilité complète a été effectuée afin d'investiguer les facteurs risquant d'avoir un impact sur l'étalonnage de la distance réelle d'une sonde à fibres optiques de la vitesse des particules. Il a été démontré que la fenêtre de vitre a l'impact le plus important sur les résultats de l'étalonnage. La sonde à fibres optiques a par la suite été utilisée pour mesurer les vitesses locales des particules et des fractions de solide à l'intérieur d'un demi et d'un plein lit jaillissant conique circulaire. Il est démontré que l'ensemble des profils de vitesse des particules, ainsi que la forme du bec et de la fontaine sont très semblables dans les deux colonnes. [source] 14th century example of the four unique huesCOLOR RESEARCH & APPLICATION, Issue 4 2006Ralph W. Pridmore Abstract It is generally thought that Ewald Hering (19th century), or possibly Leonardo da Vinci (16th century), first recognized the concept of four unique hues (blue, green, yellow, red). However, in the Alhambra palaces, Granada, Spain, in a room roped off from tourist traffic, is a stained glass window featuring the four unique hues, built about 1370. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 364,365, 2006 [source] Shadow removal from image of stained glass windowsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Shanmugalingam Suganthan Abstract Shadows may be formed on stained glass windows by structural bars supporting the leaded panels, or by external protective wire grilles, or by masonry, such as mullions or buttresses, or external objects, such as trees. The eye tends to "discount" such shadow formations when viewing the actual windows even though in the photographic images they are very clearly visible. This article introduces a method to remove shadow effects on stained-glass windows; the observed image, as captured by the camera, may be modeled mathematically as a combination of a "true stained glass image" and a "grille/bar image." A mixture model is derived, based on a theoretical model of image formation, leading to a conjectured relationship between "shadow" pixels and the neighboring "nonshadow" pixels. The resulting mixture model assumes a multiplicative relationship. If this mixture can be separated into its original components, then it should be possible to remove the unwanted shadow component from the captured image to produce the desired image of the stained glass without the shadows. The digital modeling techniques enable the shadows to be characterized and removed with a reasonable degree of success. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 223,226, 2010. [source] Investigation of the combustion process in an auxiliary heating system using dual-pump CARSJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 6 2006A. Braeuer Abstract A dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) setup was used for the simultaneous determination of temperature and oxygen/nitrogen ratio in an automotive auxiliary heating system. The auxiliary heating system was equipped with eight windows to provide four line-of-sight optical accesses at two different downstream levels. The usable laser pulse energies, which are essentially limited by the damage threshold of the glass windows, were increased by the application of an optical pulse stretcher. Measurements were performed for standard diesel fuel for full- and part-load operation as well as for the model fuel n -dodecane for full-load operation. The n -dodecane measurements can directly be compared with numerical predictions, whereas the results for diesel fuel provide information about the possibility of transfer of the n -dodecane simulations to real fuel conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An optical device to measure in-line residence time distribution curves during extrusionPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002Tomás Jeferson A. Mélo This paper proposes a setup for in-line measurement of residence time distribution (RTD) curves during extrusion. The detection system is composed of a slit die with transparent borosilicate glass windows fixed at the extruder exit, an optical arrangement with an incandescent light microbulb with fixed luminescence, and a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) photocell of CdS. As the tracer passes through the light path, the reduction in the transmitted light intensity is followed by changes in the voltage induced by the photocell to an electric circuit. The signal is collected by an external interface and sent to a computer. Software acquires the data, does all calculations, and presents all curves and calculated variables to the monitor. The validation of the system was done by checking for data reproducibility and linearity with tracer concentration. The response of the LDR sensor with respect to the concentration of the tracer was calibrated using a set of slight dark film, obtaining a logarithmic relationship. Thus the signal enhances any disturbance, if present, particularly in the tail-region of the curves. Measurements were taken from a Werner-Pfleiderer ZSK 30 twin-screw extruder equipped with K-Tron gravimetric feeders operating with various screw speeds, feeding rates and screw configurations. In this last case, the presence of kneading elements was taken into account. [source] THE COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE OF EARLY MEDIEVAL COLOURED WINDOW GLASS FROM SION (VALAIS, SWITZERLAND),A ROMAN GLASS-MAKING TRADITION OR INNOVATIVE CRAFTSMANSHIP?*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2005S. WOLF Archaeological excavations between 1984 and 2001 at the early Christian cemetery church in Sion, Sous-le-Scex (Rhône Valley, Switzerland), brought to light more than 400 pieces of coloured window glass dating from the fifth or sixth centuries ad. The aims of this paper are threefold: first, to characterize the shape, colour and chemical composition of the glass; secondly, to understand whether the production of the coloured window panes followed traditional Roman glazing techniques or was of a more innovative nature; and, thirdly, to provide some indications as to the overall design of these early ornamental glass windows. Forty samples of coloured glass have been analysed by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The results of the chemical and the technological studies showed that most of the glass was produced using recycled glass, particularly as a colouring agent. Some of the glass was made of essentially unmodified glass of the Levantine I type. The results taken together seem to confirm that raw glass from this region was widely traded and used between the fourth and seventh centuries ad. The artisans at Sion were apparently still making use of the highly developed techniques of Roman glass production. The colour spectrum, manufacture and design of the windows, however, suggest that they represent early examples of ornamental coloured glass windows. [source] COLOUR ATTRIBUTES OF MEDIEVAL WINDOW PANES: ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE AND PROBE MICROANALYSES ON STAINED GLASS WINDOWS FROM PAVIA CARTHUSIAN MONASTERY*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2005C. B. AZZONI Stained glass windows from the Carthusian Monastery of Pavia, dating back to the 15th century, were studied by combining two analytical techniques: electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Chemical compositions and oxidation states of the transition ions, present as minor elements, were investigated by EPMA and EPR, respectively, in order to ascertain the role played by chromophorous ions in the glass coloration. The investigated glass can be defined as K,Ca glass, and the panes with red, green and blue colours were produced using flashing techniques. [source] | ||||||||||