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Gland Volume (gland + volume)
Selected AbstractsA comparative study of mammalian tracheal mucous glandsJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 3 2000H. K. CHOI We have compared the distribution, numbers and volume of mucous glands in the tracheas of 11 mammalian species. No glands were present in the rabbit. The mouse only contained glands at the border between the trachea and larynx. In the rat, glands were commonest in the cephalad third of the trachea, but on average were much scarcer than in the larger species. Between species, there was a significant correlation between airway diameter and gland volume per unit surface area, suggesting that the rate of deposition of inhaled particles may increase in large airways. In the ventral portion of the trachea of about half the species, the glands were concentrated between the cartilaginous rings; in others they were evenly distributed over and between the rings. In most species in which the trachealis muscle attached to the internal surface of the cartilaginous rings, the glands were external to the muscle. In all species in which the muscle attached to the external surface of the cartilaginous rings, the glands were internal to the muscle. In the ox, goat, dog and sheep, the volume of glands per unit tracheal surface area was markedly greater in the ventral than the dorsal aspect of the trachea. The reverse was true of the pig. In humans, gland density in the 2 regions was similar. The frequency of gland openings was determined in the ox, goat, pig, dog and sheep tracheas, and ranged from 0.3 per mm2 in the dorsal portion of the sheep trachea to 1.5 per mm2 in the ventral portion of the ox trachea. For these 5 species, the volume of gland acini per unit luminal surface area varied linearly with the numbers of gland openings, with the volume of individual glands being constant at , 120 nl. [source] Early treatment with l -thyroxine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, positive thyroid antibodies, and thyroid gland enlargementPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 4 2007Olga Kordonouri Aim:, To investigate whether early treatment with l -thyroxine may prevent deterioration of thyromegaly and progression to subclinical or clinical hypothyroidism in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes, positive thyroid antibodies, and ultrasound abnormalities of the thyroid gland. Methods:, The development of thyroid gland volume and function in patients without l -thyroxine treatment (group A, n = 8) was assessed and compared with that in patients receiving l -thyroxine treatment (group B, n = 7) with median follow-up time of 2.0 yr (range 0.6,3.0 yr). Standard deviation score (SDS) of thyroid gland volume was calculated according to gender- and age-corresponding data. Results:, Median thyroid gland volume SDS at study entry was 4.8 (range 2.0-15.3) in group A and 5.6 (3.6,13.9) in group B. At follow-up, median thyroid volume SDS has increased by 0.8 (,3.9 to 6.0) at 1 yr and by 2.0 (,4.5 to 10.9) at 2 yr in group A but decreased significantly by ,3.4 (,10.0 to 0.4) and ,5.3 (,12.3 to ,1.7) in group B, respectively. The change of thyroid gland volume was significantly different between the two groups (p = .043 and .032, respectively). In group A, three of eight patients without therapy developed subclinical hypothyroidism with thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation. Conclusion:, These data demonstrate that treatment with l -thyroxine in patients with diabetes, positive thyroid antibodies, and elevated gland volume leads to a significant reduction of thyromegaly. Prospective randomized clinical trials are required to prove these preliminary findings. [source] Smaller pituitary volume in adult patients with obsessive,compulsive disorderPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 4 2009Murad Atmaca md Aims:, Another structure in the obsessive,compulsive disorder (OCD) circuit may be the pituitary gland because of the fact that limbic,hypothalamic,pituitary,adrenal (LHPA) axis abnormality has been reported in patients with OCD. There has been only one prior study, however, concerning pituitary volumetry, in which the sample was a pediatric group. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate this in an adult OCD patient group using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods:, Pituitary volume was measured in 23 OCD patients and the same number of healthy control subjects. Volumetric measurements were made on T1-weighted coronal MRI, with 2.40-mm-thick slices, at 1.5 T, and were done blindly. Results:, A statistically significantly smaller pituitary volume was found in OCD patients compared to healthy controls (age and intracranial volume as covariates). With regard to gender and diagnosis, there was a significant difference in pituitary gland volume (F = 4.18, P < 0.05). In addition, post-hoc analysis indicated near-significant difference in men with OCD as compared with women with OCD (P = 0.07) and significant difference between control men and control women (F = 10.96, P < 0.001). Conclusions:, Taking into consideration that the prior study found decreases in pituitary volume in pediatric patients with OCD as compared with healthy control subjects, future large MRI studies should investigate pituitary size longitudinally, with a careful characterization of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in conjunction with anatomic MRI evaluation. [source] The presence of prostate cancer on saturation biopsy can be accurately predictedBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2010Sascha A. Ahyai Study Type , Diagnostic (non-consecutive) Level of Evidence 3b OBJECTIVE To improve the ability of our previously reported saturation biopsy nomogram quantifying the risk of prostate cancer, as the use of office-based saturation biopsy has increased. PATIENTS AND METHODS Saturation biopsies of 540 men with one or more previously negative 6,12 core biopsies were used to develop a multivariable logistic regression model-based nomogram, predicting the probability of prostate cancer. Candidate predictors were used in their original or stratified format, and consisted of age, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, percentage free PSA (%fPSA), gland volume, findings on a digital rectal examination, cumulative number of previous biopsy sessions, presence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on any previous biopsy, and presence of atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) on any previous biopsy. Two hundred bootstraps re-samples were used to adjust for overfit bias. RESULTS Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 39.4% of saturation biopsies. Age, total PSA, %fPSA, gland volume, number of previous biopsies, and presence of ASAP at any previous biopsy were independent predictors for prostate cancer (all P < 0.05). The nomogram was 77.2% accurate and had a virtually perfect correlation between predicted and observed rates of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS We improved the accuracy of the saturation biopsy nomogram from 72% to 77%; it relies on three previously included variables, i.e. age, %fPSA and prostate volume, and on three previously excluded variables, i.e. PSA, the number of previous biopsy sessions, and evidence of ASAP on previous biopsy. Our study represents the largest series of saturation biopsies to date. [source] Day-case holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for gland volumes of < 60 mL: early experienceBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2003T.R.G. Larner OBJECTIVE To examine the safety and effectiveness of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), as a day-case procedure for selected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight men underwent HoLEP as a day-case procedure; they were discharged with an indwelling catheter for 48 h with ,Hospital In The Home' nursing management. They were evaluated for symptomatic and flow rate improvements after 3 months. Morbidity, length of stay, the duration of catheterization and readmission rates were evaluated. RESULTS The objective symptom score and flow-rate improvements were equivalent to those previously published for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). There were five minor complications, three of which required readmission to hospital and one repeat surgery. The mean stay after surgery was 302 min. CONCLUSIONS Day-case HoLEP is a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. The outcomes are equivalent to those from TURP. Whilst there were three re-admissions to hospital, two only required an overnight stay and no patient required a blood transfusion. [source] | ||||||||||