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Giving
Kinds of Giving Terms modified by Giving Selected AbstractsAddiction as excessive appetiteADDICTION, Issue 1 2001Jim Orford The excessive appetite model of addiction is summarized. The paper begins by considering the forms of excessive appetite which a comprehensive model should account for: principally, excessive drinking, smoking, gambling, eating, sex and a diverse range of drugs including at least heroin, cocaine and cannabis. The model rests, therefore, upon a broader concept of what constitutes addiction than the traditional, more restricted, and arguably misleading definition. The core elements of the model include: very skewed consumption distribution curves; restraint, control or deterrence; positive incentive learning mechanisms which highlight varied forms of rapid emotional change as rewards, and wide cue conditioning; complex memory schemata; secondary, acquired emotional regulation cycles, of which 'chasing', 'the abstinence violation effect' and neuroadaptation are examples; and the consequences of conflict. These primary and secondary processes, occurring within diverse sociocultural contexts, are sufficient to account for the development of a strong attachment to an appetitive activity, such that self-control is diminished, and behaviour may appear to be disease-like. Giving up excess is a natural consequence of conflict arising from strong and troublesome appetite. There is much supportive evidence that change occurs outside expert treatment, and that when it occurs within treatment the change processes are more basic and universal than those espoused by fashionable expert theories. [source] Screening of Garlic Water Extract for Binding Activity with Cholera Toxin B Pentamer by NMR Spectroscopy , An Old Remedy Giving a New SurpriseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2006Matteo Politi Abstract Binding between a component of the crude hot water extract obtained from Allium sativum crushed bulbs (ASw) and cholera toxin B pentamer (CTB) was detected by STD NMR experiments. Bioassay-oriented fractionation allowed the partial identification of a high molecular weight polysaccharide mainly composed of galactose as the bioactive complex against CTB. This work represents the first example of screening of a medicinal plant by NMR against a specific disease, and corroborates traditional medical uses of the species. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Dration Models to Analyze Dating Relationships: The Controversial Role of Gift GivingFAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 4 2000Ming-Hui Huang Gifts are proclaimed to play a vital role in making dating relationships last. In this article, however, the authors look at not only the beneficial but also the detrimental effects of gift giving in relationships. To explore the double-edged effects of gifts, this study conceptualizes gift giving in dating relationships as including three aspects: self-gift, interpersonal gift exchange, and jointgift possession. Econometric duration models are used to suggest implications for individuals. It is found that using gifts to enhance the self, express love, and announce relationships,at the proper level of frequency,helps to ensure that a relationship will be successful and lasting. When used too frequently or too rarely, gifts can result in self-depreciation, create anxiety, and spoil relationships. Individuals are advised not to consume gifts indiscriminately and thereby induce negative effects. [source] Giving and receiving of gifts between pharmaceutical and medical specialists in AustraliaINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 12 2006A. Wilson No abstract is available for this article. [source] Recovering from recurrent mental health problems: Giving up and fighting to get betterINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 1 2010Yulia Kartalova-O'Doherty ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to present selected findings of a grounded theory study that aims to explore individual processes and desired outcomes of recovery from recurrent health problems in order to build up a theoretical framework of recovery in an Irish context. Volunteers included mental health service users or participants of peer support groups who have experienced recurrent mental health problems for two or more years, consider themselves in improvement, and are willing to participate in individual interviews. The current paper is based on the analysis of 15 audiorecorded and transcribed interviews. We identified two open codes of ,giving up' and ,fighting to get better'. Giving up was associated with accepting a passive identity of a patient with a chronic mental illness and a lack of intrinsic motivation to get better. Fighting had both positive (fighting for) and negative (fighting against) dimensions, as well as internal and external ones. The fight for recovery entailed substantial and sometimes risky effort. Starting such a fight required strong, self-sustained motivation. Service providers might need to discuss internal and external motivators of fighting for recovery with service users, with a view to including such motivators in the care plans. [source] Giving to Organizations that Help People in Need: Differences Across Denominational IdentitiesJOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 3 2010Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm This article uses multiple-year data to examine charitable giving to organizations that help people in need of food, shelter, or other basic necessities. Families that give to basic necessity organizations in any single year are a mix of occasional givers and regular givers. Controlling for family characteristics that affect giving, giving to basic necessity organizations does not vary across Christian denominations and nonaffiliated families in any notable way. However, Jewish families are both more likely to give and, when they do give, give larger amounts. Given recent policy interest in how churches, synagogues, and mosques help with the voluntary provision of a safety net for people in need, the results draw attention to the importance of a research agenda focused on the differences between occasional givers and regular givers and on explaining why Jewish families give more to organizations that help people in need. [source] Giving up on Modern Foreign Languages?MODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004Students' Perceptions of Learning French This article reports on the findings of an investigation into the attitudes of English students aged 16 to 19 years towards French and how they view the reasons behind their level of achievement. Those students who attributed success to effort, high ability, and effective learning strategies had higher levels of achievement, and students intending to continue French after age 16 were more likely than noncontinuers to attribute success to these factors. Low ability and task difficulty were the main reasons cited for lack of achievement in French, whereas the possible role of learning strategies tended to be overlooked by students. It is argued that learners' self-concept and motivation might be enhanced through approaches that encourage learners to explore the causal links between the strategies they employ and their academic performance, thereby changing the attributions they make for success or failure. [source] The Deadly Politics of Giving: Exchange and Violence at Ajacan, Roanoke, and Jamestown by Seth MalliosAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 1 2008JANET E. RAFFERTY No abstract is available for this article. [source] Donors and fundraising in the 2004 presidential campaignsNATIONAL CIVIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2006Joseph Graf This article is adapted from the report "Small Donors and Online Giving: A Study of Donors to the 2004 Presidential Campaigns," written by Joseph Graf, Grant Reeher, Michael J. Malbin, and Costas Panagopoulos. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Politics, Democracy and the Internet, George Washington University, and Campaign Finance Institute, March, 2006. 64 pages. www.ipdi.org and www.cfinst.org. [source] Giving and receiving: measuring the carbon cost of mycorrhizas in the green orchid, Goodyera repensNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 1 2008Duncan D. Cameron Summary ,,Direct measurement of the carbon (C) ,cost' of mycorrhizas is problematic. Although estimates have been made for arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, these are based on incomplete budgets or indirect measurements. Furthermore, the conventional model of unidirectional plant-to-fungus C flux is too simplistic. Net fungus-to-plant C transfer supports seedling establishment in c. 10% of plant species, including most orchids, and bidirectional C flows occur in ectomycorrhiza utilizing soil amino acids. ,,Here, the C cost of mycorrhizas to the green orchid Goodyera repens was determined by measurement of simultaneous bidirectional fluxes of 14C labelled sources using a monoxenic system with the fungus Ceratobasidium cornigerum. ,,Transfer of C from fungus to plant (,up-flow') occurs in the photosynthesizing orchid G. repens (max. 0.06 µg) whereas over five times more current assimilate (min. 0.355 µg) is simultaneously allocated in the reverse direction to the mycorrhizal fungus (,down-flow') after 8 d. Carbon is transferred rapidly, being detected in plant,fungal respiration within 31 h of labelling. ,,This study provides the most complete C budget for an orchid,mycorrhizal symbiosis, and clearly shows net plant-to-fungus C flux. The rapidity of bidirectional C flux is indicative of dynamic transfer at an interfacial apoplast as opposed to reliance on digestion of fungal pelotons. [source] God's Gift Giving: in Christ and Through the Spirit , Edited by R. Kevin SeasoltzRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 3 2008D. Allen Tennison No abstract is available for this article. [source] Giving up one's Pretensions to Become a True DiscipleTHE ECUMENICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2007Didier Crouzet First page of article [source] Growth versus Margins: Destabilizing Consequences of Giving the Stock Market What It WantsTHE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Issue 3 2008PHILIPPE AGHION ABSTRACT We develop a model in which a firm can devote effort either to increasing sales growth, or to improving per-unit profit margins. If the firm's manager cares about the current stock price, she will favor the growth strategy when the market pays more attention to growth numbers. Conversely, it can be rational for the market to weight growth measures more heavily when it is known that the firm is following a growth strategy. This two-way feedback between firms' strategies and the market's pricing rule can lead to excess volatility in real variables, even absent any external shocks. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A Sequence of Aldol Condensations and a Michael Addition Giving a Cyclohexenone Ring System.CHEMINFORM, Issue 26 2001Ulrich Kuhl Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] A comparative study of corporate social responsibility in Bangladesh and PakistanCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2009Malik Asghar Naeem Abstract Making a contribution to sustainable development through good corporate social responsibility presents businesses with a challenge, particularly in developing countries. This paper measures the sensitivity to corporate social responsibility amongst businesses operating in Bangladesh and Pakistan through a review of written policies of both listed local firms and multinational corporations operating there. We use the Global Compact supplemented by relevant parts of the Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting Guidelines to benchmark companies and countries. Significant differences are found between local listed companies and multinational corporations. However, all companies are seen to be failing to engage with many aspects of corporate social responsibility related to sustainable development. Specific deficiencies relate to anti-corruption, gender equality, child labor, community giving and the formal representation of workers. Few differences are found between the approaches taken by companies in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Given the development needs of the region we point to businesses being unwilling or unable to adopt sufficiently robust corporate social responsibility and point to a role for both government and civil society. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] THE IMPULSE OF PHILANTHROPYCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2009ERICA BORNSTEIN ABSTRACT In practices of philanthropy and charity, the impulse to give to immediate others in distress is often tempered by its regulation. Although much of what is written on charity and philanthropy focuses on the effects of the gift, I suggest more attention be paid to the impulse of philanthropy. To coerce the impulse to give into rational accountability is to obliterate its freedom; to render giving into pure impulse is to reinforce social inequality. The only solution is to allow both to exist, and to create structures to encourage them. This essay examines the power of the spontaneous and fleeting impulse to give and its regulation through an analysis of contemporary practices of philanthropy and their relation to sacred conceptions of d,n (donation) in New Delhi. When scriptural ideas of disinterested giving intersect with contemporary notions of social responsibility, new philanthropic practices are formed. On the basis of ethnographic research with philanthropists who built temples, started NGOs, and managed social welfare programs, as well as families who gave d,n daily out of their homes, this essay documents how both NGO and government efforts to regulate one of the most meritorious forms of d,n, gupt d,n (or, anonymous d,n) expresses critical issues in philanthropy between the urge to give in response to immediate suffering and the social obligation to find a worthy recipient for the gift. [source] GOOD GIFTS FOR THE COMMON GOOD: Blood and Bioethics in the Market of Genetic ResearchCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2007DEEPA S. REDDY This article is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted with the Indian community in Houston, as part of a NIH,NHGRI-sponsored ethics study and sample collection initiative entitled "Indian and Hindu Perspectives on Genetic Variation Research." At the heart of this research is one central exchange,blood samples donated for genetic research,that draws both the Indian community and a community of researchers into an encounter with bioethics. I consider the meanings that come to be associated with blood donation as it passes through various hands, agendas, and associated ethical filters on its way to the lab bench: how and why blood is solicited, how the giving and taking of blood is rationalized, how blood as material substance is alienated, processed, documented, and made available for the promised ends of basic science research. Examining corporeal substances and asking what sorts of gifts and problems these represent, I argue, sheds some light on two imbricated tensions expressed by a community of Indians, on the one hand, and of geneticists and basic science researchers, on the other hand: that gifts ought to be free (but are not), and that science ought to be pure (but is not). In this article, I explore how experiences of bioethics are variously shaped by the histories and habits of Indic giving, prior sample collection controversies, commitments to "good science" and the common "good of humanity," and negotiations of the sites where research findings circulate. [source] The Good Russian Prisoner: Naturalizing Violence in the Caucasus MountainsCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Bruce Grant Beginning with a fabled narrative poem by Aleksandr Pushkin from 1822 entitled "Prisoner of the Caucasus," this article is an exploration of how the idiom of kidnapping in the ritual seizure, taking, and most importantly, giving of bodies across perceived cultural lines has been central to Russians understanding of their troubled relations with the mountainous land holdings to their south for over 200 years. By juxtaposing classic ethnographic sources on Caucasian bride-kidnapping and the hostage taking of military figures as proxies in ritualized violence, alongside multiple renderings of Pushkin's "good prisoner" story in poetry, prose, opera, ballet, and film, these seemingly apolitical artifacts of Russian popular culture work to generate a powerful symbolic economy of Russian belonging in the Caucasus Mountains. [source] Nonnutritive sucking: One of the major determinants of filial loveDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006David Val-Laillet Abstract The present study investigated the rewarding effects of nonnutritive sucking on the development of a filial preference. Two experiments were conducted to test whether nonnutritive visceral and oral stimuli have reinforcing properties independent from each other or act in synergy. Lambs could interact freely with their dam but were deprived of suckling by covering the udder for the first 12 hr. In Experiment 1, suckling was prevented and replaced by human giving, in the presence of the mother, either a bottle of water (B5 and B2.5: 5% or 2.5% birth weight, BW, divided into seven portions over 12 hr) or water via tube-feeding (I5 and I2.5: 5% or 2.5% BW, also divided into seven portions over 12 hr). During a two-choice test performed at 12 hr after birth, only B5 and I5 lambs preferred their mother to an alien ewe however, B5 were faster at choosing their mother at the beginning of the test. B2.5 and I2.5 lambs made a random choice. In Experiment 2, suckling was prevented and replaced by human giving, in the presence of the mother, either a bottle of water (B2.5: 2.5% BW, divided into seven portions over 12 hr) or water via tube-feeding (I10 and I2.5: 10% or 2.5% BW, also divided into seven portions over 12 hr). During a two-choice test at 12 hr, tube-fed lambs (I10 and I2.5) preferred their mother to a human. B2.5 lambs were equally attracted to both partners and spent more time near the human than lambs from the other groups. In a test of reactivity to a human performed on neonates isolated from their mother, B2.5 lambs explored the human much more than the other lambs. The presence of the human had soothing properties in B2.5 lambs and once the human left, they were the only lambs displaying enhanced vocal and locomotor activity. In these experiments, nonnutritive gastrointestinal stimuli induced a preference for the mother whereas nonnutritive sucking led to a strong positive relationship with the human. These results suggest that when lambs suckle their dam, the development of filial bonding is facilitated through the combined effects of oral and gastrointestinal stimuli. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psyshobiol 48: 220,232, 2006. [source] The Nature of the Gift: Accountability and the Professor-Student RelationshipEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 6 2007Ana M. Martínez-Alemán Abstract In this paper I introduce the theory of gift giving as a possible means to reconcile the contradictions inherent in accountability measures of ,faculty productivity' in the American university. In this paper I sketch the theory of gift economies to show how, given the historical ideals that characterize the faculty-student relationship, a theory of gift giving could help us better judge the labor of the faculty. I suggest that it is the relational character of teaching that frustrates accountability measures and that perhaps if viewed as a gift economy,and in particular an economy with ,reproductive' ends,we could better grasp the effectiveness of these relationships. [source] Scottish smoke-free legislation and trends in smoking cessationADDICTION, Issue 11 2008Freya J. I. Fowkes ABSTRACT Aim To investigate trends in smoking cessation before and after the introduction of Scottish smoke-free legislation and to assess the perceived influence of the legislation on giving up smoking and perceptions of the legislation in smokers. Design, setting and participants Longitudinal data on smoking cessation were obtained from 1998 to 2007 on a cohort of 3350 Scottish adults aged between 50 and 75 years at baseline. All members of the cohort were participating in a clinical trial of aspirin in people at moderately increased risk of cardiovascular events. A subgroup of 474 participants who had smoked in the year prior to the introduction of legislation in March 2006 also completed a questionnaire on the influence and perceptions of the smoke-free legislation following its introduction. Measurements Smoking status was recorded yearly, including dates of quitting and restarting. Participants who gave up smoking for at least 3 months were recorded as having quit smoking. The questionnaire included scales on whether the smoke-free legislation had helped/influenced cessation, made the individual think about/prompt them to quit and perceptions of the legislation. Findings The odds of smokers quitting annually increased throughout the 7-year period prior to introduction of the smoke-free legislation to 2 years afterwards (odds ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.05,1.12, P < 0.001). During 2006, the pattern of quarterly quitting rates changed, with an increase in quit rates (to 5.1%) in the 3-month period prior to introduction of the legislation (January,March 2006). Socio-economic status was not related to smoking cessation. In the subgroup completing the questionnaire (n = 474), 57 quit smoking between June 2005 and May 2007 and 43.9% of these said that the smoke-free legislation had helped them to quit. Most (>70%) smokers were positive about the legislation, especially those from more affluent compared with more deprived communities (P = 0.01). Conclusions The Scottish smoke-free legislation was associated with an increase in the rate of smoking cessation in the 3-month period immediately prior to its introduction. Overall quit rates in the year the legislation was introduced and the subsequent year were consistent with a gradual increase in quit rates prior to introduction of the legislation. Socio-economic status was not related to smoking cessation, but individuals from more affluent communities were more positive about the legislation. [source] Effects of rapid smoking on post-cessation urges to smokeADDICTION, Issue 3 2007Hayden McRobbie ABSTRACT Context Rapid smoking (RS) is a smoking cessation technique with sufficient indications of promise to warrant further investigation. The main presumed effect of RS is on reducing desire to smoke. Aim To evaluate the effect of a single session of RS immediately prior to quitting smoking on urges to smoke over the first week of abstinence. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Specialist smoking cessation clinic (SSCC). Participants A total of 100 smokers attending the quit day session. Intervention Participants in the rapid smoking group underwent a single session of RS immediately prior to quitting smoking. Participants in the control group watched a health promotion video on giving up smoking. Primary outcome measures Ratings of urges to smoke in the first 24 hours and 1 week of abstinence. Findings The RS procedure was well tolerated. It led to significantly lower urges to smoke compared to the control procedure during the first 24 hours (mean rating of 2.6 versus 3.2, P < 0.001) and the first week of abstinence (1.8 versus 2.5, P < 0.01). In patients abstinent for 4 weeks, urges to smoke were low and the difference was no longer significant (1.4 versus 1.8). Conclusion RS has an ,active ingredient' (craving reduction) and its effects on smoking cessation may merit further examination using modern rigorous methodology. [source] Does stage-based smoking cessation advice in pregnancy result in long-term quitters?ADDICTION, Issue 1 200518-month postpartum follow-up of a randomized controlled trial ABSTRACT Aims To evaluate the effect on quitting smoking at 18 months postpartum of smoking cessation interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) delivered in pregnancy compared to current standard care. It has been claimed that TTM-based interventions will continue to create quitters after the end of the intervention period. Design Cluster randomized trial. Setting Antenatal clinics in general practices in the West Midlands, UK. Participants A total of 918 pregnant smokers originally enrolled in the trial, of which 393 women were followed-up at 18 months postpartum. Interventions One hundred general practices were randomized into the three trial arms. Midwives in these practices delivered three interventions: A (standard care), B (TTM-based self-help manuals) and C (TTM-based self-help manuals plus sessions with an interactive computer program giving individualized smoking cessation advice). Measurements Self-reported continuous and point prevalence abstinence since pregnancy. Findings When combined together, there was a slight and not significant benefit for both TTM arms compared to the control, with an odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.20 (0.29,4.88) for continuous abstinence. For point prevalence abstinence, the OR (95%CI) was 1.15 (0.66,2.03). Seven of the 54 (13%) women who had quit at the end of pregnancy were still quit 18 months later, and there was no evidence that the TTM-based interventions were superior in preventing relapse. Conclusions The TTM-based interventions may have shown some evidence of a short-term benefit for quitting in pregnancy but no benefit relative to standard care when followed-up in the longer-term. [source] Acquiring a Community: The Acquis and the Institution of European Legal OrderEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 4 2003Hans Lindahl The emblematic manifestation of this passage, in the framework of the European legal order, is the acquis communautaire: what is the nature of the process that leads from acquired community to acquiring a community? In a first, preparatory, step, it will be argued that determinate conceptions of truth, time and the giving and taking of reason underlie the process of acquiring a European community. These findings are confronted, in a second step, with Antonio Negri's theory of the multitude as a constituent power, which opposes revolutionary self-determination to representation. Deconstructing this massive opposition, this paper explores three ways in which representation is at work in revolutionary self-determination. As will become clear in the course of the debate, instituting (European) community turns on the interval linking and separating law ,and' disorganised civil society. [source] THE EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION IN FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTSEVOLUTION, Issue 12 2003Tom J. M. Van Dooren Abstract Twenty years ago, Bulmer and Bull suggested that disruptive selection, produced by environmental fluctuations, can result in an evolutionary transition from environmental sex determination (ESD) to genetic sex determination (GSD). We investigated the feasibility of such a process, using mutation-limited adaptive dynamics and individual-based computer simulations. Our model describes the evolution of a reaction norm for sex determination in a metapopulation setting with partial migration and variation in an environmental variable both within and between local patches. The reaction norm represents the probability of becoming a female as a function of environmental state and was modeled as a sigmoid function with two parameters, one giving the location (i.e., the value of the environmental variable for which an individual has equal chance of becoming either sex) and the other giving the slope of the reaction norm for that environment. The slope can be interpreted as being set by the level of developmental noise in morph determination, with less noise giving a steeper slope and a more switchlike reaction norm. We found convergence stable reaction norms with intermediate to large amounts of developmental noise for conditions characterized by low migration rates, small differential competitive advantages between the sexes over environments, and little variation between individual environments within patches compared to variation between patches. We also considered reaction norms with the slope parameter constrained to a high value, corresponding to little developmental noise. For these we found evolutionary branching in the location parameter and a transition from ESD toward GSD, analogous to the original analysis by Bulmer and Bull. Further evolutionary change, including dominance evolution, produced a polymorphism acting as a GSD system with heterogamety. Our results point to the role of developmental noise in the evolution of sex determination. [source] Corporate social performance: Creating resources to help organizations excelGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 2 2008Bryan Dennis The most commonly employed theories of corporate social performance (CSP) tend to ignore firm-level processes and structures as sources of competitive advantage. But, by taking a resource-based view (RBV), and by enhancing a firm's capability to engage in socially responsible activities, it can potentially create its own competitive advantages. We examine four major components of CSP,community relations, the environment, diversity, and employee relations. And we show that the ability of a firm to develop its knowledge and skills,as well as policies and implementation plans and procedures,in each of these areas is a potential resource that may in fact provide competitive advantages and higher organizational performance, bringing benefits to both society and the firm. The community dimension evaluates the firm's performance in relationship to philanthropic giving and community support. The environmental aspect considers such firm stewardship activities as pollution prevention, global warming, and recycling. The diversity component measures CSP considering such factors as board member diversity and a firm's hiring, evaluation, training, and promotion policies concerning women and minorities. The employee relations dimension examines such socially responsible human resource practices as innovative employee involvement programs and profit sharing. Together, these capabilities can provide tangible and intangible resources that can provide the firm with competitive advantages. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Public perceptions about low back pain and its management: a gap between expectations and reality?HEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 3 2000Jennifer A. Klaber Moffett PhD MSc MCSP Objective To compare public perceptions and patient perceptions about back pain and its management with current clinical guidelines. Design A survey using a quota sampling technique. Setting On-the-street in South Derbyshire in the UK. Subjects 507 members of the general population aged between 20 and 60 years, including a representative subsample of 40% who had experienced back pain in the previous year. Survey To test knowledge and perceptions of back pain and its best management using statements based on The Back Book which was produced in conjunction with the Royal College of General Practitioners and based on best available evidence. In addition expectations of back pain management and outcome were investigated. Results Forty percent of this sample had experienced back pain during the previous year, more than half of whom had consulted their GP. More than half believed the spine is one of the strongest part of the body, but nearly two thirds incorrectly believed that back pain is often due to a slipped disc or trapped nerve. Two thirds expected a GP to be able to tell them exactly what was wrong with their back, although slightly fewer among those who had consulted. Most expected to have an X-ray, especially if they had consulted. Most recognised that the most important thing a GP can do is offer reassurance and advice. The responses were not related to age, gender or social class. Those who had consulted appeared to have slightly more misconceptions: this could be partly due to people with more severe problems or more misconceptions being more likely to consult, but also suggests either that GPs are still giving inaccurate information or at least failing to correct these misconceptions. Conclusions The problem of managing back pain might be reduced by closing the gap between the public's expectations and what is recommended in the guidelines through the promotion of appropriate health education messages. Further professional education of GPs also appears to be needed to update them in the most effective approach to managing back pain. [source] A Highly Efficient Universal Bipolar Host for Blue, Green, and Red Phosphorescent OLEDsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 22 2010Ho-Hsiu Chou The bipolar host material BCPO (bis-4- (N-carbazolyl)phenylphosphine oxide) containing a phosphine oxide and two carbazole groups, synthesized in three steps, shows a high triplet energy gap of 3.01,eV. The material can be used as a universal host for blue, green, and red phosphorescent devices, all giving extremely high efficiencies with turn-on voltages within 3 V. [source] Reactions of 9,9,-bibenzonorbornenylidene sulfoxides with TMSOTf: Anomalous pinacol-type rearrangement of thiirane 1-OxidesHETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2009Yoshiaki Sugihara syn-9,9,-Bibenzonorbornenylidene sulfoxide 8b underwent pinacol-type rearrangement to form 9, together with a mixture of thiiranes 4a and 4b by reaction with TMSOTf in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. The rearrangement of anti-sulfoxide 8a proceeded more slowly giving a mixture of 9, 4a, and 4b. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:29,34, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20507 [source] The unexpected chemistry of a bis(phospholyl)acetyleneHETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2008Matthew P. Duffy The reaction of lithium 3,4-dimethyl-phospholide with tetrachloroethylene gives the corresponding 1,2-bis(phospholyl)acetylene that has been characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis of its bis(pentacarbonylmolybdenum) complex. The reaction with sulfur leads to the corresponding disulfide that spontaneously undergoes a self-condensation via a Diels--Alder cycloaddition between the CC triple bond and the phosphole dienic system giving, after aromatization by loss of the phosphorus bridge, the corresponding 1,2-bis(phospholyl)benzene. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:537,541, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20457 [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||