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Generation Number (generation + number)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Polymers and Materials Science	50%
Life Sciences	25%
Chemistry	16%

Selected Abstracts

Selection for discontinuous life-history traits along a continuous thermal gradient in the butterfly Aricia agestis

ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 6 2005
Steve Burke
Abstract., 1.,Voltinism may be conceptualised as the product of development rate and the timing of diapause , two components that together translate gradual environmental variation, through periods of growth and development, into ,generational units'. This may result in very different selection pressures on diapause induction and development time in populations with different numbers of generations per year. 2.,Developmental data from univoltine and bivoltine populations of the butterfly Aricia agestis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in North Wales were used to examine larval development time and the timing of diapause, and their contribution towards voltinism in populations that occur at the same latitude and in geographic proximity to one another along a thermal gradient. 3.,The critical photoperiod for diapause induction in univoltines and bivoltines from the same latitude differed by more than 1.5 h. 4.,Development time also differed significantly between these populations, in line with predictions that bivoltines would need to exhibit shorter development times in order to achieve two complete generations per year. Shorter development times for bivoltines result in lower pupal weights, suggesting a trade-off exists between generation number and body size that may dictate the position of the transition zone between the two life-history strategies. Analysis of development times in a third population, from southern England, with greater thermal availability than those from North Wales, further supports this hypothesised trade-off. 5.,To achieve the conversion of a continuous thermal gradient into the binary biological response from univoltism to bivoltism, bivoltines speed up development, reduce adult body size and shift their diapause induction response. [source]

Dramatic Morphology Control in the Fabrication of Porous Polymer Films,

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 22 2008
Luke A. Connal
Abstract Highly ordered, porous honeycomb films are prepared by the breath-figure (BF) technique using dendron-functionalized star polymers as precursors. By changing the nature of the dendritic end groups, dramatically different porous morphologies can be produced. Three series of star polymers are prepared with both the size of the 2,2-bis(methoxy)propionic acid (bis-MPA)-based dendron end group and the dendron functionality being varied. Star polymers end-functionalized with acetonide-protected dendrons (generations 1 to 4) are initially prepared and the acetonide groups subsequently deprotected to yield hydroxyl-functionalized star polymers. Modification of these hydroxyl groups with pentadecafluorooctanoyl chloride yields a third series of functionalized star polymers. The resulting star polymers have surface groups with very different polarity and by utilizing these star polymers to form honeycomb films by the BF technique, the morphology produced is dramatically different. The star polymers with amphiphilic character afford interconnected porous morphologies with multiple layers of pores. The star polymers with pentadecafluorooctanoyl end groups show highly ordered monolayers of pores with extremely thin walls and represent a new porous morphology that has previously not been reported. The ability to prepare libraries of different dendronized star polymers has given further insights into the BF technique and allows the final porous morphology to be controllably tuned utilizing the functional chain ends and generation number of the dendronized star polymers. [source]

Correlated changes in fertility and fitness traits in lines of oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice selected for increased 8-week body weight,

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 2 2000
F. Siewerdt
Correlated responses in fitness and fertility traits were compared in transgenic and nontransgenic lines of mice selected for increased 8-week body weight. Two replicates of lines which either carried or did not carry the sheep metallothionein-1a sheep growth hormone transgene (oMt1a-oGH) were established. Host lines had been previously selected for rapid growth or selected randomly. Within-litter selection was carried out for 13 generations, and a randomly selected control line was kept for each set of replicate lines. Mice were genotyped every generation for the presence of the transgene, but this information was not used in selection decisions. The oMt1a-oGH construct was activated by adding 25 mm ZnSO4 to the drinking water from 3 weeks (weaning) until 8 weeks of age. Zinc stimulation of the transgene was not carried out during mating, gestation and lactation. Correlated responses in fitness traits were measured by regression of least-squares means (as deviations from the control lines) on generation number. Two fitness indexes were defined to combine the information on individual fitness traits. The proportion of infertile matings was higher in generations 7 to 13 than in generations 0 to 6. Correlated responses to selection showed an increase in the cohabitation to littering interval in nontransgenic lines and an increase in litter sizes in lines from the selected background. Preweaning pup survival did not change over generations. Overall fitness increased in the transgenic line from the selection background whereas no changes were observed in the transgenic line from the control background. The initial frequency of 0.5 of the transgene was reduced to less than 0.10 in the selected background, but increased to an average of 0.62 in the control lines. The comparison of specific mating groups involving transgenic and nontransgenic mates revealed that the only consistent disadvantage in having a transgenic parent was the increase in the length of the cohabitation to littering interval. Major fitness problems were not associated with the oMt1a-oGH transgene, which makes this construct a potential choice for use in livestock breeding programmes. Zusammenfassung Korrelierte Reaktionen der Merkmale Fertilität und Fitness wurden bei transgenen und nicht trans-genen Mäuselinien verglichen. Es wurden zwei Nachzüchtungen von Linien erstellt, die entweder das ovine Metallothionein-1a Wachstumshormon transgen tragen bzw. es nicht tragen. Zuvor waren Wirts-linien entweder auf schnelles Wachstum selektiert oder zufällig ausgesucht worden. Die Selektion erfolgte innerhalb der Würfe auf erhöhtes 8-Wochengewicht für 13 Generationen, und eine zufällig selektierte Kontroll-Linie wurde für jede der replizierten Linien gehalten. In jeder Generation wurden die Mäuse auf die Anwesenheit des Transgens genotypisiert, aber diese Information wurde nicht für Selektionsentscheidungen herangezogen. Das oMt1a-oGH Konstrukt wurde durch Zugabe von 25 mm ZnSO4 zum Trinkwasser ab der dritten Woche (Absetzen) bis zum Alter von acht Wochen aktiviert. Während der Paarung, der Trächtigkeit und der Laktation wurde keine Zink-Stimulation der transgenen Tiere durchgeführt. Korrelationen zwischen Fitnessmerkmalen und der Generationsnummer wurden durch Regression der kleinsten Quadrate (als Abweichung von den Kontroll-Linien) erhalten. Es wurden zwei Fitness-Indizes definiert, um die Information individueller Fitness-Merkmale zu kombinieren. Der Anteil an unfruchtbaren Paarungen war von der 7. bis zur 13. Generation höher als bei der 0. bis zur 6. Generation. Korrelationen bezüglich Selektion zeigten ein Anstieg der Kohabitation mit dem Wurfintervall bei nicht transgenen Tieren und einen Anstieg der Wurfgrößen bei den Linien der selektierten Gruppe. Das Überleben von Jungen vor dem Absetzten veränderte sich nicht über die Generationen. Allgemeine Fitness stieg bei der transgenen Linie der selektierten Gruppe an, während bei der transgenen Linie der Kontrollgruppe keine Veränderungen beobachtet wurden. Ein Vergleich von spezifischen Paarungsgruppen, die transgene und nicht transgene Paarungen einbezog, ergab, daß der einzige Nachteil eines transgenen Elternteils darin besteht, daß die Länge der Kohabitation mit dem Wurfintervall ansteigt. Mit dem oMt1a-oGH Transgen waren keine schweren Fitness-Probleme verbunden, so daß dieses Konstrukt eine potentielle Wahl für die Verwendung bei Nutztier-Zuchtprogrammen sein könnte. [source]

A structure/function study of polyaminoamide dendrimers as silica scale growth inhibitors

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2005
Konstantinos D Demadis
Abstract Dendrimers have attracted immense attention during the last decade due to their interesting properties both from a basic and an applied research viewpoint. Encapsulation of metal nanoparticles for catalysis, drug delivery and light harvesting are only some applications of dendrimers that are breaking new ground. A novel application of dendrimer technology is described in the present paper that relates to industrial water treatment. Industrial water systems often suffer from undesirable inorganic deposits. These can form either in the bulk or on metallic surfaces, such as heat exchangers or pipelines. Silica (SiO2) scale formation and deposition is a major problem in high-silica-containing cooling waters. Scale prevention rather than removal is highly desired. In this paper, benchtop screening tests on various silica inhibition chemistries are reported, with emphasis on materials with a dendrimeric structure. Specifically, the inhibition properties of commercially available STARBURST® polyaminoamide (PAMAM) dendrimers generations 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 are investigated in detail together with other commonly-used scale inhibitors. Experimental results show that inhibition efficiency largely depends on structural features of PAMAM dendrimers such as generation number and nature of the end groups. PAMAM dendrimers are effective inhibitors of silica scale growth at 40 ppm dosage levels. PAMAM dendrimers also act as silica nucleators, forming SiO2,PAMAM composites. This occurs because the SiO2 formed by incomplete inhibition interacts with cationic PAMAM-1 and -2. The general scope of silica formation and inhibition in industrial waters is also discussed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

A general strategy for highly efficient nanoparticle dispersing agents based on hybrid dendritic linear block copolymers

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 5 2009
Robert Vestberg
Abstract A modular approach to the synthesis of a library of hybrid dendritic-linear copolymers was developed based on RAFT polymerization from monodisperse dendritic macroRAFT agents. By accurately controlling the molecular weight of the linear block, generation number of the dendrimer and the nature of the dendritic chains ends, the performance of these hybrid block copolymers as dispersing agents was optimized for a range of nanoparticles. For titanium dioxide nanoparticles, dispersion in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix was maximized with a second generation dendrimer containing four carboxylic acid end groups, and the quality of dispersion was observed to be superior to commercial dispersing agents for TiO2. This approach also allowed novel hybrid dendritic-linear dispersing agents to be prepared for the dispersion of Au and CdSe nanoparticles based on disulphide and phosphine oxide end groups, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1237,1258, 2009 [source]

Dendritic macromers for hydrogel formation: Tailored materials for ophthalmic, orthopedic, and biotech applications

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 2 2008
Mark W. Grinstaff
Abstract Dendritic macromolecules are well-defined highly branched macromolecules synthesized via a divergent or convergent approach. A salient feature of the macromolecules described herein, and a goal of our research effort, is to prepare dendritic macromolecules suitable for in vitro and in vivo use by focusing on biocompatible building blocks and biodegradable linkages. These dendritic macromolecules can be subsequently crosslinked to form hydrogels using a photochemical acrylate-based or a chemical ligation strategy. The properties,mechanical, swelling, degradation, and so forth,of the hydrogels can be tuned by altering the composition, crosslinking chemistry, wt %, generation number and so forth. The utility and diverse applicability is demonstrated through successful use of these hydrogels in three unique applications: hydrogel adhesives for repairing corneal wounds, hydrogel scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering, and hydrogel reaction chambers for high throughput screening of molecular recognition events. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 383,400, 2008. [source]

UV-photodimerization in uracil-substituted dendrimers for high density data storage

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 19 2007
Brian Lohse
Abstract Two series of uracil-functionalized dendritic macromolecules based on poly (amidoamine) PAMAM and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethylpropionic acid) bis-MPA backbones were prepared and their photoinduced (2,+2,) cycloaddition reactions upon exposure to UV light at 257 nm examined. Dendrimers up to 4th generation were synthesized and investigated as potential materials for high capacity optical data storage with their dimerization efficiency compared to uracil as a reference compound. This allows the impact of increasing the generation number of the dendrimers, both the number of chromophores, as well as the different steric environments, on the performance of each series of dendrimers to be investigated. The (uracil)12 -[G-2]-bis-MPA and (uracil)8 -[G-1]-PAMAM were observed to have high dimerization efficiency in solution with different behavior being observed for the PAMAM and bis-MPA dendrimers. The dendrimers with the best dimerization efficiency in solution were then examined in the solid state as thin films cast on quartz plates, and their film qualities along with their photodimerization performance studied. High quality films with a transmission response of up to 70% in 55 s. when irradiated at 257 nm with an intensity of 70 mW/cm2 could be obtained suggesting future use as recording media for optical data storage. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4401,4412, 2007 [source]

Synthesis and self-organization of rod,dendron and dendron,rod,dendron molecules

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 22 2003
Sébastien Lecommandoux
Abstract We synthesized molecules containing one or two dendritic segments and a rigid-rod-like segment with their structures in the solid state. The molecules with rod,dendron or dendron,rod,dendron architecture had biphenyl ester rigid segments and 3,4,5 tris(n -dodecyloxy)benzoate of first or second generation as their dendritic segments. The variables investigated included the rod segment length as well as dendron generation, and all materials obtained were characterized by optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray scattering. Depending on the size of the rod segment and generation number of the dendritic segment, molecules organized into smectic, columnar, or cubic phases, and the symmetries observed were dominated by the anisotropic rod,rod interactions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3501,3518, 2003 [source]

Self-Assembly of Dendritic Macromolecules Based on the Ionic Interaction of Linear Chain Polyelectrolyte Cores with Oppositely Charged Focal Ionogenic Groups of Dendrons

MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 12 2004
Alexander Y. Bilibin
Abstract Summary: A new principle for the design of dendritic macromolecules , the ionic binding of linear chain polyelectrolyte with oppositely charged focal ionogenic groups of dendrons , has been developed. The majority of the dendritic ionic complexes (DICs) are prepared with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as a polymeric core and L -aspartic acid dendrons of different generations. Two series of DICs were prepared using PSS and aspartic dendrons bearing terminal (located at the external periphery) methoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl groups (C1- n and C6- n respectively where n is the generation number). Ionic binding of about 100% was found for dendrons of Generation 1,3. The solubility of the DICs was examined and the DICs prepared were studied by IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR and viscometry. Dendritic ionic complexes prepared using poly(styrenesulfonic acid) acid and aspartic dendrons bearing terminal methoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl groups. [source]

Stochastic Morphometric Model of the Balb/c Mouse Lung

THE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2010
Pierre Madl
Abstract The laboratory mouse is often used as a human surrogate in aerosol inhalation studies. Morphometric data on the tracheobronchial geometry of three in situ lung casts of the Balb/c mouse lung produced by the Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory were analyzed in terms of probability density functions and correlations among the different airway parameters. The results of this statistical analysis reveal significant differences in diameters and branching angles between major and minor progeny branching off from the same parent airway at a given airway bifurcation. Number of bronchial airways generations along a given path, expressed by the termination probability, branching angles, and daughter-to-parent diameter ratios indicate that the location of an airway with defined linear airway dimensions within the lung is more appropriately identified by its diameter (or its parent diameter) than by an assigned generation number. We, therefore, recommend classifying the mouse lung airways by their diameters and not by generation numbers, consistent with our previous analysis of the rather monopodial structure of the rat lung (Koblinger et al., J Aerosol Med 1995;8:7,19; Koblinger and Hofmann, J Aerosol Med 1995;8:21,32). Because of lack of corresponding information on respiratory airways, a partly stochastic symmetric acinar airway model was attached to the tracheobronchial model, in which the number of acinar airways along a given path was randomly selected from a measured acinar volume distribution. The computed distributions of the geometric airway parameters and their correlations will be used for random pathway selection of inhaled particles in subsequent Monte Carlo deposition calculations. Anat Rec 293:1766,1786, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Second-Law Based Thermodynamic Analysis of a Novel Heat Exchanger

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 1 2009
Y.-L. He
Abstract In the present investigation, second-law based thermodynamics analysis was applied to a new heat exchanger with helical baffles. The helical baffles are designed as quadrant ellipses and each baffle occupies one quadrant of the cross-section of the shell side. Experimental tests were carried out with cold water in the tube side with a constant flow rate, and hot oil on the shell side with flow rate range from 4,24,m3/h. The temperatures and pressures for the inlet and outlet of both sides were measured. The heat transfer, pressure drop, entropy generation, and exergy loss of the new heat exchanger were investigated and compared with the results for a conventional shell-and-tube heat exchanger with segmental baffles. The computed results indicated that both the entropy generation number and exergy losses of the new heat exchanger design are lower than those of the heat exchanger with segmental baffles, which means that the novel heat exchanger has a higher efficiency than the heat exchanger with segmental baffles, from the second-law based thermodynamics viewpoint. [source]