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Gender Ratio (gender + ratio)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	76%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Neurology	14%

Selected Abstracts

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Gender Ratio Distortion in Abortuses and Live Births From Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Takashi Kano
Problem, Gender ratio of live birth in humans is approximately 1.05 and males are born a slightly more, while gender ratio of fertilization should be 1.00, suggesting that female fetus might be more sensitive to abortion than male fetus during pregnancy. Method of study, We examined karyotype of abortuses from patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), who had at least one live birth before or after the treatment of RSA. Results, Chromosomal abnormality was not frequent (14.6%) in the abortuses from the RSA patients. Among abortuses without chromosomal abnormality, male karyotype was rare (9.2%), and this gender ratio distortion was more prominent in RSA cases not carrying autoantibodies (3.5%) than that in the RSA cases carrying autoantibodies (26.3%), with statistical significance (P = 0.009). Conclusion, These observations suggested that the aborted fetuses from RSA of unknown etiology, i.e. no chromosomal abnormality and no autoantibody, were preferentially female. [source]

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP antibody) is present in the sera of patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type in Asian

ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2010
K. Satoh
Satoh K, Kawakami A, Shirabe S, Tamai M, Sato A, Tsujihata M, Nagasato K, Eguchi K. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP antibody) is present in the sera of patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type in Asian. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010: 121: 338,341. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Munksgaard. Background,,, In the hippocampi of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, aberrant expression of citrullinated proteins and peptidylarginase 2 (PADI2) has been identified. We explored the functional roles of these proteins by means of detection of serum anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP antibody) in patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT). Methods,,, Sera were obtained from 42 patients with DAT, 30 patients with other neurological disorders and 42 healthy controls. Gender ratio and age were comparable among the three groups. The level of anti-CCP antibody in sera was examined by ELISA. Findings,,, Anti-CCP antibody was not found in the 30 patients with other neurological disorders, and only one of the 42 healthy controls (2.4%) was positive. However, surprisingly, anti-CCP antibody was clearly detected in eight of the 42 DAT patients. Interpretation,,, Anti-CCP antibody appears to be a simple and early serologic biomarker for DAT among dementia patients. Additionally, our data imply that citrullinated proteins accumulated in the astrocytes of AD patients acquire neo-antigenicity, inducing anti-CCP antibody production. [source]

Gender ratios for reading difficulties

DYSLEXIA, Issue 3 2009
Jesse L. Hawke
Abstract The prevalence of reading difficulties is typically higher in males than females in both referred and research-identified samples, and the ratio of males to females is greater in more affected samples. To explore possible gender differences in reading performance, we analysed data from 1133 twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair had a school history of reading problems and from 684 twin pairs from a comparison sample with no reading difficulties. Although the difference between the average scores of males and females in these two samples was very small, the variance of reading performance was significantly greater for males in both groups. We suggest that a greater variance of reading performance measures in males may account at least in part for their higher prevalence of reading difficulties as well as for the higher gender ratios that are observed in more severely impaired samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Risk factors for severe infection in patients with hairy cell leukemia: a long-term study of 73 patients

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Ghandi Damaj
Abstract Although the survival of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has been improved by the therapeutic introduction of interferon , and purine analogs, it is still worsened by complications such as severe infections. In this long-term study, we identified factors influencing patient outcomes in 73 patients with HCL. Median age at diagnosis was 53 yr and the gender ratio (M/F) was 2.3. At the time of HCL diagnosis, 60 patients (82%) were symptomatic and 22 of these had an infection. After a median follow-up of 13 yr, eight patients had died of secondary cancer (n = 2), HCL progression (n = 1) and age-related complications (n = 5). The 10-yr overall survival (OS), progression-free survival and relapse rates were 91 ± 3%, 14 ± 5% and 87 ± 5%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, age >53 yr was the only factor adversely influencing OS and secondary cancer incidence, with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 9.30 (95%CI, 1.15,76.6; P = 0.037) and 2.80 (95%CI, 1.05,7.71; P = 0.04), respectively. Eleven patients developed severe infections. Absolute lymphocyte count (<1 × 109/L) at diagnosis was the only factor influencing the occurrence of severe infections, with an adjusted HR of 4.01 (P = 0.007). Strikingly, we did not observe any significant correlation between neutrophil or monocyte counts and the incidence of infection. We confirmed long-term survival in HCL but found a high incidence of infection , even late in the course of the disease. The absolute lymphocyte count at diagnosis is a risk factor for the occurrence of severe infections. In addition to careful monitoring of infections, prompt initiation of anti-HCL treatment should be considered in patients with low lymphocyte counts. [source]

Examining the Utility of In-Clinic "Rescue" Therapy for Acute Migraine

HEADACHE, Issue 6 2008
Veronica Morey RN
Background., Management options currently are limited for patients with acute migraine whose symptoms prove refractory to self-administered therapy. Objective., To evaluate the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of a management program offering in-clinic "rescue" treatment for patients with acute migraine. Methods., Two hundred consecutive migraine patients presenting to a university-based headache clinic were randomized to receive either optimal self-administered medical therapy for acute migraine ("standard therapy") or similar therapy plus the option of in-clinic parenteral drug administration should self-administered therapy prove ineffective ("rescue therapy"). Patients randomized to the latter group were restricted to a maximum of 2 "rescue visits" per month, and all patients were followed for one year. Patients "rescued" in clinic were contacted by telephone 24 hours following treatment to evaluate their treatment response. The primary analysis involved a comparison of the number of emergency department (ED) visits for headache recorded within each group over the one-year period of study. For all ED visits in the rescue group and for a randomly selected and equal number of ED visits within the standard group, the direct costs associated with those visits were assessed, and the direct costs of all in-clinic rescue visits also were recorded and analyzed. Results., The 2 groups studied were similar in terms of age, gender ratio, migraine subtype, migraine-related disability status at baseline and type/extent of medical insurance coverage. Over the one-year study period, the rescue group recorded 423 in-clinic rescue visits and reported 27 ED visits for headache treatment. The standard therapy group reported 73 ED visits (27 vs 73 visits; P < .01). The total direct costs associated with ED visits were $45,330 for the rescue group (mean $1690 per ED visit) and (by extrapolation from the sample selected) $147,971 for the standard therapy group (mean $2027 per ED visit). The total direct cost of the 423 "rescue visits" was $33,647 (mean $80 per visit). In 79% of the 423 rescue encounters, the patients involved reported no residual functional disability 24 hours following treatment. Of those in the rescue group who sought in-clinic rescue, 89% reported themselves "very satisfied" with such management. Conclusion., Providing the alternative of in-clinic "rescue" for acute migraine refractory to self-administered therapy offers an attractive alternative for patients and appears to substantially lower use of an ED for headache treatment and the cost associated with that use. [source]

Does off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery reduce secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1?

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 5 2007
C. Ozkara
Summary Prior studies showed that postoperative increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels is associated with an increased risk of graft occlusion after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). This prospective study aimed to compare the changes of PAI-1 antigen levels after off-pump and on-pump CABG. Forty-four patients admitted for elective CABG were randomised to on-pump (n = 22) or off-pump (n = 22) surgery. Serum samples were collected for estimation of PAI-1 and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen levels preoperatively and 2 h after the operation. The groups were similar in terms of age, weight, gender ratio and extent of coronary disease, left ventricular function and number of grafts per patient. Fibrinogen and t-PA levels increased postoperatively in both the groups when compared with baseline values. After operation, statistical analysis revealed that increase of PAI-1 values was higher in off-pump group (44.1 ± 9.1 vs. 25.3 ± 6.9) than on-pump group (37.2 ± 5.5 vs. 27.3 ± 7.8, p = 0.002). This study shows that increase in PAI-1 antigen values in patients who undergo off-pump (beating heart) CABG is significantly higher than in those who undergo conventional CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass. [source]

Staff gender ratio and aggression in a forensic psychiatric hospital

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 2 2006
Michael Daffern
ABSTRACT:, Gender balance in acute psychiatric inpatient units remains a contentious issue. In terms of maintaining staff and patient safety, ,balance' is often considered by ensuring there are ,sufficient' male nurses present on each shift. In an ongoing programme of research into aggression, the authors investigated reported incidents of patient aggression and examined the gender ratio on each shift over a 6-month period. Contrary to the popular notion that a particular gender ratio might have some relationship with the likelihood of aggressive incidents, there was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of male staff working on the shifts when there was an aggressive incident compared with the shifts when there was no aggressive incident. Further, when an incident did occur, the severity of the incident bore no relationship with the proportion of male staff working on the shift. Nor did the gender of the shift leader have an impact on the decision to seclude the patient or the likelihood of completing an incident form following an aggressive incident. Staff confidence in managing aggression may be influenced by the presence of male staff. Further, aspects of prevention and management may be influenced by staff gender. However, results suggest there is no evidence that the frequency or severity of aggression is influenced by staff gender ratio. [source]

Psoriasis in childhood and adolescence: evaluation of demographic and clinical features

PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2006
MUAMMER SEYHAN
Abstract Background: The present study was aimed to define the gender ratio, familial occurrence, age of onset, precipitating factors, clinical types, nail and joint involvement of psoriasis in childhood and adolescence in Turkey. Methods: A total of 61 children with psoriasis under 18 years old were evaluated retrospectively, for age, gender, age of disease onset, family history, concomitant disease, the clinical type of psoriasis, clinical localization, nail and joint involvement and treatment modalities. Results: Of the patients, 23 (37.70%) were boys and 38 (62.30%) were girls. Mean age was 9.28 ± 4.02 years in girls and 11.18 ± 3.85 years in boys (9.96 ± 4.03 years in all children). Mean age at the onset of the disease was 6.81 ± 4.11 years in girls and 7.03 ± 4.28 years in boys (6.89 ± 4.14 years in all patients). In 14 (23%) cases, a positive family history was detected. The most frequent probable triggering factors were upper respiratory tract infections (14.8%) and positive throat culture for A group ß-hemolytic streptococcus (21.3%). Frequency of emotional stress and psychiatric morbidity were 54% and 9.8%, respectively. The most frequent localizations at onset were trunk (44.3%), extremities (54.0%), and scalp (36.0%). Three children (4.9%) had a history of dissemination from psoriatic diaper rash. In total, 51 (83.6%) patients presented with psoriasis vulgaris, eight (13.1%) with generalized pustular psoriasis, and the remaining two (3.3%) with erythrodermic psoriasis. Conclusion: The incidence of psoriasis among dermatological patients in childhood and adolescence was 3.8%. The disease tends to appear earlier in girls than boys. The authors suggested that stress and upper respiratory infections are the most important triggering factors in childhood and adolescence psoriasis. [source]

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Gender Ratio Distortion in Abortuses and Live Births From Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion

Equivalent Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolate Mofetil in African-American and Caucasian Male and Female Stable Renal Allograft Recipients

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 12 2003
Mark D. Pescovitz
African-American (AA) renal transplant recipients require higher doses of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) than Caucasians. A hypothesized pharmacokinetic (PK) difference was tested in stable renal transplant recipients. Whole blood was collected before, and 20, 40 and 75 min, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h after the MMF dose. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) and its glucuronide metabolite (MPAG) were analyzed using HPLC. Analysis of variance was performed for the primary end-points of dose-adjusted PK parameters AUC0,12 and Cmax of MPA using log-transformed values. Differences between races and genders were estimated: 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Back-transformation gave estimates of the race and gender ratio and their CI. Equivalence of the groups was determined if the 90% confidence limits were included in the interval (0.80, 1.25). The calculated PK parameters were comparable among the four subgroups (Caucasian, AA, Male, Female). The 90% CIs for the ratio of dose-adjusted AUC0,12 of MPA between races were between 89.7 and 112.9%. There were no race, gender or race-by-gender effects (p-values = 0.196) nor differences between diabetics and nondiabetics. This study demonstrates that dosing requirement for MMF in AA and Caucasians is unlikely to be related to different exposures to MPA. [source]

The true sex ratio in European Pseudocalliergon trifarium (Bryophyta: Amblystegiaceae) revealed by a novel molecular approach

BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2010
LARS HEDENÄS
Dioecious plants, including many bryophytes, rarely exhibit discernible sexual dimorphism before sexual maturity. Because many species and populations of dioecious bryophytes do not express their sex, it remains mostly unresolved whether expressing individuals reflect the ratios of genetically male and female plants. The present study assesses the population sex ratio of the wetland moss Pseudocalliergon trifarium in central and northern Europe. For the first time in a bryophyte, we estimate the sex ratio in a population by assessing directly both expressing and non-expressing plants. Expressed gender ratio was assessed from herbarium specimens. Single shoots from non-expressing specimens were sexed using a recently developed molecular sex marker. On the basis of the female and male frequencies in these two data sets and the overall proportion of expressing specimens, we estimate the European population sex ratio to be 1.93 : 1 (female/male). Expressed, non-expressed, and population sex ratios are not significantly different from each other, suggesting that gender differences in rates of sex expression cannot account for the female bias. Earlier studies of P. trifarium failed to reveal gender-specific growth rates or pre-zygotic reproductive costs. Gender differences at the spore to protonemal stage, in mortality, or niche preferences could potentially explain the uneven sex ratio. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 132,140. [source]

Autism spectrum disorder in children with and without epilepsy: impact on social functioning and communication

ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 4 2009
Jeremy Turk
Abstract Aim: To compare developmental and psychological functioning in two groups of children with autism spectrum disorder (asd), one with epilepsy and one without. Methods: Sixty 7,17-year-old children in each group were recruited through a range of services in order to screen as representative a sample as possible. Parents were interviewed using the diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders (DISCO-11), and children were clinically examined and their medical histories assessed. Results: The asd and epilepsy (asd+e) group demonstrated a substantially more even gender ratio, with a greater proportion of girls. They were more likely to have received later asd diagnoses and additional medical diagnoses. They also showed more motor difficulties, developmental delays and challenging behaviours, but were no more likely to be aloof and passive. The asd-only group experienced more abnormal fascinations with objects and used brief glances as a means of eye contact more than the asd+e group. Conclusion: Results support important between-group differences with diagnostic and therapeutic implications. asds often present atypically in children with seizures. However, both groups showed widely varying social and linguistic presentations. [source]

Gender ratios for reading difficulties

Gender and alcohol consumption: patterns from the multinational GENACIS project

ADDICTION, Issue 9 2009
Richard W. Wilsnack
ABSTRACT Aims To evaluate multinational patterns of gender- and age-specific alcohol consumption. Design and participants Large general-population surveys of men's and women's drinking behavior (n's > 900) in 35 countries in 1997,2007 used a standardized questionnaire (25 countries) or measures comparable to those in the standardized questionnaire. Measurements Data from men and women in three age groups (18,34, 35,49, 50,65) showed the prevalence of drinkers, former drinkers, and lifetime abstainers; and the prevalence of high-frequency, high-volume, and heavy episodic drinking among current drinkers. Analyses examined gender ratios for prevalence rates and the direction of changes in prevalence rates across age groups. Findings Drinking per se and high-volume drinking were consistently more prevalent among men than among women, but lifetime abstention from alcohol was consistently more prevalent among women. Among respondents who had ever been drinkers, women in all age groups were consistently more likely to have stopped drinking than men were. Among drinkers, the prevalence of high-frequency drinking was consistently greatest in the oldest age group, particularly among men. Unexpectedly, the prevalence of drinking per se did not decline consistently with increasing age, and declines in high-volume and heavy episodic drinking with increasing age were more typical in Europe and English-speaking countries. Conclusions As expected, men still exceed women in drinking and high-volume drinking, although gender ratios vary. Better explanations are needed for why more women than men quit drinking, and why aging does not consistently reduce drinking and heavy drinking outside Europe and English-speaking countries. [source]

TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY PINK OR BLUE: HOW SEX SELECTION TECHNOLOGY FACILITATES GENDERCIDE AND WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT

FAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 1 2008
Monica Sharma
In the midst of a genetic revolution in medicine, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) has become a well-established technique to help infertile women achieve pregnancy. But many women are now turning to ART not just to circumvent infertility, but consciously to shape their families by determining the sex of their children. Many patriarchal cultures have a gender preference for males and to date have used technological advances in reproductive medicine to predetermine the sex of the child being born. Women have sought sex-selective abortions, where the pregnancy was being terminated solely on the basis of the sex of the unborn fetus. The combination of ART advances and gender preference has led to the disappearance of at least 100 million girls from the world's population leading to a mass gendercide. This article examines the societal impact of unbalanced gender ratios and the need to regulate sex selection to avoid nations of bachelors. [source]