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Gate
Kinds of Gate Terms modified by Gate Selected AbstractsThe epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in Caucasians and African-Americans: the GATE Study,JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 1 2003N. F. Dowling Summary., The aim of this study was to assess, comprehensively, medical and genetic attributes of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a multiracial American population. The Genetic Attributes and Thrombosis Epidemiology (GATE) study is an ongoing case,control study in Atlanta, Georgia, designed to examine racial differences in VTE etiology and pathogenesis. Between 1998 and 2001, 370 inpatients with confirmed VTE, and 250 control subjects were enrolled. Data collected included blood specimens for DNA and plasma analysis and a medical lifestyle history questionnaire. Comparing VTE cases, cancer, recent surgery, and immobilization were more common in caucasian cases, while hypertension, diabetes, and kidney disease were more prevalent in African-American cases. Family history of VTE was reported with equal frequency by cases of both races (28,29%). Race-adjusted odds ratios for the associations of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations were 3.1 (1.5, 6.7) and 1.9 (0.8, 4.4), respectively. Using a larger external comparison group, the odds ratio for the prothrombin mutation among Caucasians was a statistically significant 2.5 (1.4, 4.3). A case-only analysis revealed a near significant interaction between the two mutations among Caucasians. We found that clinical characteristics of VTE patients differed across race groups. Family history of VTE was common in white and black patients, yet known genetic risk factors for VTE are rare in African-American populations. Our findings underscore the need to determine gene polymorphisms associated with VTE in African-Americans. [source] A Simple Fluorescent Ion-Pair Binding Host that Acts as an "If-Then" Logic GateEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 26 2009Sara Jane Dickson Abstract A donor-acceptor-type carbazole pyridine derivative behaves as an "if-then" fluorescent molecular logic gate using chemical inputs in the form of copper(II) cations and nitrate anions. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] A Bifunctional Chromogenic Calix[4]arene Chemosensor for Both Cations and Anions: A Potential Ca2+ and F, Switched INHIBIT Logic Gate with a YES Logic FunctionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 24 2010Kai-Chi Chang Abstract A bifunctional chromogenic calix[4]arene 3, which contains both triazoles and hydroxy azophenols as both cationic and anionic recognition sites and the azophenol moiety as a coloration unit, was designed and synthesized. The recognition of Ca2+ by 3 gave rise to a marked colour change from greenish to bright yellow, whereas the recognition of F, by 3 showed a colour change from light green to bluish. The colour changes of 3 by the inputs of Ca2+ and F, have been implemented to construct a combinational logic circuit at the molecular level. [source] Polymer Field-Effect Transistors Fabricated by the Sequential Gravure Printing of Polythiophene, Two Insulator Layers, and a Metal Ink GateADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2010Monika M. Voigt Abstract The mass production technique of gravure contact printing is used to fabricate state-of-the art polymer field-effect transistors (FETs). Using plastic substrates with prepatterned indium tin oxide source and drain contacts as required for display applications, four different layers are sequentially gravure-printed: the semiconductor poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), two insulator layers, and an Ag gate. A crosslinkable insulator and an Ag ink are developed which are both printable and highly robust. Printing in ambient and using this bottom-contact/top-gate geometry, an on/off ratio of >104 and a mobility of 0.04,cm2 V,1 s,1 are achieved. This rivals the best top-gate polymer FETs fabricated with these materials. Printing using low concentration, low viscosity ink formulations, and different P3HT molecular weights is demonstrated. The printing speed of 40,m min,1 on a flexible polymer substrate demonstrates that very high-volume, reel-to-reel production of organic electronic devices is possible. [source] Successful amplification of degraded DNA for use with high-throughput SNP genotyping platforms,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 12 2008Simon Mead Abstract Highly accurate and high-throughput SNP genotyping platforms are increasingly popular but the performance of suboptimal DNA samples remains unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the best platform, amplification technique, and loading concentration to maximize genotype accuracy and call rate using degraded samples. We amplified high-molecular weight genomic DNA samples recently extracted from whole blood and degraded DNA samples extracted from 50-year-old patient sera. Two whole-genome amplification (WGA) methodologies were used: an isothermal multiple displacement amplification method (MDA) and a fragmentation-PCR,based method (GenomePlex® [GPLEX]; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Duplicate runs were performed on genome-wide dense SNP arrays (Nsp-Mendel; Affymetrix) and custom SNP platforms based on molecular inversion probes (Targeted Genotyping [TG]; Affymetrix) and BeadArray technology (Golden Gate [GG]; Illumina). Miscalls and no-calls on Mendel arrays were correlated with each other, with confidence scores from the Bayesian calling algorithm, and with average probe intensity. Degraded DNA amplified with MDA gave low call rates and concordance across all platforms at standard loading concentrations. The call rate with MDA on GG was improved when a 5,×,concentration of amplified DNA was used. The GPLEX amplification gave high call rate and concordance for degraded DNA at standard and higher loading concentrations on both TG and GG platforms. Based on these analyses, after standard filtering for SNP and sample performance, we were able to achieve a mean call rate of 99.7% and concordance 99.7% using degraded samples amplified by GPLEX on GG technology at 2,×,loading concentration. These findings may be useful for investigators planning case-control association studies with patient samples of suboptimal quality. Hum Mutat 0, 1,7, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Responsiveness to General Education Instruction as the First Gate to Learning Disabilities IdentificationLEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 3 2003Deborah L. Speece Most definitions of learning disabilities (LD) include a qualification that adequate general education instruction was received and the child with LD did not benefit. Rarely is this tenet assessed in either practice or research before a diagnosis is made. We review three studies that investigated children's responsiveness to general education reading instruction as an indicator of need for more intensive interventions. Adequacy of instruction was quantified by children's level and rate of progress, compared to classmates, as measured by curriculum-based measures of oral reading fluency. We found that the response-to-instruction model tested was valid in that (1) children who differ from their peers on level and slope of performance (dual discrepancy) have more severe academic and behavioral problems than children who have IQ-achievement discrepancies or low achievement; (2) children who demonstrate persistent nonresponsiveness over three years differ from other at-risk children on reading, reading-related, and behavioral measures; and (3) at-risk children who participated in specially designed general education interventions had better outcomes than at-risk children who did not participate. We conducted additional analyses to assess low achievement definitional variations and found that they lack sensitivity and coverage compared to a dual discrepancy definition. [source] AlInN HEMT grown on SiC by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy for millimeter-wave applicationsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Shiping Guo Abstract In this work we present the epitaxial and device results of AlInN/GaN HEMTs grown on SiC by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. High quality AlInN/GaN HEMT structures with sub-10,nm AlInN barrier were grown with very low Ga background level (<1%). The low Rsh of 215,,/sq was obtained with an excellent standard deviation of 1.1% across 3, wafers. Lehighton RT contactless Hall tests show a high mobility of 1617,cm2/V,s and sheet charge density of 1.76,×,1013/cm2. DC characteristics of an AlInN/GaN HEMT with a gate length of 0.1,µm and 25,nm Al2O3 passivation show maximum drain current (IDS,max) of 2.36,A/mm at VGS,=,2,V. Gate recessed devices with 0.15,µm gate length and 25,nm Al2O3 passivation resulted in maximum transconductance (gm) of 675,mS/mm, the highest value ever reported in AlInN transistors. Excellent frequency response was obtained. The maximum fT is 86,GHz and fmax is 91.7,GHz. [source] Gate-lag and drain-lag effects in (GaN)/InAlN/GaN and InAlN/AlN/GaN HEMTsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007J. Kuzmik Abstract Gate and drain-lag effects are studied in (GaN)/InAlN/GaN and InAlN/AlN/GaN HEMTs grown on sapphire. Electron trapping on the surface states between the gate and the drain forming the net negative charge up-to ,2 × 1013 cm,2 is found to be responsible for the gate-lag effect in the (GaN)/InAlN/GaN HEMTs. If the polarization charge at the device surface is decreased by GaN capping, then density of the trapped charge is not changed, however the electron de-trapping process becomes faster. The drain-lag effect is caused by electron injection and trapping in the source-gate area reaching ,1 × 1013 cm,2 of the trapped charge in the steady state. In the studied voltage range the InAlN/AlN/GaN HEMT is shown to be gate-lag-free suggesting that this parasitic transient can be avoided if thin AlN is used in the epi-layer growth sequence. It is assumed that this breakthrough quality relates to the decreased or even reverted electric field in the InAlN layer if AlN is inserted. Surface states need not to be generated in this case. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] By Motor to the Golden GateTHE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CULTURE, Issue 2 2006Margaret Wiley No abstract is available for this article. [source] By Motor to the Golden Gate.THE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 4 2006Emily Post. No abstract is available for this article. [source] An Electrochemically Transduced XOR Logic Gate at the Molecular Level,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 14 2010Yaqing Liu Dr. Goldene Logik: Die Vereinigung von kathodischen und anodischen elektrochemischen Stromgleichrichtern auf einer Goldelektrode (siehe Bild) resultierte in einem molekularen XOR-Logikgatter mit hohem Wechselverhältnis zwischen den elektrischen Ausgabesignalen ,1" und ,0". Wenn die Elektrode mit dem Redoxvermittler Ferrocen modifiziert wird, können sukzessive XOR-Logikgatter-Funktionen ausgeführt werden, ohne dass das System zurückgesetzt werden muss. [source] Introduction: Opening the Gate to GatekeeperANTIPODE, Issue 1 2004Steve Herbert No abstract is available for this article. [source] Novel Process Windows , Gate to Maximizing Process Intensification via Flow ChemistryCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 11 2009V. Hessel Abstract Driven by the economics of scale, the size of reaction vessels as the major processing apparatus of the chemical industry has became bigger and bigger [1, 2]. Consequently, the efforts for ensuring mixing and heat transfer have also increased, as these are scale dependent. This has brought vessel operation to (partly severe) technical limits, especially when controlling harsh conditions, e.g., due to large heat releases. Accordingly, processing at a very large scale has resulted in taming of the chemistry involved in order to slow it down to a technically controllable level. Therefore, reaction paths that already turned out too aggressive at the laboratory scale are automatically excluded for later scale-up, which constitutes a common everyday confinement in exploiting chemical transformations. Organic chemists are barely conscious that even the small-scale laboratory protocols in their textbooks contain many slow, disciplined chemical reactions. Operations such as adding a reactant drop by drop in a large diluted solvent volume have become second nature, but are not intrinsic to the good engineering of chemical reactions. These are intrinsic to the chemical apparatus used in the past. In contrast, today's process intensification [3,12] and the new flow-chemistry reactors on the micro- and milli-scale [13,39] allow such limitations to be overcome, and thus, enable a complete, ab-initio type rethinking of the processes themselves. In this way, space-time yields and the productivity of the reactor can be increased by orders of magnitude and other dramatic performance step changes can be achieved. A hand-in-hand design of the reactors and process re-thinking is required to enable chemistry rather than subduing chemistry around the reactor [40]. This often leads to making use of process conditions far from conventional practice, under harsh environments, a procedure named here as Novel Process Windows. [source] Calvinist Internationalism and the English Officer Corps, 1562,1642HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2006David Trim This article uses a crucial but little-known text to examine two problematic issues in early-modern history: whether there was, in any meaningful sense, a ,Calvinist international'; and the extent to which religious commitment influenced career soldiers. The Defence of Militarie Profession (1579), by a Calvinist soldier, Geoffrey Gates, is rich on both issues and an excellent potential source for students. This article outlines how close reading reveals a transnational concept of the Reformed Churches as Israel, derived from a distinctive understanding and application of the Bible. Then, analysis of English military officers indicates that many were Calvinist and shared this internationalist concept of their confession. Thus, this essay argues that a ,Calvinist international' did exist as a conscious transnational movement and that its ideology was an important factor in the mental world of English career soldiers; and it introduces a text that students can use to explore these large issues. [source] Nonvolatile Memory: Majority Carrier Type Conversion with Floating Gates in Carbon Nanotube Transistors (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 47 200947/2009) A charge trapping layer can serve not only for designing multilevel nonvolatile memory but also for reversible type conversion from p- to n-type in carbon nanotube channels. Young Hee Lee and co-workers demonstrate on p. 4821 that reversible conversion from p- to n-type can be robustly realized in CNT field-effect transistors by changing the polarity of trapped charges. [source] Majority Carrier Type Conversion with Floating Gates in Carbon Nanotube TransistorsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 47 2009Woo Jong Yu A charge trapping layer can serve not only for designing multilevel nonvolatile memory but also for type conversion from p- to n-type and vice versa of carbon nanotube (CNT) channels. Type conversion from p- to n-type and vice versa for CNT field effect transistors can be realized by changing the polarity of trapped charges (see figure). [source] Recovery of Enterococcus faecalis after single- or multiple-visit root canal treatments carried out in infected teeth ex vivoINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 10 2005N. Vivacqua-Gomes Abstract Aim, To assess the presence of Enterococcus faecalis after root canal treatment in single or multiple visits in an ex vivo model. Methodology, Forty-five premolar teeth were infected ex vivo with E. faecalis for 60 days. The canals were then prepared using a crowndown technique with System GT and Gates,Glidden burs and irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine gel. The specimens were divided into five groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) according to the time elapsed between chemical,mechanical preparation and root canal filling, the irrigant solution used and the use or nonuse of a calcium hydroxide intra-canal medicament. The teeth were then root-filled and incubated for 60 days at 37 °C. Dentine chips were removed from the canal walls with sequential sterile round burs at low speed. The samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected in separate test tubes containing Brain,Heart Infusion broth. These samples were placed onto agar plates and colony forming units were counted after 24 h at 37 °C. Data were ranked and analysed using the Kruskal,Wallis statistical test. Results,Enterococcus faecalis was recovered from 20% (three of 15 specimens) of G1 (chlorhexidine irrigation and immediate root filling in a single visit), 25% (four of 15 specimens) of G2 (chlorhexidine irrigation and filling after 14 days use of a calcium hydroxide dressing in multiple visits), 40% (two of five specimens) of G3 (chlorhexidine irrigation and filling after 7 days), 60% (three of five specimens) of G4 (saline irrigation and filling after 7 days) and from 100% (five of five specimens) of G5 (saline irrigation and immediate filling without sealer). Conclusions, Neither single- nor multiple-visit root canal treatment ex vivo, eliminated E. faecalis completely from dentinal tubules. Up to 60 days after root filling, E. faecalis remained viable inside dentinal tubules. When no sealer was used, E. faecalis presented a higher growth rate. [source] Multiresponsive, Hierarchically Structured Membranes: New, Challenging, Biomimetic Materials for Biosensors, Controlled Release, Biochemical Gates, and NanoreactorsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 2 2009Ihor Tokarev Multifunctional responsive gel membranes present a new and promising platform for the development of "smart" devices for bioseparation, biosensors, and "smart" drug release. These membranes combine the functions of stimuli-responsive control and regulation of the mass transport with a range of properties, such as storage, catalysis of chemical reactions, antimicrobial activity, and optical signal transduction. [source] Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu KushAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 3 2002Stuart Plattner Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush. Alberto M. Cacopardo and Augusto S. Cacopardo. Rome: Istituto Italiano per I'Africa. I'Oriente, 2001. 327 pp. [source] The Drummer at the Gates of DawnPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009BLAIR P. GRUBB M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Comparative Study on PSD Models for Chromite Ores Comminuted by Different DevicesPARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION, Issue 1-2 2009Adem Ta, demir Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the particle size distributions (PSDs) of chromite ores comminuted by different devices, i.e., subjected to different breakage modes and to compare the performances of the PSD functions selected. Different PSDs were obtained for five different mineralogical samples of chromite ores by jaw, cone and hammer crushing and ball mill grinding. The PSDs of the products were characterized to find the most suitable model by Gates,Gaudin,Schuhmann (GGS) and Rosin,Rammler (RR) functions. It was found that the PSDs of all chromite types in single-pass devices, i.e., jaw and cone crushing were better described by the GGS model than RR model. The RR model gave the best results for all ore sample PSDs generated by retention type systems, i.e., hammer crushing and ball mill grinding. Both distribution functions gave higher R2 values as the size distribution became uniform. The results of piecewise regression were found very useful to improve the performance of GGS distribution in terms of correlation coefficients for samples from a hammer crusher and ball mill. [source] Technical note: Applicability of tooth cementum annulation to an archaeological populationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Mirjana Roksandic Abstract The use of tooth cementum annulations for age determination has been deemed promising, exhibiting high correlations with chronological age. Despite its apparent potential, to date, the tooth cementum annulations method has been used rarely for estimating ages in archaeological populations. Here we examine the readability of cementum annulations and the consistency of age estimates using a sample of 116 adults from the Iron Gates Gorge Mesolithic/Neolithic series. Our examination of the method pointed to several sources of error that call into question the use of this method for estimating the chronological ages of archaeologically derived dental samples. The poor performance of the method in our analysis might be explained by taphonomic influences, including the effect of chemical and biological agents on dental microstructures. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Colorimetric Logic Gates Based on Supramolecular DNAzyme Structures,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 26 2010Sai Bi Dr. Logisch! Eine Serie DNAzym-basierter supramolekularer Strukturen bildet die Grundlage für einen Satz der booleschen Algebra folgender Gatter (siehe Bild). Als Eingabe fungieren zwei Metall-Ionen (Mg2+ und Pb2+), und die Ausgabe zeigen in einem kolorimetrischen Verfahren Gold-Nanopartikel(AuNP)/DNA-Sonden an. Bei Raumtemperatur wurde eine gute Effizienz dieses Systems erreicht. [source] Molecular Logic Gates Connected through DNA Four-Way Junctions,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 26 2010Alex Lake Logisch, oder? In verknüpfbaren molekularen Logikgattern aus DNA werden die Oligonucleotid-Eingangs- und -Ausgabesignale von einem Gatter zum anderen weitergegeben, indem Komplexe gebildet werden. Bei starken Signalen entstehen DNA-Kreuzungen, bei schwachen Signalen lösen sie sich auf. [source] Dual-Mode Switching in Highly Fluorescent Organogels: Binary Logic Gates with Optical/Thermal Inputs,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 38 2009Won Chung Eine An/Aus-Beziehung: Ein supramolekulares binäres ,OR"-Logikgatter, das eine hochverstärkte Fluoreszenzemission als Ausgabesignal erzeugt, wird vorgestellt (siehe Bild). Das System besteht aus einem Organogelbildner und einer photochromen Verbindung und verarbeitet zwei Eingabekanäle aus UV-Strahlung und thermischem Erwärmen. [source] Organic,Inorganic Nanospheres with Responsive Molecular Gates for Drug Storage and Release,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 34 2009Avelino Corma Prof. Einfangen und freilassen: Verbrückte Silsesquioxane dienen als organisch-anorganische Vorstufen für Nanokugeln zum Einkapseln von bioaktiven Molekülen für Wirkstoff-Freisetzungen. Die Nanosysteme (siehe Bild) bestehen aus einem liposomalen Kern, der die bioaktiven Moleküle enthält, und einer Netzwerkschale aus Siliciumoxid- und organischen Esterfragmenten, die als steuerbare molekulare Tore fungieren können. [source] Front and Back Covers, Volume 24, Number 5.ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, Issue 5 2008June 200 Front & Back cover caption, volume 24 issue 5 Iron Mike (see back cover) represents a generic soldier at Fort Bragg, one of the world's largest military bases, in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Here he appears to patrol streets under martial law, empty and grey. The Pawn Shop Target Practice (see front cover) is also in Fayetteville. At the back of the shop you can buy guns, bullets, jewellery and more, and also take aim at various targets , images of a woman in a bikini, an anonymous silhouette, a deer. Violence is found in Fayetteville as a symbol of protection, as entertainment, and certainly as a commodity. The absence of living people in these photographs underscores a clinical attitude cultivated in the military towards the largely dehumanized adversary other , a long way from the kind of engagement anthropologists seek through participant-observation. It may well be that the military would benefit from being ,anthropologized'. However, given Keenan's and Besteman's experiences in Africa, as described in this issue, what is the guarantee that the African peoples will actually benefit from militarization at this time of US military expansion? MILITARIZING THE DISCIPLINE? US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates approvingly cites Montgomery McFate: ,I'm frequently accused of militarizing anthropology. But we're really anthropologizing the military'.* This issue of ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY draws attention to the launch of two initiatives in October this year, both of which will have an impact on the peoples we work with and on anthropology as a discipline. The first is the launch of Minerva, a new Pentagon initiative to recruit social scientists for research, for which proposals are due this month. As Catherine Lutz argues in her editorial, this programme may soon outspend civilian funds within our discipline, and will thus undoubtedly influence our research agenda and restrict the public sphere in which we work. If the Pentagon wants high-quality research, why not commission this from reputable and experienced civilian research agencies, who should be able to manage peer review at arm's length from the Pentagon? The second initiative is AFRICOM, the newly unified regional US command for Africa. Although presented benignly as supporting development in Africa, it was originally cast in the security discourse of the global ,war on terror', with the aim of securing North America's oil supplies in Africa. In this issue, Africanist anthropologists Jeremy Keenan and Catherine Besteman criticize AFRICOM's destabilizing and militarizing effect on the regions in which they work, which collapses development into military security. Once deployed to the ends of military securitization, can anthropology remain non-partisan? Alf Hornborg, in his editorial, asks if we can continue to rely on the cornucopia of cheap energy, arguing that military intervention to securitize oil supplies, and academic discourse that mystifies the logic of the global system, benefit only a small minority of the world's population. In the light of developments such as Minerva and AFRICOM, can anthropology continue to offer an independent reflexive ,cultural critique' of the socio-political system from which our discipline has sprung? *Montgomery McFate, quoted by Robert M. Gates (,Nonmilitary work essential for long-term peace, Secretary of Defense says'. Manhattan, Kansas State University, Landon Lecture, 26.11.2007), as cited in Rohde, David, ,Army enlists anthropology in war zones' (New York Times, 05.10.2007). [source] Gating Characteristics of Thermo-Responsive Membranes with Grafted Linear and Crosslinked Poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) GatesCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 4 2009Y.-C. Chen Abstract Thermo-responsive porous membranes with grafted linear and crosslinked poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) gates are successfully prepared at temperatures above and below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM by using a plasma-induced grafting polymerization method, and the effects of operation pressure and grafting temperature on the thermo-responsive gating characteristics of the prepared membranes are investigated systematically. The fluxes of water through the grafted membranes increase simply with increasing the operation pressure no matter whether the environmental temperature is 40,°C or 25,°C. Under high operation pressure (e.g., higher than 0.14,MPa), the grafted linear PNIPAM gates deform to a certain extent, whereas the grafted crosslinked PNIPAM gates do not deform. For both membranes with grafted linear and crosslinked PNIPAM gates, the membranes prepared at 25,°C (below the LCST of PNIPAM) show larger thermo-responsive gating coefficients than those prepared at 40,°C (above the LCST of PNIPAM), which results from different distributions of grafted PNIPAM gates in the membrane pores. When the PNIPAM gates are grafted at 25,°C, the grafted layer near the membrane surface is much thicker than that inside the membrane pores; on the other hand, when the PNIPAM gates are grafted at 40,°C, the grafted layer is homogeneously formed throughout the whole pore length. Both linear and crosslinked grafted PNIPAM gates in the membrane pores exhibit stable and repeatable thermo-responsive "open-close" switch performances under the operation pressure of 0.26,MPa. The results in this study provide valuable guidance for designing, fabricating, and operating thermo-responsive gating membranes with desirable performances. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Novel Pyrene-Armed Calix[4]arenes Through Triazole Connection: Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensor for Zn2+ and Promising Structure for Integrated Logic Gates.CHEMINFORM, Issue 49 2008Lin-Na Zhu Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Multivalued and Reversible Logic Gates Implemented with Metallic Nanoparticles and Organic LigandsCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 8 2010Javier Cervera Dr. It makes perfect sense: Binary and multivalued XOR gates based on metal nanoparticles linked to electrodes by organic ligands are described. The logic scheme makes use of the Coulomb blockade in the metallic nanoparticles and the electron tunneling in the organic ligands. A reversible logic Feynman gate (see picture) can also be implemented. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||