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Ghosts
Kinds of Ghosts Terms modified by Ghosts Selected AbstractsIsolation and biological characterization of HIV-1 BG intersubtype recombinants and other genetic forms circulating in Galicia, SpainJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 12 2006Lucía Pérez-Alvarez Abstract The biological characteristics of HIV-1 primary isolates of different recombinant forms (RFs) and non-B subtypes from Galicia, Spain, were investigated and the relationships between biological phenotype and evolution of infection were determined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained during the follow-up of 32 patients infected with HIV-1 non-subtype B genetic forms, characterized in partial sequences of pol (protease-reverse transcriptase) and env V3 region: 12 (37.5%) circulating RFs (CRFs), 9 (28.1%) unique RFs (URFs), and 11(34.4%) non-B subtypes. Primary isolates were obtained by coculture with donor PBMCs. Syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype was examined in MT2 cell line and coreceptor use in GHOST and U87.CD4 cells. Fifty percent of tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and viral phenotype based on V3 net charge and Geno2phenocoreceptor bioinformatic method were determined. Fifty-four HIV-1 primary isolates were obtained. CRF14_BG and BG URFs represented the largest group, being all SI/X4, independently of the CD4+ cell count, viral load, or the duration of infection. By contrast, 10 of 11 CRF02_AG viruses were NSI/R5. The prediction of co-receptor use was concordant with biological characterization in all NSI/R5 and in 23 of 26 SI/X4 isolates. The presence of SI/X4 or SI/X4,R5 isolates at early stages of the infection in addition to a decrease in CD4+ counts below 500 cells/µl between 2 and 6 years since diagnosis was observed in all patients infected with CRF14_BG and BG URFs. These data contrast with the usual progression in B subtype infections, in which SI/X4 viruses rarely predominate in the early years of HIV-1 infection. J. Med. Virol. 78:1520,1528, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Inter-subtype cross-neutralizing antibodies recognize epitopes on cell-associated HIV-1 virionsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 2 2003Helen Donners Abstract HIV-1 infected individuals with cross-neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 isolates belonging to Group M (env A-H) and O, are identified. To investigate the neutralization-kinetics of primary isolates with these antibodies, different neutralization assay conditions are compared. Each set is summarized as a/b/c where a is the time in hours for which antibody is incubated with virus, b is the time in hours allowed for virus to absorb to cells, c is the total culture period in days, from the cells' first exposure to virus, before antigen production (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) or number of fluorescent cells (GHOST) are measured. In HIV-infected individuals, neutralizing antibodies can be detected against a wide range of primary isolates (Group M; A,H and Group O) in PBMC-assays with short incubation phases (1/2/7 or 1/24/7). If cultures are extended (1/2/14 or 1/24/14), however, neutralization can be lost. In kinetic experiments, neutralization can even be seen without pre-incubation (a,=,0 hr). This study shows that neutralization of primary HIV isolates by cross-reactive antibodies can continue after the virus has bound to its target cell. This neutralization, however, is not an all or nothing loss in virus infectivity. Most often it leads only to a reduction in viral replication rates. J. Med. Virol. 69:173,181, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Permafrost monitoring in the high mountains of Europe: the PACE Project in its global contextPERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES, Issue 1 2001Charles Harris Abstract This paper introduces the structure and organization of permafrost monitoring within global climate-related monitoring programmes. The five-tiered principle proposed for the Global Hierarchical Observing Strategy (GHOST) is applied to the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) monitoring system, and the European network of mountain permafrost boreholes established by the PACE project is discussed in the context of GTN-P. Borehole design and standard PACE instrumentation are described and some preliminary data from selected boreholes are presented. The broader research aims of the PACE programme include geophysical investigations, mapping and GIS strategies, numerical distribution modelling, physical modelling of thaw-related slope processes and mountain permafrost hazard assessment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉSUMÉ Le présent article décrit la structure et l'organisation du programme de surveillance du pergélisol et son intégration dans les programmes de surveillance du climat. Le principe à 5 niveaux proposé pour la stratégie d'observation hiérarchique (GHOST) est appliquée au réseau global de surveillance terrestre du pergélisol (GTN-P). Le réseau européen de sondages dans le pergélisol établi par le projet PACE est discuté dans le contexte du GTN-P. La localisation des sondages et l'instrumentation standard de PACE sont décrites et quelques données préliminaires de certains sondages sélectionnés sont présentées. Les recherches du programme PACE comprennent des recherches géophysiques, des stratégies de cartographie et de systèmes d'information géographique, des modèles de distribution numérique, des modèles physiques des processus de versants en relation avec le dégel et enfin des estimations des risques liés au pergélisol de montagne. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] EXIT GHOST: DOUGLAS HUEBLER'S FACE VALUEART HISTORY, Issue 5 2009GORDON HUGHES Beginning with his early systems-based works, Douglas Huebler's photo-conceptualism takes direct aim at various efforts to heighten or exaggerate the expressive content of photography. This essay examines a heretofore unnoticed but crucial strategy in this practice of negation: Huebler's use of images broadly associated with surrealism's efforts to tap into ,the Marvellous', mannequins, identical twins, extreme coincidence, and ghosts. Far from reinforcing the uncanny effects of such images and tropes, Huebler, I claim, is on the contrary concerned to flatten and drain all traces of subjective resonance from these once expressive forms. Examining a range of works in which Huebler effectively transforms the Marvellous into the risible, I argue that one reason for this transformation is that the historical conditions by which photography could be charged with uncanny affect are no longer in place. As a result, we are now able to recognize only signs and images of the Marvellous/uncanny in photography, but our emotive response, like Huebler's photographs, is essentially empty. The essay concludes with Roland Barthes' mournful description of the loss of the photographic uncanny, or what he calls the ,madness' of photography, as it occurs in the final pages of Camera Lucida. [source] Marx's Ghost: Conversations with ArchaeologistsAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 3 2005HELEN PERLSTEIN POLLARD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Injun Joe's Ghost: The Indian Mixed-Blood in American WritingTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 1 2006Mary Battenfeld No abstract is available for this article. [source] Ghosts and angels: How can we find them in the nursery and beyond?INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005Joy D. Osofsky First page of article [source] "Post-Heroic Warfare" and Ghosts,The Social Control of Dead American Soldiers in Iraq,INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Christophe Wasinski According to some researchers, the public acceptance of military intervention is conditional upon the minimization of military mortality. Once a threshold of military death is crossed, political leaders are obliged to limit their ambitions. This research proposes to consider the idea of threshold as mythical. Instead, it suggests focusing at the presence of the ghosts the dead American soldiers in the public sphere and the way they are "ventriloquated" in order to support or contest the intervention. [source] The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well UnderwayLITERATURE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2009Margaret Maurer This paper introduces a Literature Compass panel cluster on the forthcoming Oxford edition of Donne's letters. Offering papers by the three editors, this cluster seeks to examine the new directions the edition will pursue. The papers were originally delivered to the members of the John Donne Society in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in February 2008. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ,The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well Underway', Margaret Maurer, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00598.x. ,"Apparitions, and Ghosts": H(a)unting Donne's Letters', M. Thomas Hester, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00599.x. ,"Only in Obedience" to Whom? , The Identity of a Donne Correspondent', Dennis Flynn, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00600.x. ,Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials', Ernest W. Sullivan, II, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00601.x. [source] ,Apparitions, and Ghosts': H(a)unting Donne's LettersLITERATURE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2009M. Thomas Hester This paper is part of a Literature Compass panel cluster on the forthcoming Oxford edition of Donne's letters. Margaret Maurer introduces the cluster which offers papers by the three editors and seeks to examine the new directions the edition will pursue. The papers were originally delivered to the members of the John Donne Society in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in February 2008. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ,The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well Underway', Margaret Maurer, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00598.x. ,"Apparitions, and Ghosts": H(a)unting Donne's Letters', M. Thomas Hester, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00599.x. ,"Only in Obedience" to Whom? , The Identity of a Donne Correspondent', Dennis Flynn, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00600.x. ,Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials', Ernest W. Sullivan, II, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00601.x. *** One way in which we might (in part) approach the problem of establishing the canon of Donne's familiar letters is indicated through a brief review of two of what Donne called his epistolary ,apparitions, and ghosts', letters lacking ,a convenient handsome body of news. . . . spun out of nothing' (Letters 121), two letters, that is, that lack (or at first hand seem to lack) any substantial internal data beyond their style that would identify them as Donne's: (a) his problematic letter ,To the Lady G.' (first printed in Marriott's 1635 Poems); and (b) the transcription of the unsigned, unaddressed, and undated ,I promised a iorney' in the even more problematic ,Burley MS'. An examination of the approach of both nineteenth- and twentieth-century readings of the first letter provides an example of how we can determine Donne's authorship of the second letter through particular attention to the style of these two representative letters. [source] Evaluation of hepatotropic targeting properties of allogenic and xenogenic erythrocyte ghosts in normal and liver-injured ratsLIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2008Olav A. Gressner Abstract Background/Aims: Haemoglobin-depleted erythrocyte ghosts have been recommended as vesicle carriers of drugs with hepatotropic properties. However, the influence of liver injury on ghost elimination and targeting has not been reported so far. Methods: Human and rat ghosts were prepared and loaded with model substances, and the basic parameters were characterized. Ghosts were injected intravenously into rats with acute, subacute and chronic liver injuries. Elimination from circulation, organ distribution and cellular targeting was measured. The uptake of ghosts by liver macrophages/Kupffer cells was determined in cell culture. Results: Ghosts are strong hepatotropic carriers with a recovery of 90% in normal liver. Kupffer cells are the almost exclusive target cell type. Hepatotropic properties remain in rats with chronic liver diseases, but are reduced by 60,70% in acute liver damage as a result of decline of phagocytosis of macrophages/Kupffer cells. Although the uptake of ghosts per gram liver tissue in chronic liver injury was also reduced by about 40%, the increase of liver mass and of macrophages/Kupffer cells compensated for the reduced phagocytotic activity. In subacute injury, the uptake per gram liver tissue was only moderately reduced. Conclusion: Drug targeting with ghosts might be feasible in chronic and subacute liver injuries, e.g. fibrogenesis and tumours, because the content of ingested ghosts is released by Kupffer cells into the micro-environment, providing the uptake by and pharmacological effects on adjacent cells. [source] Needles, Herbs, Gods, and Ghosts: China, Healing, and the West to 1848 by Linda L. BarnesAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 4 2009C. PIERCE SALGUERO No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Subject After All , Rethinking the ,personalized narrator' of the self-reflexive first-person novels of O'Brien, Beckett and BanvilleORBIS LITERARUM, Issue 3 2003Lene Yding Pedersen This essay suggests a way of getting beyond the ,personalized' narrator traditionally seen as defining the first-person novel, without giving up completely the idea of an existential relationship between narrator and character. It explores the construction of a subject after all in three self-reflexive first-person novels (The Third Policeman, Malone Dies, Ghosts). These self-reflexive first-person novels cannot be explained within the existing framework of theories about the first-person novel as they question and partly undermine the notion of the personalized narrator as a more or less unproblematic entity. To see how this subject is constructed in these self-reflexive novels, this essay rethinks the ,experiencing I' and the ,narrating I' respectively in the light of Paul Ricoeur's concept of ,narrative identity' and Rimmon-Kenan's concept of ,access'. This leads to the notions of a ,storied subject' and a ,speaking subject'. Furthermore it argues that we need to take into consideration a third aspect of the subject, the ,linguistic subject' (theoretically based on Benveniste) in order to comprehend the subject of the self-reflexive first-person novel. [source] The Age of Wild Ghosts: Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest ChinaPOLAR: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ANTHROPOLOGY REVIEW, Issue 1 2002Christina Schwenkel The Age of Wild Ghosts: Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest China Erik Mueggler (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001) [source] Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions , Edited by Mu-chou PooRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 1 2010Dennis P. Quinn No abstract is available for this article. [source] Latent Ghosts and the Manifesto: Baya, Breton and reading for the futureART HISTORY, Issue 2 2003Ranjana Khanna Framing this article is an interest in post-colonial theory's impact on art history, and the ethical demands it has placed on that history. It explores the ways in which post-colonial studies have situated the development of disciplines in terms of their complicity with nationalist and colonialist agendas. Post-colonial theory's political intervention into art history also raises the question of the ethical limits of partisan reading and foregrounds an ethics of looking. The essay considers Surrealism and its manifesto, reading for its latent ghosts. It discusses André Breton's relation to three women: Hélène Smith, Nadja and the artist Baya Mahieddine. A responsibility to the work of this haunting figure involves an understanding of French colonial contexts, and an ethical response to this over-scripted and over-determined painter, who tends to disappear from view as her signature is tied to the art-historical terms of naivety and primitivism, the colonialist terms of Arabian mysteriousness and childishness, the psychoanalytic terms of primitive mentality, and post-independence nationalist terms of nativist representation. The demands made by Baya's paintings argue for an understanding of her as haunting yet material , a Surrealist conundrum. [source] ,Apparitions, and Ghosts': H(a)unting Donne's LettersLITERATURE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2009M. Thomas Hester This paper is part of a Literature Compass panel cluster on the forthcoming Oxford edition of Donne's letters. Margaret Maurer introduces the cluster which offers papers by the three editors and seeks to examine the new directions the edition will pursue. The papers were originally delivered to the members of the John Donne Society in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in February 2008. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ,The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well Underway', Margaret Maurer, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00598.x. ,"Apparitions, and Ghosts": H(a)unting Donne's Letters', M. Thomas Hester, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00599.x. ,"Only in Obedience" to Whom? , The Identity of a Donne Correspondent', Dennis Flynn, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00600.x. ,Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials', Ernest W. Sullivan, II, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00601.x. *** One way in which we might (in part) approach the problem of establishing the canon of Donne's familiar letters is indicated through a brief review of two of what Donne called his epistolary ,apparitions, and ghosts', letters lacking ,a convenient handsome body of news. . . . spun out of nothing' (Letters 121), two letters, that is, that lack (or at first hand seem to lack) any substantial internal data beyond their style that would identify them as Donne's: (a) his problematic letter ,To the Lady G.' (first printed in Marriott's 1635 Poems); and (b) the transcription of the unsigned, unaddressed, and undated ,I promised a iorney' in the even more problematic ,Burley MS'. An examination of the approach of both nineteenth- and twentieth-century readings of the first letter provides an example of how we can determine Donne's authorship of the second letter through particular attention to the style of these two representative letters. [source] How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?FISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 1 2009Trevor A Branch Abstract Published papers were reviewed to assess ecosystem impacts of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and other dedicated access systems. Under ITQs, quota shares increase with higher abundance levels, thus fishers may request lower total allowable catches (TACs) and pay for monitoring and research that improves fishery sustainability. Mortality on target species generally declines because catches are closer to TACs and because ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High-grading and discarding often decline, but may increase if landings (and not catches) count against ITQs and when there is little at-sea enforcement. Overall, ITQs positively impact target species, although collapses can occur if TACs are set too high or if catches are routinely allowed to exceed TACs. Fishing pressure may increase on non-ITQ species because of spillover from ITQ fisheries, and in cases where fishers anticipate that future ITQ allocations will be based on catch history and therefore increase their current catches. Ecosystem and habitat impacts of ITQs were only sparsely covered in the literature and were difficult to assess: ITQs often lead to changes in total fishing effort (both positive and negative), spatial shifts in effort, and fishing gear modifications. Stock assessments may be complicated by changes in the relationship between catch per unit effort, and abundance, but ITQ participants will often assist in improving data collection and stock assessments. Overall, ITQs have largely positive effects on target species, but mixed or unknown effects on non-target fisheries and the overall ecosystem. Favourable outcomes were linked to sustainable TACs and effective enforcement. [source] The Haunting of Susan Lay: Servants and Mistresses in Seventeenth,Century EnglandGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 2 2002Laura Gowing At Easter 1650, Susan Lay, a servant in an Essex alehouse, saw the ghost of her mistress, who had been buried three days before. This article explores the history that lay behind her experience: of sexual relationships with both her master and his son, the births and deaths of two bastard children, and beneath it all, a relationship of antagonism, competition, and intimacy with her mistress. It uses this and other legal records to examine the relationship between women in early modern households, arguing that, while antagonisms between women are typically part of effective patriarchies, the domestic life and social structures of mid seventeenth,century England bound servants and mistresses peculiarly tightly together, giving servants licence to dream of replacing their mistresses and mistresses cause to feel threatened by their servants, and making the competitive relations between women functional to patriarchal order. It suggests, finally, that at this moment in time and in this context, seeing a ghost was the best, perhaps the only, way this servant had to tell a suppressed story and stake a claim to a household that had excluded her. [source] Fathers and families: Locating the ghost in the nurseryINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 5 2004Paul Barrows Infant mental-health clinicians and researchers have tended to focus particularly on the mother,infant dyad and, in Fraiberg's terms, on the "ghosts" that the mother brings to the nursery. This article begins by reiterating the case for paying as much attention to the "ghosts" that the father brings if we are to maximize our therapeutic impact. It is argued further, however, that over and above the father's individual role, what is more critical for the developing infant's future mental health is the nature of the parental couple that he/she encounters. That is, it is the relationship between the parents and their interactions that creates the emotional climate into which the infant is born and that determines the nature of the "internal" parental couple that they in turn will acquire. It is argued that the couple's relationship therefore needs to be the primary focus for our therapeutic interventions. Clinical material is presented to illustrate these points. [source] Mapping of periodic waveforms using the ghost reconstructed alternating current estimation (GRACE) magnetic resonance imaging techniqueMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 3 2003Hua Yang Abstract A new method of estimating alternating currents using ghost images created when the magnetic field from a fluctuating current modulates the phase of the magnetic resonance (MR) signal between successive phase-encode views is described. The method, known as ghost reconstructed alternating current estimation (GRACE), may be useful for directly mapping fields, and hence current impulses produced by neuronal firing events when synchronized periodic modulation can be induced. Images were acquired on a 1.5 T MR system with small oil capsule phantoms and a single wire with an applied alternating current, placed perpendicular to the main field direction. Computer simulations of these experiments yielded ghost images that agreed with experimental results. A simulated ghost image resulting from an evoked neuronal waveform is also discussed. Weak magnetic fields were detected from both sinusoidal and square wave modulations. Magn Reson Med 50:633,637, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Image-based EPI ghost correction using an algorithm based on projection onto convex sets (POCS)MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 4 2002K.J. Lee Abstract This work describes the use of a method, based on the projection onto convex sets (POCS) algorithm, for reduction of the N/2 ghost in echo-planar imaging (EPI). In this method, ghosts outside the parent image are set to zero and a model k -space is obtained from the Fourier transform (FT) of the resulting image. The zeroth- and first-order phase corrections for each line of the original k -space are estimated by comparison with the corresponding line in the model k -space. To overcome problems of phase wrapping, the first-order phase corrections for the lines of the original k -space are estimated by registration with the corresponding lines in the model k -space. It is shown that applying these corrections will result in a reduction of the ghost, and that iterating the process will result in a convergence towards an image in which the ghost is minimized. The method is tested on spin-echo EPI data. The results show that the method is robust and remarkably effective, reducing the N/2 ghost to a level nearly comparable to that achieved with reference scans. Magn Reson Med 47:812,817, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A new sample of broad absorption-line quasars exhibiting the ghost of Lyman ,MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 4 2006Matthew North ABSTRACT We have searched the broad absorption-line quasar (BAL QSO) sample presented recently by Reichard et al. for objects exhibiting the so-called ,ghost of Lyman ,'. This ghost manifests as a hump near ,5900 km s,1 in the troughs of the broad absorption lines and provides strong evidence for the importance of line driving in powering the outflows from BAL QSOs. Of the 224 sample BAL QSOs selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release, 198 satisfy our redshift constraints and 58 show clear evidence of multiple-trough (MT) structure in the C iv 1550 Å line. A composite spectrum constructed from this MT sample already shows evidence for a ghost feature. Narrowing our classification scheme further, we define a set of 36 objects that individually show evidence of a ghost feature, and then apply further cuts to arrive at a final ,best sample' that contains our seven strongest ghost candidates. A further five objects show evidence for a ghost feature that is almost strong enough to merit inclusion in our best sample. Despite its limited size, our best sample more than doubles the number of known BAL QSOs with clear ghost signatures and should make an excellent basis for detailed follow-up studies. [source] Rosamond's complaint: Daniel, Ovid, and the purpose of poetryRENAISSANCE STUDIES, Issue 3 2008Stephen Guy-Bray ABSTRACT Samuel Daniel's The Complaint of Rosamond was first published in 1592 as the second half of Daniel's first book. In this poem, the ghost of Henry II's mistress Rosamond appears to Daniel to commission a poem. Daniel's precedents for his poem are the complaint poems written in the late 1580s and early 1590s and, ultimately, Ovid's Heroides. The Heroides provide a female perspective on love stories usually told from the male point of view; they are also hopelessly belated texts that have no effect on the narratives to which they contribute. For Daniel, the Heroides are a useful precedent as they allow him to raise questions about the effect of poetry. Can poetry do or change anything? This is an especially pertinent question for Daniel, whose sonnet sequence Delia chronicles the speaker's repeated failure to make any impression on the hard heart of the woman he loves. Related to this is a second question: is poetry justified if its end is immoral? The Complaint of Rosamond functions as a comment both on the Heroides themselves and on Daniel's own sense of himself as a poet. [source] Different fragments, different vases: a Neoplatonic commentary on Benjamin's ,The Task of the Translator'THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Ian Almond This article re-examines a familiar essay of Benjamin's, ,The Task of the Translator', from a Neoplatonic point of view. Beginning with a brief survey of various other Neoplatonic moments in Benjamin's work (where a greater totality or wholeness is referred to), ,The Task of the Translator' is considered as a collection of metaphors on the act of translation , the translation as the ghost of the original, or its blossom, or its mantle. Drawing on varied examples from a diverse canon of Neoplatonists , Plotinus, Pseudo-Dionysius, Eckhart, Nicholas of Cusa, Ibn ,Arabi , the article shows not just how each of Benjamin's metaphors has an unexpectedly esoteric genealogy, but also how they conflict with one another to produce a surprisingly apophatic conclusion on the difficulty of translation. [source] PUBLICATION ETHICS AND THE GHOST MANAGEMENT OF MEDICAL PUBLICATIONBIOETHICS, Issue 6 2010SERGIO SISMONDO ABSTRACT It is by now no secret that some scientific articles are ghost authored , that is, written by someone other than the person whose name appears at the top of the article. Ghost authorship, however, is only one sort of ghosting. In this article, we present evidence that pharmaceutical companies engage in the ghost management of the scientific literature, by controlling or shaping several crucial steps in the research, writing, and publication of scientific articles. Ghost management allows the pharmaceutical industry to shape the literature in ways that serve its interests. This article aims to reinforce and expand publication ethics as an important area of concern for bioethics. Since ghost-managed research is primarily undertaken in the interests of marketing, large quantities of medical research violate not just publication norms but also research ethics. Much of this research involves human subjects, and yet is performed not primarily to increase knowledge for broad human benefit, but to disseminate results in the service of profits. Those who sponsor, manage, conduct, and publish such research therefore behave unethically, since they put patients at risk without justification. This leads us to a strong conclusion: if medical journals want to ensure that the research they publish is ethically sound, they should not publish articles that are commercially sponsored. [source] Shell shape and habitat use in the North-west Pacific land snail Mandarina polita from Hahajima, Ogasawara: current adaptation or ghost of species past?BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2007SATOSHI CHIBA The endemic land snail genus Mandarina of the Ogasawara Islands provides an excellent model system to investigate adaptive radiation. Previously, it has been shown that coexisting species of the islands segregate by microhabitat, so that they are either predominantly found on the ground in relatively wet and sheltered sites, dry and exposed sites, or else are arboreal. Moreover, shell morphology correlates with microhabitat, so that species in wet and sheltered sites tend to have high-spired shells with a high aperture, and those in dry and exposed sites tend to have relatively low-spired shells with a wide aperture. We have now found that on Hahajima, Mandarina polita have variable shell morphology, and there is a correlation between morphology and the depth of leaf litter, as well as the presence/absence of other terrestrial species. Specifically, when high-spired terrestrial Mandarina ponderosa is present, M. polita tend to be low-spired and have a large aperture, indicative of character displacement. When M. ponderosa is absent, the shell shape of M. polita is much more variable, the overall spire is higher, individuals are found in deeper litter, and there is a strong correlation between litter depth and spire height. We argue that these patterns are due to local adaptation, but it remains possible that they are an artefact due to the ,ghost of species past'. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 91, 149,159. [source] Scaring the Monster Away: What Children Know About Managing Fears of Real and Imaginary CreaturesCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2009Liat Sayfan Children around 4, 5, and 7 years old (N = 48) listened to scenarios depicting a child alone or accompanied by another person (mother, father, friend) who encounters an entity that looks like a real or an imaginary fear-inducing creature. Participants predicted and explained each protagonist's fear intensity and suggested coping strategies. Results showed age-related increases in judgments that different people will experience different intensities of fear in the same situation. With age, children also demonstrated increasing knowledge that people's minds can both induce and reduce fear, especially in situations involving imaginary creatures. Suggestions of reality affirmation strategies (e.g., reminding oneself of what is real vs. not real) significantly increased with age, whereas positive pretense strategies (e.g., imagining it is a friendly ghost) significantly decreased. [source] Grownups Are Not Afraid of Scary Stuff, but Kids Are: Young Children's and Adults' Reasoning About Children's, Infants', and Adults' FearsCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2008Liat Sayfan Three-, 5-, and 7-year-olds and adults (N= 64) listened to stories depicting 2 protagonists of different ages (infant and child or child and grownup) that encounter an entity that looks like a real (e.g., a snake) or an imaginary (e.g., a ghost) fear-inducing creature. Participants predicted and explained each protagonist's intensity of fear. Results showed significant age-related increases in knowledge that infants and adults would experience less intense fears than young children and that people's fears are causally linked to their cognitive mental states. Across age, stories involving imaginary beings elicited more frequent mental explanations for fear than stories about real creatures. Results are discussed in relation to children's developing awareness of the mind as mediating between situations and emotions. [source] "OUR HOME IS DROWNING": IÑUPIAT STORYTELLING AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN POINT HOPE, ALASKA,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2008CHIE SAKAKIBARA ABSTRACT. Contemporary storytelling among the IÑupiat of Point Hope, Alaska, is a means of coping with the unpredictable future that climate change poses. Arctic climate change impacts IÑupiat lifeways on a cultural level by threatening their homeland, their sense of place, and their respect for the bowhead whale that is the basis of their cultural identity. What I found during my fieldwork was that traditional storytelling processed environmental changes as a way of maintaining a connection to a disappearing place. In this article I describe how environmental change is culturally manifest through tales of the supernatural, particularly spirit beings or ghosts. The types of IÑupiat stories and modes of telling them reveal people's uncertainty about the future. Examining how people perceive the loss of their homeland, I argue that IÑupiat storytelling both reveals and is a response to a changing physical and spiritual landscape. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||