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Fundamental Principles (fundamental + principle)
Selected AbstractsThe Congressional Debate over U.S. Participation in the Congress of Panama, 1825,1826: Washington's Farewell Address, Monroe's Doctrine, and the Fundamental Principles of U.S. Foreign PolicyDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 5 2006Jeffrey J. Malanson First page of article [source] Fundamental principles affecting the outcomes of therapy for osseous lesionsPERIODONTOLOGY 2000, Issue 1 2000KENNETH S. KORNMAN First page of article [source] Not Making Exceptions: A Response to ShueJOURNAL OF APPLIED PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2009VITTORIO BUFACCHI abstract,This article refutes Henry Shue's claim that in the case of preventive military attacks it is sometimes morally permissible to make an exception to the fundamental principle regarding the inviolability of individual rights. By drawing on a comparison between torture and preventive military attacks, I will argue that the potential risks of institutionalizing preventive military attacks , what I call the Institutionalizing Argument , are far too great to even contemplate. Two potential risks with setting up a bureaucracy which specializes in preventive military attacks will be highlighted: that any preventive military strike may nourish a cycle of violence that will inevitably cause more deaths and destruction than could ever be justified; and that such preventive military strikes may be abused by political leaders in a desperate effort to hold on to power, including democratically elected political leaders working within a democratic framework. [source] Bayesian change-point analysis for atomic force microscopy and soft material indentationJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES C (APPLIED STATISTICS), Issue 4 2010Daniel Rudoy Summary., Material indentation studies, in which a probe is brought into controlled physical contact with an experimental sample, have long been a primary means by which scientists characterize the mechanical properties of materials. More recently, the advent of atomic force microscopy, which operates on the same fundamental principle, has in turn revolutionized the nanoscale analysis of soft biomaterials such as cells and tissues. The paper addresses the inferential problems that are associated with material indentation and atomic force microscopy, through a framework for the change-point analysis of pre-contact and post-contact data that is applicable to experiments across a variety of physical scales. A hierarchical Bayesian model is proposed to account for experimentally observed change-point smoothness constraints and measurement error variability, with efficient Monte Carlo methods developed and employed to realize inference via posterior sampling for parameters such as Young's modulus, which is a key quantifier of material stiffness. These results are the first to provide the materials science community with rigorous inference procedures and quantification of uncertainty, via optimized and fully automated high throughput algorithms, implemented as the publicly available software package BayesCP. To demonstrate the consistent accuracy and wide applicability of this approach, results are shown for a variety of data sets from both macromaterials and micromaterials experiments,including silicone, neurons and red blood cells,conducted by the authors and others. [source] The logic of turmoil: Some epistemological and clinical considerations on emotional experience and the infiniteTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, Issue 4 2008Pietro Bria The idea of the infinite has its origins in the very beginnings of western philosophy and was developed significantly by modern philosophers such as Galileo and Leibniz. Freud discovered the Unconscious which does not respect the laws of classical logic, flouting its fundamental principle of non-contradiction. This opened the way to a new epistemology in which classical logic coexists with an aberrant logic of infinite affects. Matte Blanco reorganized this Freudian revolution in logic and introduced the concept of bi-logic, which is an intermingling of symmetric and Aristotelic logics. The authors explore some epistemological and clinical aspects of the functioning of the deep unconscious where the emergence of infinity threatens to overwhelm the containing function of thought, connecting this topic to some of Bion's propositions. They then suggest that bodily experiences can be considered a prime source of the logic of turmoil, and link a psychoanalytic consideration of the infinite to the mind,body relation. Emotional catastrophe is seen both as a defect,a breakdown of the unfolding function which translates unconscious material into conscious experience,and as the consequence of affective bodily pressures. These pressures function in turn as symmetrizing or infinitizing operators. Two clinical vignettes are presented to exemplify the hypotheses. [source] Contractual Limitations on the Auditor's Liability: An Uneasy Combination of Law and AccountingTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 4 2009Article first published online: 1 JUL 200, P. E. Morris Operative as from 6 April 2008, sections 532,538 of the Companies Act 2006 create a new liability limitation regime in contractual relationships between audit firms and companies in relation to the statutory audit function which overturns an almost eighty years old fundamental principle of company law. This new regime is the product of continuing pressure by the audit profession for liability reform and concern by Government regarding the market structure for audit services. This commentary critically evaluates the regime from law and accounting perspectives. It concludes by reflecting on its longer term implications for audit quality, perceptions of the audit profession and the evolution of a future research agenda. [source] When the CEO and board are both electedBOARD LEADERSHIP: POLICY GOVERNANCE IN ACTION, Issue 57 2001Article first published online: 14 MAR 200 The following exchange took place recently on John Carver's Policy Governance Forum at www.carvergovernance.com. Even though many readers may not be operating in circumstances where the CEO and board are both elected, John and Miriam Carver's responses, which have been expanded for Board Leadership readers, shed light on a fundamental principle of Policy Governance that relates to all organizations: what it means for the CEO to be accountable to the board. [source] Sense of coherence and social support predict living liver donors' emotional stress prior to living-donor liver transplantationCLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 3 2008Yesim Erim Abstract:, The protection of the donors from physical or emotional harm has been a fundamental principle in living-donor liver donation from the beginning. Psychosomatic donor evaluation aims at the selection of eligible donors and the screening and exclusion of psychiatrically vulnerable donors. As clinical interviews may include subjective biases, efforts should be made to establish objective criteria for donor assessment. In recent research, protective factors have been reported to be a significant force behind healthy adjustment to life stresses and can be investigated as possible predictors of donors' eligibility. Being the central construct of Antonovsky's theory of salutogenesis, the sense of coherence is one of the most surveyed protective factors and a good predictor of individuals' stability when experiencing stress. Furthermore, family support has been shown to be a valuable protective resource in coping with stress. This study surveyed whether sense of coherence and social support predict donors' emotional strain prior to transplantation. Seventy-one donor candidates were included in the study during the donor evaluation prior to living-donor liver transplantation. Sense of coherence proved to be a significant predictor for all criterion variables, namely anxiety, depression and mental quality of life. In addition to this, donor candidates who were classified as eligible for donation in the psychosomatic interview had significantly higher values on sense of coherence total scores compared with rejected donors. In a multiple regression analysis, sense of coherence and social support together yielded a prediction of depression with an explained variance of 22% (R2 = 0.22). Sense of coherence and social support can be implemented as self-rating instruments in the psychosomatic selection of donors and would help to further objectify donors' eligibility. [source] From determining capacity to facilitating competencies: A new mediation frameworkCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2003Susan H. Crawford Some in the mediation field suggest that mediators should determine whether or not a participant has the capacity to mediate. This article asserts that determining capacity limits parties' access to the mediation process, abridges civil rights, reduces mediator effectiveness, and erodes fundamental principles of mediation. It proposes a framework that centers not on legal or clinical practice, but on the theory and practice of mediation as a distinct field. [source] EXPLORING DISPARITIES BETWEEN GLOBAL HIV/AIDS FUNDING AND RECENT TSUNAMI RELIEF EFFORTS: AN ETHICAL ANALYSISDEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 1 2007TIMOTHY CHRISTIE ABSTRACT Objective:, To contrast relief efforts for the 26 December 2004 tsunami with current global HIV/AIDS relief efforts and analyse possible reasons for the disparity. Methods:, Literature review and ethical analysis. Results:, Just over 273,000 people died in the tsunami, resulting in relief efforts of more than US$10 bn, which is sufficient to achieve the United Nation's long-term recovery plan for South East Asia. In contrast, 14 times more people died from HIV/AIDS in 2004, with UNAIDS predicting a US$8 bn funding gap for HIV/AIDS in developing nations between now and 2007. This disparity raises two important ethical questions. First, what is it that motivates a more empathic response to the victims of the tsunami than to those affected by HIV/AIDS? Second, is there a morally relevant difference between the two tragedies that justifies the difference in the international response? The principle of justice requires that two cases similarly situated be treated similarly. For the difference in the international response to the tsunami and HIV/AIDS to be justified, the tragedies have to be shown to be dissimilar in some relevant respect. Are the tragedies of the tsunami disaster and the HIV/AIDS pandemic sufficiently different, in relevant respects, to justify the difference in scope of the response by the international community? Conclusion:, We detected no morally relevant distinction between the tsunami and the HIV/AIDS pandemic that justifies the disparity. Therefore, we must conclude that the international response to HIV/AIDS violates the fundamental principles of justice and fairness. [source] Informed Consent and Ethical Issues in Military Medical ResearchACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2005John McManus MD Abstract Informed consent in military research shares many of the same fundamental principles and regulations that govern civilian biomedical research. In fact, much of modern research ethics is grounded in events that occurred in the context of war or government-sponsored research. Despite these similarities and common origins, research in the military has additional requirements designed to preserve service members' informed consent rights. The special nature of the superior,subordinate relationship in the military necessitates careful protections to avoid perceptions of coercion or undue influence on a military subject. Additionally, current legal and regulatory requirements for advanced informed consent significantly restrict the flexibility of the military to conduct research using waiver of consent. This has implications on the ability of the nation to develop effective medical treatments for the global war on terrorism. Nevertheless, work is under way to realign defense research policy with the norms of civilian biomedical practice. Future directions include the adoption of waivers for military emergency research, and the cautious introduction of human subject studies on the battlefield. This paper discusses historical background, regulatory differences, and concerns and challenges of some of these regulatory differences for research personnel that apply to informed consent and waiver of said informed consent for emergency research conducted by the U.S. military. [source] Disentangling biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: deriving solutions to a seemingly insurmountable problemECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 6 2003Shahid Naeem Abstract Experimental investigations of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) directly manipulate diversity then monitor ecosystem response to the manipulation. While these studies have generally confirmed the importance of biodiversity to the functioning of ecosystems, their broader significance has been difficult to interpret. The main reasons for this difficulty concern the small scales of the experiment, a bias towards plants and grasslands, and most importantly a general lack of clarity in terms of what attributes of functional diversity (FD) were actually manipulated. We review how functional traits, functional groups, and the relationship between functional and taxonomic diversity have been used in current BEF research. Several points emerged from our review. First, it is critical to distinguish between response and effect functional traits when quantifying or manipulating FD. Second, although it is widely done, using trophic position as a functional group designator does not fit the effect-response trait division needed in BEF research. Third, determining a general relationship between taxonomic and FD is neither necessary nor desirable in BEF research. Fourth, fundamental principles in community and biogeographical ecology that have been largely ignored in BEF research could serve to dramatically improve the scope and predictive capabilities of BEF research. We suggest that distinguishing between functional response traits and functional effect traits both in combinatorial manipulations of biodiversity and in descriptive studies of BEF could markedly improve the power of such studies. We construct a possible framework for predictive, broad-scale BEF research that requires integrating functional, community, biogeographical, and ecosystem ecology with taxonomy. [source] Microarrays: The Technology, Analysis and ApplicationENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2005A. Kumar Abstract DNA microarray analysis represents one of the major advances leading to the development of functional genomics and proteomics. It involves the fabrication of DNA either by in situ or on-chip photolithographic synthesis or by inkjet or microjet deposition, as microspots immobilized on the surface of miniaturized substrates like glass or membranes. The immobilized DNA molecules are then allowed to hybridize with labeled complementary DNA. The hybrid DNA so formed is read through scanning devices, such as fluorescence and radioactivity. Further, computational approaches, for example, normalization and clustering allow thousands of genetic parameters in a single experiment to be simultaneously analyzed. This review discusses the fundamental principles and data analysis of the microarray technology, while focusing on its application in gene expression analysis, genotyping for point mutation and diseases diagnostics. [source] Gender Quotas in Politics: The Greek System in the Light of EU LawEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010Panos Kapotas Positive action is currently gaining momentum in the European anti-discrimination discourse and policy-making as a necessary and effective tool to achieve the goal of full and effective equality in employment. Gender quotas in politics, however, are thought to remain outside the normative scope of Community law, the dominant view being that candidature for elected public office does not constitute employment in the sense of the relevant provisions. This article seeks to examine the Greek quota system for women in politics in its dialectical relationship to the general equality discourse and with reference to the current normative framework in Europe. The aims are threefold: to assess the legality of positive action in favour of women in politics from the point of view of EU law, to evaluate the effectiveness of the Greek system in achieving its gender equality goals, and to identify the problems that quotas in politics may pose with regard to the principle of democratic representation. It will, thus, be argued that positive measures in politics, though generally compatible with the fundamental principles of justice and representative democracy, may nevertheless be inadequate,at least in their current form,to provide effective solutions to the unequal distribution of social and political power. [source] Leaf litter flammability in some semi-arid Australian woodlandsFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2006F. R. SCARFF Summary 1Wildfires strongly influence the biotic composition and carbon cycle of many ecosystems. Plant species provide the fuel for wildfires, but vary widely in their flammability. This study aimed to determine what plant characteristics control leaf litter flammability and to clarify how they are related to other functional traits. 2Litter flammability varied across 14 tree species occurring in a mosaic of five floristic associations. 3Differences in heat-release rate between species were driven by leaf size, from small-leaved conifers, casuarinas and acacias to large-leaved eucalypts and Brachychiton. 4Large leaves created an open litter-bed structure that burned more rapidly because it was better ventilated. The results on heat-release rate were partitioned according to fundamental principles for the transport of oxygen through a packed fuel bed, showing that heat-release rate scaled linearly with estimated gas-flow rates, as expected in ventilation-controlled fires. 5Species that were able to resprout after fire had litter that burned more intensely and was more likely to sustain a spreading fire than litter from obligate seeders, and were correspondingly larger-leaved. 6Many fire-prone wooded ecosystems in the region consist of large-leaved resprouting tree species co-occurring with small-leaved obligate seeders. [source] Free movement, equal treatment and workers' rights: can the European Union solve its trilemma of fundamental principles?INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Jon Erik Dølvik ABSTRACT This article analyses the trilemma the EU is facing concerning three fundamental principles on which the Community rests: free movement of services and labour; non-discrimination and equal treatment, and the rights of association and industrial action. With rising cross-border flows of services and (posted) labour after the Eastward enlargement, the conflict between these rights has triggered industrial disputes and judicial strife. In the view of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), highlighted in the Laval Quartet, some principles are more fundamental than others. Tracing the ,dual track' along which European integration has evolved, whereby supranational market integration has been combined with national semi-sovereignty in industrial relations and social policies, our claim is that the supremacy of free movement over basic social rights implied by the ECJ judgments is leading Europe in a politically and socially unsustainable direction. To prevent erosion of the European Social Models and of popular support for European integration, the politicians have to reinsert themselves into the governance of the European project. A pertinent start would be to ensure that the rising mass of cross-border service workers in Europe become subject to the same rights and standards as their fellow workers in the emerging pan-European labour market. [source] ,Clarity' Begins at Home: An Examination of the Conceptual Underpinnings of the IAASB's Clarity ProjectINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 3 2010Ian Dennis This paper examines the IAASB's policy proposals arising out of their review of the drafting conventions in auditing standards that has become known as the Clarity Project. The objectives of the Project and how they changed during its evolution are reviewed. One motivation for the Project was to ensure that auditing standards drafted by the IAASB are ,principles-based'. The failure to adequately consider the meaning of ,principles-based standards' was responsible for a lack of clear focus on what was wanted from the Project. This resulted in two main objectives for the Project. The first was a search for fundamental principles of auditing that was incompletely realized, officially abandoned and subsequently covertly pursued in the revisions made to ISA 200. The second was a desire to promulgate standards that were ,objectives-based' or ,principles-based'. Unfortunately, there was inadequate enquiry into the idea of an objective and the related idea of ,objectives-based' standards. The paper clarifies their nature. It examines the idea of a conceptual framework for auditing and the explanations of objectives and ,objectives-based' standards that emerged during the evolution of the Project. It considers the ideas objectives in ISAs, requirements and explanatory material in order to throw light on the nature of auditing standards that contain them. The question of whether an important distinction between ,requirements' and ,presumptive requirements' has been lost between the first and the second Exposure Draft is examined. This distinction can be explained and justified in terms of a distinction between different concepts of rules. It is suggested that the Clarity Project was a missed opportunity. The results are uncertain because there was a failure to undertake adequate conceptual enquiry into some of the concepts that directed its development. A start is made in rectifying this omission in the paper. [source] Auditor Independence: A Comparative Descriptive Study of the UK, France and ItalyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 2 2002Joanna E. Stevenson The independence of the external auditor has long been a subject of great debate, particularly by UK and US interested parties. With the growth and globalisation of the large multi-disciplinary firms, it has again been pushed to the fore: new ethical guidance issued by international bodies such as La Fédération des Experts- Comptables Européens (FEE) and The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the activities of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Independence Standards Board in the US have encouraged a wider consideration of the issue. In Europe, the European Commission has issued a Consultative Paper containing fundamental principles for adoption into Member States' own regulation on statutory auditor independence. Increasing pressure for the removal of obstacles to a single European audit market have resulted in safeguards of auditor independence in some countries being described as undesirable barriers. This paper considers the issue of statutory auditor independence across three EU Member States: the UK, France and Italy, by comparing the ethical guides and the legal and professional regulations in place, highlighting and discussing areas of divergence, and contrasting them with the EC's Consultative Paper. It takes into account factors such as culture and the historical development of auditing in order to explore the differences found. The paper demonstrates that positions taken in France and Italy on the issue of auditor independence differ markedly from that taken by the UK profession. Of the three countries reviewed, the UK viewpoint has most obviously influenced the drafting of the EC Paper. The implications of these variances for EU harmonisation are discussed, and the paper concludes that there is a clear need for empirical study of this important issue in Europe to better understand the reasons for differing perceptions and attitudes, and the repercussions of these differences on the process of European audit harmonisation. [source] Ethnography: a research method in practiceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001Catherine Palmer Abstract This article discusses the ethnographic methods employed for a doctoral study focusing upon heritage tourism and English national identity. It explains the fundamental principles behind the research and how the field work was conducted. In addition, it examines the issues of practicality which emerged during the research process and discusses how these were resolved. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of ethnography as a tool for understanding and interpreting visitor behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparative study on the consequences of culling badgers (Meles meles) on biometrics, population dynamics and movementJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2000F. A. M. Tuyttens 1.,Capture,mark,recapture data were used to describe the process of recovery from a typical badger removal operation (BRO) at North Nibley, Gloucestershire, UK, which was carried out as part of the government's strategy to control bovine tuberculosis. Data on biometrics, demographics and movement from this low-density disturbed population were compared with those of two nearby high-density undisturbed populations (Wytham Woods and Woodchester Park, UK) in order to study fundamental principles of population dynamics and density-dependence. 2.,Badgers moved more between social groups at North Nibley than in the other study areas, particularly in the immediate aftermath of the removal operation. 3.,Recolonization of the vacated habitat occurred in the first instance by young females. 4.,Although in the first year after the BRO no cubs had been reared in any of the culled groups, and although the shortage of sexually mature boars may have limited the reproductive output of sows in the following year, the population took only 3 years to recover to its (already lowered) preremoval density. 5.,Losses from the adult (and cub) population due to mortality or emigration were smaller at North Nibley than at the other sites. 6.,There was much evidence that during 1995 and 1996 density-dependent effects constrained the reproductive output of the high-density populations, and some support for the hypothesis that badgers exhibit the non-linear ,large mammal' type of functional response to density. 7.,Badgers at North Nibley were younger, heavier and in better condition than badgers at Wytham Woods and Woodchester Park. 8.,We argue that the disease dynamics are likely to be different in disturbed compared with undisturbed badger populations, and that this could affect the effectiveness of BROs. [source] Protein folding in the post-genomic eraJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 3 2002Jeannine M. Yon Abstract Protein folding is a topic of fundamental interest since it concerns the mechanisms by which the genetic message is translated into the three-dimensional and functional structure of proteins. In these post-genomic times, the knowledge of the fundamental principles are required in the exploitation of the information contained in the increasing number of sequenced genomes. Protein folding also has practical applications in the understanding of different pathologies and the development of novel therapeutics to prevent diseases associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Significant advances have been made ranging from the Anfinsen postulate to the "new view" which describes the folding process in terms of an energy landscape. These new insights arise from both theoretical and experimental studies. The problem of folding in the cellular environment is briefly discussed. The modern view of misfolding and aggregation processes that are involved in several pathologies such as prion and Alzheimer diseases. Several approaches of structure prediction, which is a very active field of research, are described. [source] A turbulence dissipation model for particle laden flowAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009John D. Schwarzkopf Abstract A dissipation transport equation for the carrier phase turbulence in particle-laden flow is derived from fundamental principles. The equation is obtained by volume averaging, which inherently includes the effects of the particle surfaces. Three additional terms appear that reveal the effect of the particles; these terms are evaluated using Stokes drag law. Two of the terms reduce to zero and only one term remains which is identified as the production of dissipation due to the particles. The dissipation equation is then applied to cases where particles generate homogeneous turbulence, and experimental data are used to evaluate the empirical coefficients. The ratio of the coefficient of the production of dissipation (due to the presence of particles) to the coefficient of the dissipation of dissipation is found to correlate well with the relative Reynolds number. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source] Applications of novel affinity cassette methods: use of peptide fusion handles for the purification of recombinant proteinsJOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION, Issue 6 2001Milton T W Hearn Abstract In this article, recent progress related to the use of different types of polypeptide fusion handles or ,tags' for the purification of recombinant proteins are critically discussed. In addition, novel aspects of the molecular cassette concept are elaborated, together with areas of potential application of these fundamental principles in molecular recognition. As evident from this review, the use of these concepts provides a powerful strategy for the high throughput isolation and purification of recombinant proteins and their derived domains, generated from functional genomic or zeomic studies, as part of the bioprocess technology leading to their commercial development, and in the study of molecular recognition phenomena per se. In addition, similar concepts can be exploited for high sensitivity analysis and detection, for the characterisation of protein bait/prey interactions at the molecular level, and for the immobilisation and directed orientation of proteins for use as biocatalysts/biosensors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modeling hydrogen spillover in dual-bed catalytic reactorsAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2004John C. Weigle Abstract A semiquantitative model was developed to describe hydrogen spillover in dual-bed catalytic reactors. In previous studies it has been conclusively demonstrated that hydrogen can diffuse macroscopic distances and activate catalytic sites. The test reaction in those studies was the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene. The model is derived based on the fundamental principles of transport phenomena and reaction kinetics. Because many of the required values in the model are unknown, it cannot be solved quantitatively. Thus, a parametric analysis was conducted. The model successfully predicts trends observed experimentally. Specifically, the activity increases nonlinearly as the bed composition changes, the selectivity was low for all dual-bed reactors, and the selectivity was high for well-mixed catalyst beds. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 821,828, 2004 [source] The evolution of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 5-6 2004Tadeusz Górecki Abstract For a technology little over a decade old, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has quickly reached the status of one of the most powerful analytical tools for volatile organic compounds. At the heart of any GC×GC system is an interface, which physically connects the primary and the secondary columns and acts to preserve the separation obtained in the first dimension (first column) while allowing additional separation in the second dimension. The paper presents a review of the technology, including fundamental principles of the technique, data processing and interpretation and a timeline of inventive contributions to interface design. In addition, applications of the technique are presented, with a more detailed discussion of selected examples. [source] Predicting the Number of Defects Remaining In Operational SoftwareNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 1 2001P. J. Hartman Ph.D ABSTRACT Software is becoming increasingly critical to the Fleet as more and more commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) programs are being introduced in operating systems and applications. Program managers need to specify, contract, and manage the development and integration of software for warfare systems, condition based monitoring, propulsion control, parts requisitions, and shipboard administration. The intention here is to describe the state-of-the-art in Software Reliability Engineering (SRE) and defect prediction for commercial and military programs. The information presented here is based on data from the commercial software industry and shipboard program development. The strengths and weaknesses of four failure models are compared using these cases. The Logarithmic Poisson Execution Time (LPET) model best fits the data and satisfied the fundamental principles of reliability theory. The paper presents the procedures for defining software failures, tracking defects, and making spreadsheet predictions of the defects still remaining in the software after it has been deployed. Rules-of-thumb for the number of defects in commercial software and the relative expense required to fix these errors are provided for perspective. [source] 3.,Money, Credit, and CrisisAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Mason Gaffney The financial crisis of 2008,2009 has antecedents in earlier crises, including the Great Depression. In order to understand how the current crisis arose, we must review the most fundamental principles of banking. Doing that, we find that the main service performed by banks is the creation of liquidity, a collective good that can be destroyed by the behavior of individual financial institutions. The key element in creating liquidity is the monetization of various types of collateral. When collateral takes the form of land or capital that turns over slowly, banks lose liquidity. That is why major banking crises have frequently been associated with real estate lending. The best way to restore health to the financial system is by restoring the principles of the "real bills" doctrine that requires loans to be self-liquidating. [source] Novel highly elastic magnetic materials for dampers and seals: Part I. Preparation and characterization of the elastic materialsPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 11 2007S. Abramchuk Abstract The new generation of magnetic elastomers represents a new type of composites, consisting of small (mainly nano and micron-sized) magnetic particles dispersed in a highly elastic polymeric matrix. The combination of polymers with magnetic materials displays novel and often enhanced properties. Highly elastic magnetic composites are quite new and understanding of the behavior of these materials depending on the composition, external conditions, and the synthesis processes is still missing. Thus, the aim of this work is the study of fundamental principles governing the preparation of these materials as well as their structure and elastic properties. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Behavioral Medicine Strategies for Heart Disease Prevention: The Example of Smoking CessationPREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Barrie J Guise PhD Health related behavior change is one of the most important challenges in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle patterns, such as high fat diet, lack of exercise, persistent smoking, and poor compliance with prescribed medications present the core of this challenge. Conventional wisdom and considerable scientific evidence establish that the barriers to health related behavior change are many and varied. However, much is also known about methods of improving behavioral outcomes. Behavioral medicine strategies incorporate fundamental principles of behavior change together with biomedical and interpersonal approaches to facilitate successful cardiac risk factor modification. Physicians have the most potent opportunity to assist patients with health behavior change. Unfortunately, physicians are least familiar with behavior change technology and the contemporary physician-patient relationship lacks the partnership needed to succeed in these difficult areas. The good news is that medical education has begun to incorporate training in behavior change and interpersonal effectiveness. A description of the behavioral medicine approach to smoking cessation provides an excellent model for a thoughtful and practical approach to heart disease prevention in every day practice. [source] COHEN TO THE RESCUE!RATIO, Issue 4 2008Thomas Pogge Cohen seeks to rescue the concept of justice from those, among whom he includes Rawls, who think that correct fundamental moral principles are fact-sensitive. Cohen argues instead that any fundamental principles of justice, and fundamental moral principles generally, are fact-insensitive and that any fact-sensitive principles can be traced back to fact-insensitive ones. This paper seeks to clarify the nature of Cohen's argument, and the kind of fact-insensitivity he has in mind. In particular, it distinguishes between internal and external fact-sensitivity , that is, whether facts are referenced in the content of the principle, or must otherwise be the case in order for the principle to apply at all. Cohen himself seems likely to endorse internally fact-sensitive fundamental principles. This leads to a discussion of Cohen's Platonism about moral principles and the extent to which his arguments cover all its rivals.1 [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||