Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Allies
Terms modified by Allies Selected AbstractsTeaching in the Spirit of Socrates: Remembering Fergal O'Connor OPNEW BLACKFRIARS, Issue 1009 2006Joseph Dunne (The late Father Fergal O'Connor OP was born near Causeway, Co. Kerry, on 6 December 1926 and died in Dublin on 29 September 2005. Having studied at St. Mary's Tallaght, he was ordained a priest in 1951. He took the STD at the Angelicum in Rome in 1955 and then went on to take PPE at Oxford, staying at Blackfriars from 1956 to 1959. Having taught for a short time at the Dominican House at Cork, he was assigned to St. Saviour's Priory in Dublin in 1961, where he lived for the rest of his life. From 1962 he taught political philosophy at University College Dublin, continuing beyond retirement in 1991 to teach a course on Plato until 1997. A social critic and activist, he was for many years a provocative panelist on Ireland's foremost television programme, ,The Late Late Show', and wrote regularly for newspapers and periodicals; also he founded and for several decades directed Sherrard House, a hostel for homeless girls in Dublin, and ALLY, an organisation supporting single mothers. But it was as an extraordinarily inspiring teacher, primarily in the university but also in many other informal settings, that he was perhaps most deeply influential. The following is a slightly amended version of an article first published in Questioning Ireland, Debates in Political Philosophy and Public Policy (eds, J. Dunne, A. Ingram and F.Litton, Dublin, IPA), a Festschrift for Father O'Connor written by former students and colleagues (including the theologian, Denys Turner, and the political philosopher, Philip Pettit) and published in 2000.) [source] The global access initiative at the University of British Columbia (UBC): Availability of UBC discoveries and technologies to the developing worldJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2009Kishor M. Wasan Abstract The University of British Columbia (UBC) became the first university in Canada to develop a strategy for enhancing global access to its technologies. UBC's University-Industry Liaison Office, in collaboration with the UBC chapter of Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM), established a mandate and developed principles that provide the developing world with access to UBC technologies. This commentary will discuss these principles and provide examples of where they have been applied to several UBC technologies. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:791,794, 2009 [source] "Friends, But Not Allies",Cyrus Vance and the Normalization of Relations with ChinaDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 4 2009Breck Walker First page of article [source] ALGONQUIN NOTIONS OF JURISDICTION: INSERTING INDIGENOUS VOICES INTO LEGAL SPACESGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2006Bettina Koschade ABSTRACT. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal notions of geography, nature and space sometimes compete, and these differences can create barriers to joint environmental problem-solving. This paper examines the Ardoch Algonquin First Nation and Allies (AAFNA) and the strategies they used in juridical and legislative settings to make their voices heard. In the Tay River Ontario Environmental Review Tribunal (2000,2002), AAFNA attempted to introduced their knowledge of the environmental deterioration which would be caused by a Permit To Take Water issued to a multinational corporation by the Ontario Ministry of Environment. The paper is divided into two parts: first, it describes the concepts of Algonquin knowledge, jurisdiction and responsibility; second, it explores the strategies used to integrate their perspective into legal proceedings constructed by the Canadian government. This case reveals how some Algonquin people conceive of space and responsibility in deeply ecological, rather than narrowly juridical, terms. It establishes that their broad concepts of knowledge, land and jurisdiction are incompatible with existing Euro-Canadian divisions of legal responsibility and ecological knowledge, but at the same time can serve as the means by which they challenge the current structure of Aboriginal and Canadian relations. [source] ,The Suggested Basis for a Russian Federal Republic': Britain, Anti-Bolshevik Russia and the Border States at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919HISTORY, Issue 301 2006CHARLOTTE ALSTON Allied policy towards Russia at the Paris Peace Conference was confused and uncoordinated. Throughout 1919 civil war continued to rage in Russia and its former borderlands. While piecemeal assistance was being given to the anti-Bolshevik forces led by Kolchak and Denikin, the Allies also made promises to support the independence of the newly established states on the borders of Russia. At the height of Kolchak's military success in May 1919, they were seriously considering recognition of his Omsk government. This article shows that the British government investigated the possibility of a reconstructed Russian federation based around the Kolchak government. James Simpson, a member of the Foreign Office's Political Intelligence Department, was sent to Paris to negotiate with the parties involved. While his efforts were a short and abortive episode in the history of the Peace Conference, his discussions and the reports he received shed interesting light on the attitudes and actions of the many unrecognized delegations from former parts of Russia at the conference and on their relations with Russia, the Allies, and each other. [source] A Cooperative Game Theory of Noncontiguous AlliesJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 4 2001Daniel G. Arce M. This paper develops a cooperative game-theoretic representation of alliances with noncontiguous members that is based on cost savings from reducing overlapping responsibilities and sequestering borders. For various scenarios, three solutions (the Shapley value, nucleolus, and core's centroid) are found and compared. Even though their underlying ethical norm varies, the solutions are often identical for cases involving contiguous allies and for rectangular arrays of noncontiguous allies. When transaction costs and/or alternative spatial configurations are investigated, they may then differ. In all cases the cooperative approach leads to a distribution of alliance costs that need not necessarily coincide with the traditional emphasis on gross domestic product size as a proxy for deterrence value (the exploitation hypothesis). Instead, burdens can now be defined based upon a country's spatial and strategic location within the alliance. [source] Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African Allies Are Reshaping Anglicanism by Miranda K. HassettAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 4 2009PAUL GIFFORD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Allies Against the Rising Sun: The United States, the British Nations, and the Defeat of Imperial Japan , By Nicholas Evan SarantakesPRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2010Craig C. Felker No abstract is available for this article. [source] Analytics and Beliefs: Competing Explanations for Defining Problems and Choosing Allies and Opponents in Collaborative Environmental ManagementPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 5 2010Christopher M. Weible The rationale for collaborative environmental management often hinges on two factors: first, specialized training creates biased analytics that require multidisciplinary approaches to solve policy problems; second, normative beliefs among competing actors must be included in policy making to give the process legitimacy and to decide trans-scientific problems. These two factors are tested as drivers of conflict in an analysis of 76 watershed partnerships. The authors find that analytical bias is a secondary factor to normative beliefs; that depicting the primary driver of conflict in collaborative environmental management as between experts and nonexperts is inaccurate; that compared to the "life" and "physical" sciences, the social sciences and liberal arts have a stronger impact on beliefs and choice of allies and opponents; and that multiple measures are needed to capture the effect of analytical biases. The essay offers lessons for public administrators and highlights the limitations and generalizations of other governing approaches. [source] Unlikely Allies: America, Britain and the Beginning of the Special Relationship , By Duncan CampbellTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 2 2010Robert Kubicek No abstract is available for this article. [source] Pro-family Organizations in Calgary, 1998: Beliefs, Interconnections and Allies,CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 1 2001Gillian Anderson Dans cet article, nous comparons les convictions des différents groupes pro-famille de Calgary et nous préscntons la structure des liens qui unissent ces groupes. Les données, recueillies en 1998, proviennent de documents et d'entretiens semi-structurés avec les chefs de file de ces groupes. Nous abordons ici trois problčmes de recherche. Tout d'abord, nous examinons la teneur des relations entre groupes pro-famille et pro-vie. Tous les groupes pro-famille, męme ceux qui se prononcent résolument contre l'avortement, se dis-tinguent des groupes pro-vie sur le plan tant organisational que politique. Ensuite, nous nous penchons sur le rôle des croyances chré-tiennes au sein du mouvement. Nous affirmons que, bien que les groupes chrétiens aient été dominants en 1998, la promotion, de la famille hétérosexuelle nucléaire, et non les questions de doctrine, a été fondamentale pour le mouvement. Enfin, nous examinons si le mouvement s'est scindé entre socioconservateurs et centristes, les centristes étant peu représentatifs en 1998. En outre, l'un des groupes présentant un profil centriste, la National Foundation for Family Research and Education, a tout fait pour légitimer du point de vue scientifique les arguments moraux des socioconservateurs en faveur de la famille. En conclusion, nous soutenons que le mouvement pro-famille ŕ Calgary s'est éloigné de sa vocation initiale de contre-mouvement antiféministe. Dans l'avenir, la popularité du mouvement pro-famille au Canada dépendra peut-ętre des valeurs postféministes qu'il affichera. This paper presents a comparative study of the beliefs of pro-family organizations in Calgary and a structural mapping of organizational ties. Data were gathered in 1998 from documents and semi-structured interviews with group leaders. Three research problems are addressed. The first concerns the closeness of the relationship between pro-family and pro-life groups. We find that all pro-family groups, even those with strong anti-abortion convictions, were organizationally and politically distinctive from pro-life groups. The second problem considers the role of Christian beliefs in the movement. We ascertain that although Christian groups were dominant in 1998, promotion of the heterosexual nuclear family, not doctrinal issues, was fundamental to the movement. The third problem concerns whether the movement was bifurcated between social conservative and centrist segments. The centrist segment was quite weak in 1998. Furthermore, one of the groups with a centrist persona, the National Foundation for Family Research and Education, strove to supply scientific legitimation for social conservatives' moral claims about the family. In conclusion, the article argues that the pro-family movement in Calgary has broken free of its initial phase as an anti-feminist countermovement and suggests that the future popularity of pro-family advocacy in Canada will be proportional to the degree that it is couched in a post-feminist framework. [source] Competing Allies: Professionalisation and the Hierarchy of Science in Victorian BritainCENTAURUS, Issue 3-4 2002Peter C. Kjćrgaard First page of article [source] Active Packaging of Fresh Chicken Breast, with Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) in Combination with Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) to Control the Growth of PathogensJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010Joongmin Shin ABSTRACT:,Listeria monocytogenes,and,Salmonella typhimurium,are major bacterial pathogens associated with poultry products. Ally isothiocyanate (AITC), a natural antimicrobial compound, is reportedly effective against these pathogenic organisms. A device was designed for the controlled release of AITC with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), and then evaluated for its ability to control the growth of,L. monocytogenes,and,S. typhimurium,on raw chicken breast during refrigerated storage. In order to obtain controlled release during the test period, a glass vial was filled with AITC and triglyceride. It was then sealed using high-density polyethylene film. The release of AITC was controlled by the concentration (mole fraction) of AITC in the triglyceride and by the AITC vapor permeability through the film. The fresh chicken samples were inoculated with one or the other of the pathogens at 104 CFU/g, and the packages (with and without AITC-controlled release device) were flushed with ambient air or 30% CO2/70% N2 before sealing, and then stored at 4 °C for up to 21 d. The maximum reduction in MAP plus AITC (compared to MAP alone) was 0.77 log CFU/g for,L.,monocytogenes,and 1.3 log CFU/g for,S.,typhimurium. The color of the chicken breast meat was affected by the concentration of AITC. Overall, a release rate of 0.6 ,g/h of AITC was found to not affect the color, whereas at 1.2 ,g/h of AITC the surface of the chicken was discolored. [source] Ally, advocate, authority: strengthening the patient voice in medical educationTHE CLINICAL TEACHER, Issue 3 2007Amanda Howe First page of article [source] The roles of external ethnoguarantors and primary mediators in Cyprus and Northern IrelandCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2006Sean J. Byrne This article discusses two different types of third-party interveners in the Cyprus and Northern Ireland conflicts. The comparative case study examines the roles of primary mediators who have the power and clout to enforce agreements and regional external ethnoguarantors who have cultural, historical, and political ties to internal allies. [source] Complicating Discontinuity: What About Poverty?CURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 1 2005MARY HERMES ABSTRACT In this article, two white science teachers at tribal schools in the Upper Midwest of the United States, who were identified by community members and school administrators as "successful" teachers, describe experiences of how they wrestle with the daily effects of generations of oppression. Most vividly, they talk about poverty. This article provides a description of some of the beliefs and attitudes, described by the teachers, that help them to be effective allies and teachers for Native American students. Their interviews offer a glimpse into the internal struggle with the contradictions of oppression. This article broadens the discussion of Native American culture-based education and raises questions for the general applicability of cultural discontinuity as an all-encompassing explanation for Native American school failure. [source] Discovery of the genus Skidmorella Johnson (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new speciesENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2003Yoshihiro SAWADA Abstract The genus Skidmorella Johnson, previously known only from the South Pacific islands, is discovered in Japan. The type species, Skidmorella magnifica Johnson, is confirmed from Japan as the first record of the species other than the type locality. In addition, two new species, Skidmorella amamiana sp. nov. and Skidmorella quadrisulucia sp. nov., are described from the Ryukyus, Japan. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Skidmorella and its allies are discussed on the basis of their morphological characters. [source] EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS IN SHOREBIRD BREEDING SYSTEMS: SEXUAL CONFLICT, PARENTAL CARE, AND CHICK DEVELOPMENTEVOLUTION, Issue 10 2005Gavin H. Thomas Abstract Sexual selection, mating opportunities, and parental behavior are interrelated, although the specific nature of these relationships is controversial. Two major hypotheses have been suggested. The parental investment hypothesis states that the relative parental investment of the sexes drives the operation of sexual selection. Thus, the sex that invests less in offspring care competes more intensely and monopolizes access to mates. The sexual conflict hypothesis proposes that sexual selection (the competition among both males and females for mates), mating opportunities, and parental behavior are interrelated and predicts a feedback loop between mating systems and parental care. Here we test both hypotheses using a comprehensive dataset of shorebirds, a maximum-likelihood statistical technique, and a recent supertree of extant shorebirds and allies. Shorebirds are an excellent group for these analyses because they display unique variation in parental care and social mating system. First, we show that chick development constrains the evolution of both parental care and mate competition, because transitions toward more precocial offspring preceded transitions toward reduced parental care and social polygamy. Second, changes in care and mating systems respond to one another, most likely because both influenced and are influenced by mating opportunities. Taken together, our results are more consistent with the sexual conflict hypothesis than the parental investment hypothesis. [source] Relationships in Taraxacum section Arctica s.l. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) and allies based on nrITSFEDDES REPERTORIUM, Issue 1-2 2009I. Uhlemann nrITS sequences of 19 Taraxacum -species as well as four outgroups of Asteraceae-Cichorieae were analysed using Bayesian and parsimony analyses in order to establish their systematics. The Arctica s.l. clade together with T. bessarabicum is sister to all derived European and South American taxa. The division of Arctica s.l. into smaller units (sections: Antarctica, Arctica s. str., Australasica) is supported. Within the remaining taxa, Taraxacum farellonicum, a species from the Chilean Andes which is described as new, is supposed to be a hybrid of T. gilliesii and an introduced Ruderalia -species. Section Erythrosperma is well separated and supported. With the exception of T. patagonicum and T. bracteatum which are sister to the other representatives of the European taxa two groups are distinguished: first the Ruderalia/Hamata alliance (including T. tenebricans with some exceptional characters) of predominantly ruderal species and second an assemblage of the sections Celtica, Fontana, Macrodonta, Palustria and Taraxacum prefering a lesser ruderal habitate. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Molekulare Systematik der Gattung Taraxacum Sektion Arctica s.l. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) und verwandter Arten auf der Basis von nuklearer ribosomaler DNA (nrITS) Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse von 19 Arten der Gattung Taraxacum und vier Außengruppen aus den Asteraceae-Cichorieae wurden mit Bayesischen und Parsimonieanalysen der nrITS Sequenzen rekonstruiert. Die Sektion Arctica s.l. bildet zusammen mit T. bessarabicum die Schwestergruppe zu den abgeleiteten europäischen und südamerikanischen Taxa. Die Klassifizierung der Arctica s.l. in die Sektionen Antarctica, Arctica s.str. und Australasica wird von den Analysen unterstützt. Die in dieser Studie neu beschriebene Art, Taraxacum farellonicum, aus den chilenischen Anden ist wahrscheinlich ein Hybrid aus T. gilliesii und einer neophytischen Art der Sektion Ruderalia. Die Sektion Erythrosperma erscheint als gut gestützte Gruppe. Mit Ausnahme von T. patagonicum und T. bracteatum, die Schwestergruppen zu den anderen Vertretern europäischer Taxa bilden, können zwei größere Komplexe unterschieden werden: erstens die Ruderalia/Hamata -Gruppe (einschließlich T. tenebricans mit einigen besonderen Merkmalen), welche vorwiegend Arten der ruderalen Standorte umfasst und zweitens ein Verwandtschaftskreis aus den Sektionen Celtica, Fontana, Macrodonta, Palustria und Taraxacum, die an weniger stark ruderalisierten Standorten vorkommen. [source] Chlamydiae and polymorphonuclear leukocytes: unlikely allies in the spread of chlamydial infectionFEMS IMMUNOLOGY & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Roger G. Rank Abstract While much is known about the attachment of the chlamydiae to the host cell and intracellular events during the developmental cycle, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which elementary bodies exit the cell. In this report, we use the guinea-pig conjunctival model of Chlamydia caviae infection to present in vivo ultrastructural evidence supporting two mechanisms for release of chlamydiae from the mucosal epithelia. Four days after infection, histopathologic observation shows an intense infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the conjunctival epithelium. Using transmission electron microscopy, a gradient-directed PMN response to chlamydiae-infected epithelial cells was observed. As PMN infiltration intensifies, epithelial hemidesmosome/integrin/focal adhesion adherence with the basal lamina is disconnected and PMNs literally lift off and release infected superficial epithelia from the mucosa. Many of these infected cells appear to be healthy with intact microvilli, nuclei, and mitochondria. While lysis of some infected cells occurs with release of chlamydiae into the extracellular surface milieu, the majority of infected cells are pushed off the epithelium. We propose that PMNs play an active role in detaching infected cells from the epithelium and that these infected cells eventually die releasing organisms but, in the process, move to new tissue sites via fluid dynamics. [source] Understanding the Unilateralist Turn in U.S. Foreign PolicyFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2005David Skidmore How should we explain the recent unilateralist turn in U.S. foreign policy? Some accounts treat growing American unilateralism as a passing aberration attributable to the neoconservative ideology of the Bush administration. This paper, by contrast, traces U.S. unilateralism to the structural effects, at home and abroad, of the end of the Cold War. Internationally, the removal of the Soviet threat has undermined the "institutional bargain" that once guided relations between the U.S. and its major allies. Absent Cold War imperatives, the U.S. is less willing to provide collective goods through strong international institutions and other states are less likely to defer to U.S. demands for special privileges that exempt the U.S. from normal multilateral constraints. Domestically, the end of the Cold War has weakened the ability of presidents to resist the appeals of powerful veto players whose interests are threatened by multilateral commitments. These factors suggest that American unilateralism may have deeper roots and more staying power than many expect. [source] Notes on the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae (Aves, Procellariiformes)FOSSIL RECORD-MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE, Issue 2 2009Gerald Mayr Abstract New specimens of the procellariiform taxon Diomedeoididae are reported from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) deposits of Wiesloch-Frauenweiler in southern Germany. Two skeletons belong to Diomedeoides brodkorbi, whereas isolated legs of larger individuals are tentatively assigned to D. lipsiensis, a species which has not yet been reported from the locality. The fossils allow the recognition of some previously unknown osteological features of the Diomedeoididae, including the presence of a vestige of the hallux. Diomedeoidids are characterized by extremely wide phalanges of the third and fourth toes, which also occur in some species of the extant procellariiform Oceanitinae (southern storm-petrels). The poorly developed processus supracondylaris dorsalis of the humerus supports a position of these Oligocene tubenoses outside a clade including the Diomedeidae (albatrosses), Procellariidae (shearwaters and allies), and Pelecanoididae (diving-petrels). It is hypothesized that like modern Oceanitinae, which have an equally short supracondylar process, diomedeoidids probably employed flap-gliding and used their immersed feet to remain stationary. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Gendered Agendas: The Secrets Scholars Keep about Yorůbá-Atlantic ReligionGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 3 2003J. Lorand Matory Whereas scholars have often described the material interests served by any given social group's selective narration of history, this article catches scholars in the act of selectively narrating Yorůbá-Atlantic cultural history in the service of their own faraway activist projects. Anthropologist Ruth Landes' re-casting of the Afro-Brazilian Candomblá religion as an instance of primitive matriarchy not only encouraged feminists abroad but also led Brazilian nationalist power-brokers to marginalise the male, and often reputedly homosexual, priests who give the lie to Landes's interpretation. In the service of a longdistance Yorůbá nationalist agenda, sociologist Oyeronke Oyewumi has declared traditional Yorůbá society ,genderless', and found, among both North American feminist scholars and Yorůbá male scholars, allies in concealing the copious evidence of gender and gender inequality in Yorůbá cultural history. What these historical constructions lack in truth value they make up for in their power to mobilise new communities and alliances around the defence of a shared secret. The article addresses how politically tendentious scholarship on gender has inspired new social hierarchies and boundaries through the truths that some high-profile scholars have chosen to silence. [source] The patient movement as an emancipation movementHEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 2 2008Charlotte Williamson OBE MA PhD Abstract Objective, To suggest that the patient movement is an emancipation movement. Background, The patient movement is young and fragmented; and it can seem confusing because it lacks an explicit ideology with intellectual and theoretical underpinnings. Methods, Drawing mainly on the experiences and the published writings of patient activists, the author identified eight aspects of the patient movement that could be compared with aspects of recognized emancipation movements: the radicalization of activists; the creation of new knowledge; the identification of guiding principles; the sense of direction; the unmasking of new issues; schisms within the movement and allies outside it; and the gradual social acceptance of some of the ideas (here standards of health care) that activists work to promote. Results, Similarities between certain aspects of the patient movement and of the recognized emancipation movements were close. Conclusion, The patient movement can be regarded as an emancipation movement, albeit an immature one. [source] The Republics of Ideas: Venice, Florence and the Defence of Liberty, 1525,1530HISTORY, Issue 279 2000Stephen D. Bowd The sixteenth century has often been regarded as a crucial period in the history of political events in Italy, and in the history of political ideas. The contributions of Florence and Venice to this process have long been acknowledged. Florentine admiration for the Venetian political system reflected internal political instability in the former city. The evidence for Venetian-Florentine contacts, and for a Venetian concern or admiration for Florence has been less noted. This article aims to show that there is evidence that Venetian concern for the defence of republican liberty after 1525 was allied to an awareness of Florentine political events and their significance for Venetian political practices. This awareness was stimulated by the pressure of imperial intervention on the peninsula after 1525. Florence and Venice were allies under the treaty of Cognac, and diplomats in both cities articulated a concern for republican libertas in Italy and an antipathy towards imperial rule. The work of Gasparo Contarini can be placed in this context, and as a result the critical point in the development of his arguments about Venetian political stability can be placed in the 1520s rather than in the years around 1509. The politics and political ideas of both cities were therefore developed in a wider context than has hitherto been supposed. [source] INCONGRUOUS IMAGES: "BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER" THE HOLOCAUST,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2009MARIANNE HIRSCH ABSTRACT When historians, archivists, and museologists turn to Eastern European photos from family albums or collections,for example, photos from the decades preceding the Holocaust and the early years of the Second World War,they seek visual evidence or illustrations of the past. But photographs may refuse to fit expected narratives and interpretations, revealing both more and less than we expect. Focusing on photos of Jews taken on the main avenues of Cernǎu,i, Romania, before the Second World War and during the city's occupation by Fascist Romanians and their Nazi-German allies, this essay shows how a close reading of these vernacular images, both for what they show and what they are unable to show, can challenge the "before, during, and after" timeline that, in Holocaust historiography, we have come to accept as a given. [source] Missile defence and the transatlantic security relationshipINTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2001Wyn Q. Bowen This article examines the re-emergence of ballistic missile defence (BMD) as a contentious issue in US-European security relations since 1999. It begins by outlining three phases in the recent evolution of US missile defence policy from 1995 to mid-2001. The article then examines five key factors that have dominated European views and concerns in relation to BMD: a divergence between European and American assessments of the emerging ballistic missile threat; concern over the implications for nuclear arms control stemming from Russian and Chinese opposition to BMD; the impact of missile defence on deterrence and the Atlantic alliance; scepticism about the technological feasibility of BMD; and the potential opportunity costs associated with resource allocation to missile defence. It is shown that European anxieties have been exacerbated by a perception of a growing unilateralism in American security policy in recent years. The article proceeds by arguing that the US-European debate over BMD looks set to evolve in one of two directions. The more likely and most desirable scenario would involve the US reaching an understanding with its European allies on the way forward. The less desirable scenario would involve key European countries, such as France and Germany, deciding ultimately to withhold their political support for BMD, which would have the potential of causing significant rifts in both transatlantic and intra-European security relations. In both cases, it is argued that the BMD debate will be defined by the interaction of several key variables. These include the extent to which the Bush administration engages in meaningful consultations with the Europeans; the administration's ability or otherwise to reach an agreement with Russia on the way ahead; the architecture options of a future allied or global BMD system; the related issues of technological feasibility and financial cost; and the evolving missile threat. [source] U.S. Grand Strategy Following the George W. Bush PresidencyINTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 4 2009David C. Ellis Debates over U.S. grand strategy have devoted a disproportionate level of attention to the War on Terror itself rather than the evolving strategic environment. Challenges including an impending shift in the balance of power, structural deficits, and divided public opinion will significantly impact the policy options available to government leaders, but they have not been adequately addressed. This article analyzes the options available for U.S. grand strategy following the George W. Bush presidency by relating key U.S. national interests with domestic and international policy constraints on the horizon. The analysis concludes that the United States must adopt a defensive grand strategy to rebuild popular consensus, to prevent further strain on the military, and to consolidate its gains in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, this strategy will require flexible coalitions, not formal international organizations, because of a significant divergence of security interests and capabilities with its European allies. [source] The Probability of War, 1816,1992INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2004March 2, New Orleans, Presidential Address to the International Studies Association What factors increase the probability that a pair of states might go to war is the focus of this study. Six hypotheses, derived from the steps to war explanation, are tested by comparing pairs of states that go to war with each other at least once in their history (from 1816 to 1992) with those that do not. It is found that as two states take the various steps to war that have been posited, the higher their probability of going to war. States whose relations are dominated by territorial disputes have a higher probability of having had a war if both sides have had outside allies, have had recurring territorial disputes, have been engaged in an enduring rivalry, and have had an arms race. As each of these factors becomes present, the probability of war progressively increases. Pairs of states whose relations are dominated by nonterritorial disputes also have their probability of war increased if these factors are present, but at a lower level. Of the various factors that increase the probability of war, outside politically relevant alliances seem to have the weakest impact. [source] The Impact of Asia on World Politics: China and India Options for the United States,INTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 4 2006RONALD L. TAMMEN The United States, by concentrating its intellectual, diplomatic, and military energy on the Middle East, is neglecting the far more substantial long-range challenges that will arise in Asia by mid-century. This strategic myopia is magnified by the lack of a clear national strategy, one that should be focused on recognizing the full implications of the rise of China and India into the ranks of great powers. Informed by theoretical arguments and offering policy options, this essay examines the coming Asian challenge against the backdrop of a world with three great powers potentially competing for resources, allies, and leadership within Asia and, more broadly, the international system. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||