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Full Utilization (full + utilization)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	40%

Selected Abstracts

Advances in sol-gel based columns for capillary electrochromatography: Sol-gel open-tubular columns

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 22-23 2002
Abdul Malik
Abstract The development of sol-gel open-tubular column technology in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is reviewed. Sol-gel column technology offers a versatile means of creating organic-inorganic hybrid stationary phases. Sol-gel column technology provides a general approach to column fabrication for microseparation techniques including CEC, and is amenable to both open-tubular and monolithic columns. Direct chemical bonding of the stationary phase to the capillary inner walls provides enhanced thermal and solvent stability to sol-gel columns. Sol-gel stationary phases inherently possess higher surface area, and thus provide an effective one-step alternative to conventional open-tubular column technology. Sol-gel column technology is applicable to both silica-based and transition metal oxide-based hybrid stationary phases, and thus, provides a great opportunity to utilize advanced material properties of a wide range of nontraditional stationary phases to achieve enhanced selectivity in analytical microseparations. A wide variety of stationary phase ligands can be chemically immobilized on the capillary inner surface using a single-step sol-gel procedure. Sol-gel chemistry can be applied to design stationary phases with desired chromatographic characteristics, including the possibility of creating columns with either a positive or a negative charge on the stationary phase surface. This provides a new tool to control electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the column. Column efficiencies on the order of half a million theoretical plates per meter have been reported for sol-gel open-tubular CEC columns. The selectivity of sol-gel stationary phases can be easily fine-tuned by adjusting the composition of the coating sol solution. Open-tubular columns have significant advantages over their packed counterparts because of the simplicity in column making and hassle-free fritless operation. Open-tubular CEC columns possess low sample capacity and low detection sensitivity. Full utilization of the analytical potential of sol-gel open-tubular columns will require a concomitant development in the area of high-sensitivity detection technology. [source]

Nursing in the new millennium: Full utilization of the potential benefits of nursing for society

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 2 2001
Marja-Leena PeräläArticle first published online: 21 DEC 200
[source]

The Atatürk Dam project in south-east Turkey: Changes in objectives and planning over time

NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM, Issue 2 2002
Anna Brismar
The Atatürk Dam was constructed on the Euphrates River in Turkey in the 1980s as the central component of a large-scale regional development project for the South-eastern Anatolia region, known as GAP. Since the first development plan for the region was presented in 1970, the objectives for regional development have changed significantly. This article aims to analyze how the functions, design, and capacities of the Atatürk Dam project have been modified since 1970, paralleling changes in the regional development objectives and ambitions, and to identify accomplishments and constraints in the realization of the dam project. Since 1970, ambitions to develop the region have grown significantly, resulting in major changes to the original project plans. The most important change occurred in 1978, when the design for the Middle Karababa Dam, recommended in 1970, was abandoned and the Atatürk Dam design was adopted. This change considerably increased the storage and power generation capacities of the dam. Yet, the sparse rainfall throughout the catchment in recent years has hampered full utilization of the dam's storage and generation capacities and increased the need for tradeoffs between conflicting demands for water use. [source]

Fracture behavior of polyetherimide (PEI) and interlaminar fracture of CF/PEI laminates at elevated temperatures

POLYMER COMPOSITES, Issue 1 2005
Ki-Young Kim
To investigate the effects of environmental temperature on fracture behavior of a polyetherimide (PEI) thermoplastic polymer and its carbon fiber (CF/PEI) composite, experimental and numerical studies were performed on compact tension (CT) and double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens under mode-I loading. The numerical analyses were based on 2-D large deformation finite element analyses (FEA). Elevated temperatures greatly released the crack tip triaxiality (constraint) and promoted matrix deformation due to low yield strength and enhanced ductility of the PEI matrix, which resulted in the greater plane-strain fracture toughness of the bulk PEI polymer and the interlaminar fracture toughness of its composite during delamination propagation with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the high triaxiality was developed around the delamination front tip in the DCB specimen, which accounted for the poor translation of matrix toughness to the interlaminar fracture toughness by suppressing the matrix deformation and reducing the plastic energy dissipated in the plastic zone. Especially, at delamination initiation, the weakened fiber/matrix adhesion at elevated temperatures led to premature failure of fiber/matrix interface, suppressing matrix deformation and preventing the full utilization of matrix toughness. Consequently, low interlaminar fracture toughness was obtained at elevated temperatures. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:20,28, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers. [source]

Perceived Barriers to Nurse Practitioner Practice in Rural Settings

THE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2005
Linda Lindeke PhD
ABSTRACT: Context: Rural residents experience the same incidence of acute illness as urban populations and have higher levels of chronic illness. Overall, access to adequate rural health care is limited. Nurse practitioners (NPs) have been identified as safe, cost-effective providers in meeting these challenges in rural settings. Purpose: This replication study was conducted to examine NP perceptions of barriers to rural practice in Minnesota. Findings were compared to earlier studies to examine issues that have persisted over time. Methods: A Barriers to Practice checklist was mailed to NPs from the database of the Board of Nursing of a midwestern state. Rural NPs (n = 191) identified and described barriers to practice and rated the overall restrictiveness of their practice. Findings: Barriers to practice were perceived to be prevalent. Persisting barriers continued to stand in the way of full utilization of NP roles. Lack of understanding of NP roles on the part of the public and other health professionals has been particularly problematic over time. Key issues in 2001 were low salaries, lack of adequate office space, and a limited peer network. Perceived restrictiveness of the practice climate, gauged as somewhat restrictive, remained unchanged between 1996 and 2001. Conclusions: NPs have an excellent history of meeting rural primary health care needs. Enhancing the NP work environment could prove instrumental to retaining these professionals in the work force and thereby contribute to improved access and quality of care in underserved rural communities. [source]