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Friction Losses (friction + loss)
Selected AbstractsMeasurement of the condensation temperature of nanosilica powder organically modified by a silane coupling agent and its effect evaluationJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Xiao Liu Abstract The proper condensation temperatures of nanosilica powder modified by silane coupling agents such as 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (MEMO), [3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl] trimethoxy silane (AMMO), and bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] disulfide (TESPD) were measured with Fourier transform infrared. Moreover, the structure and properties of solution-polymerized styrene,butadiene rubber (SSBR) filled with nanosilica powder that was organically modified by the three silane coupling agents at different temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the proper condensation temperatures of nanosilica powder modified by MEMO, AMMO, and TESPD were about 80, 80, and 100°C, respectively. Compared with SSBR filled with silica powder, SSBR filled with silica powder modified by a silane coupling agent exhibited not only better filler-dispersion and mechanical properties but also lower internal friction loss in a selected range of strains. Furthermore, when the organic modification was carried out at the proper condensation temperature, the improvement of the modification effect became more obvious. Among these silane coupling agents, AMMO presented the most remarkable modification effect for nanosilica. The mechanism of modification for silica powder and its enhancement of the properties of SSBR were examined. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Structure and properties of star-shaped solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber and its co-coagulated rubber filled with silica/carbon black-I: morphological structure and mechanical propertiesPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 11 2009Xiao Liu Abstract The morphological structure and mechanical properties of the star-shaped solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and organically modified nanosilica powder/star-shaped SSBR co-coagulated rubber (N-SSBR) both filled with silica/carbon black (CB) were studied. The results showed that, compared with SSBR, silica powder could be mixed into N-SSBR much more rapidly, and N-SSBR/SiO2 nanocomposite had better filler-dispersion and processability. N-SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates displayed higher glass-transition temperature and lower peak value of internal friction loss than SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates. In the N-SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates, filler was dispersed in nano-scale resulting in good mechanical properties. Composites filled with silica/CB doped filler exhibited more excellent mechanical properties than those filled with a single filler because of the better filler-dispersion and stronger interfacial interaction with macromolecular chains. N-SSBR/SiO2/CB vulcanizates exhibited preferable performance in abrasion resistance and higher bound rubber content as the blending ratio of silica to CB was 20:30. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Multilayer Analytic Element Modeling of Radial Collector WellsGROUND WATER, Issue 6 2005Mark Bakker A new multilayer approach is presented for the modeling of ground water flow to radial collector wells. The approach allows for the inclusion of all aspects of the unique boundary condition along the lateral arms of a collector well, including skin effect and internal friction losses due to flow in the arms. The hydraulic conductivity may differ between horizontal layers within the aquifer, and vertical anisotropy can be taken into account. The approach is based on the multilayer analytic element method, such that regional flow and local three-dimensional detail may be simulated simultaneously and accurately within one regional model. Horizontal flow inside a layer is computed analytically, while vertical flow is approximated with a standard finite-difference scheme. Results obtained with the proposed approach compare well to results obtained with three-dimensional analytic element solutions for flow in unconfined aquifers. The presented approach may be applied to predict the yield of a collector well in a regional setting and to compute the origin and residence time, and thus the quality, of water pumped by the collector well. As an example, the addition of three lateral arms to a collector well that already has three laterals is investigated. The new arms are added at an elevation of 2 m above the existing laterals. The yield increase of the collector well is computed as a function of the lengths of the three new arms. [source] An assessment of hydraulic design of trickle laterals considering effect of minor losses,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 4 2007Gürol Y canalisations d'eau; canalisations tertiaires; conception hydraulique; analyse; perte de charge Abstract The accurate design of trickle irrigation laterals needs to determine the total energy losses that includes the pipe friction losses along the lateral line and the local pressure losses, sometimes called minor losses, due to the protrusion of emitter barbs into the flow. Evaluation of energy losses is usually carried out by assuming the hypothesis that minor losses can be neglected, even if previous experimental studies indicated that minor losses can become a significant percentage of total energy losses as a consequence of the high number of emitters installed along the lateral line. In this study, a simple analytical procedure is presented to evaluate the effect of minor losses which is characterized by a coefficient ,i, expressing the amount of minor head losses as a fraction of the kinetic head, on trickle lateral design. According to both the design cases of without and including minor losses, the dimensionless design curves were developed for both the various lateral diameters and lengths. The results of two practical examples for designing either the diameter or the length indicated that, in some design cases, neglecting minor losses may lead to erroneous designs of the lateral diameter and length. This method is simple and easily adaptable to solve lateral hydraulic problems but sufficiently precise in comparison with the alternative procedures. The proposed equations are useful when applied for design and evaluation purposes and offer a practical field solution for laterals used in irrigation systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. La conception précise des canalisations tertiaires dans un système d'irrigation au goutte à goutte doit déterminer le total des pertes de charge qui viennent du frottement dans la canalisation elle-même mais aussi des pertes locales, parfois appelées pertes mineures, dues à la protubérance de barbes au niveau des goutteurs. Cette évaluation est normalement réalisée en considérant comme négligeables les pertes mineures, même si des études expérimentales ont montré que ces pertes mineures pouvaient constituer un pourcentage significatif de la perte de charge totale du fait du grand nombre de goutteurs installés le long de la canalisation tertiaire. Dans cette étude, une procédure analytique simple est proposée pour évaluer l'effet des pertes mineures sur la conception des canalisations tertiaires grâce à un coefficient ,i, exprimant le montant de ces pertes en une fraction de la charge cinétique. En fonction des diverses options de conception prenant ou non en compte les pertes mineures, des courbes de conception non dimensionnelles ont été tracées pour les diamètres et les longueurs des canalisations. Les résultats de deux exemples concrets montrent que, dans certains cas de conception, le fait de négliger les pertes mineures peut conduire à des conceptions de diamètre et de longueur erronées. Cette méthode est simple et facilement adaptable à la résolution de problèmes hydrauliques au niveau des tertiaires mais suffisamment précise par rapport des méthodes alternatives. Les équations proposées sont utiles pour la conception et l'évaluation et offrent une solution de terrain concrète pour les canalisations tertiaires utilisées dans des systèmes d'irrigation (au goutte à goutte). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analytic Model of Laminar-Turbulent Transition for Bingham PlasticsTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2006K. C. Wilson Abstract It is often desirable to operate industrial pipelines transporting non-Newtonian materials near the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. For the commonly used Bingham plastic model, the Hedström technique overestimates turbulent flow friction losses because it does not take account of viscous-layer thickening. In the present paper, the Wilson-Thomas model is applied to predict the transition point for Bingham plastics. Laminar and turbulent friction losses are calculated to show that conditions at transition depend only on the Hedström number. The results are approximated by simplified fit functions. Comparison with existing empirical correlations and experimental data from various sources shows satisfactory agreement. Il est souvent préférable d'utiliser les pipelines industriels transportant des matériaux non newtoniens près de la transition entre l'écoulement laminaire et l'écoulement turbulent. Pour le modèle classique des fluides de Bingham, la technique d'Hedström surestime les pertes de friction de l'écoulement turbulent parce qu'elle ne prend pas en compte l'épaississement de la couche visqueuse. Dans le présent article, on applique le modèle de Wilson-Thomas pour prédire le point de transition pour des fluides de Bingham. Les pertes de friction laminaires et turbulentes sont calculées et montrent que les conditions lors de la transition dépendent uniquement du nombre d'Hedström. Les résultats sont exprimés sous forme approximative par des fonctions de calage simplifiées. La comparaison avec des corrélations empiriques et des données expérimentales provenant de diverses sources montre un accord satisfaisant. [source] Bitumen effects on pipeline hydraulics during oil sand hydrotransportTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2000R. Sean Sanders Abstract Oil sand hydrotransport technology has become increasingly important to Syncrude Canada Ltd. and the oil sands industry. Oil sand slurries are complex, multiphase mixtures of bitumen, coarse solids, fine solids, water and air that can exhibit time-dependent behaviour, wherein pipeline friction losses increase drastically with time. Four separate experimental programs were conducted to study the effect of bitumen on pipeline hydraulics using 100 mm and 250 mm (I.D.) recirculating and once-through pipeline loops. The results show that pipeline friction losses increase as a bitumen coating forms on the pipe wall. The effect is more pronounced at 50°C, but also occurs at lower temperatures. La technologie de l'hydrotransport des sables pétro-lifères revêt une importance de plus en plus grande pour Syncrude Canada et l'industrie des sables pétro-lifères. Les boues des sables pétrolifères sont complexes; elles contiennent des mélanges de bitumes multi-phasiques, des solides grossiers, des solides fins, de l'eau et de l'air qui peuvent parfois montrer un comportement évolutif, en particulier les pertes par frottement dans les conduites qui augmentent considérablement avec le temps. Quatre programmes expérimentaux différents ont été menés pour étudier l'effet du bitume sur les conditions hydrauliques des conduites au moyen de boucles de conduites en recirculation et sans recyclage de 100 et 250 mm de diamètre intérieur. Les résultats montrent que les pertes par frottement dans les pipelines augmentent lorsqu'une couche de bitume se forme sur la paroi de la conduite. L'effet est plus prononcé à 50°C, mais survient également à des températures plus basses. [source] | |||||||||||||